Utilization of the Reusable and Free Energy around us

M. Krinker, K. Shahrabi A. Goykadosh

Farmingdale School of Engineering, SUNY New York City College of Technology Dept of Electrical
Farmingdale, USA and Telecommunication Engineering Technology CUNY
sevatronics@gmail.com, New York, USA
shahrak@farmingdale.edu Agoykadosh@citytech.cuny.edu

Abstract— We live in a world of Energy. We use it and,

following the laws of Thermodynamics, give up a portion of
that as inevitable toll for its conversion for our purposes.
There are the non-conventional sources around us.
Utilization of these energies will help to reduce harmful
pollution caused by the oil and coal technologies and save
money for the social developments. Beside the previously
considered recuperating applications, other approaches will
be considered here.

I. INTRODUCTION
Recuperating Everyday Hot Water Energy Wastes

Hot water is one of the most wasted carriers of energy in

our daily life. In majority of the cases, the drained used
boiled water has initial temperature near 373K. One
family alone would use over 20 gallons of such the water.
The energy needed to bring this amount of water to this
temperature from the room temperature is 3.34e+6 J,
furthermore we have to contribute additional energy to
maintain the boiling process, including the irradiation of
energy and evaporation of the water. This second portion
Fig.1. The thermoelectric converter for utilizing energy of
depends on duration of the process and can be compatible drained hot water
with the initial contribution.
Here we consider utilization only of these original
3.34E+6 J. As a rule, this energy goes to the drain as a II. RETURNING POTENTIAL ENERGY
waste. We can compare it to a continuously turned ON Our elevators consume energy to bring us and other
100 Watt light bulb for many hours! A thrifty owner will belongings upstairs. Their energy is consumed to increase
never allow unreasonable loss of this energy daily. our potential energy. Then, we return a part of these
belongings, as wastes, back to the initial lower level.
Considerable portion of this energy, as much as 70% can Moreover, our pumps spend energy to bring water
be returned to the energy system. For this purpose, a built- upstairs. A great portion of this water is returned back to
in drain Recuperating unit is proposed. The Unit contains the lower level, carrying a kinetic energy, as a component
a thermo-electric converter, DC-to-AC converter, of our wastes.
Synchronizer and the power interface. The unit comprises Installation of blades rotors coupled with voltage
an energy receiver with developed surface Heat generators at the lower ends of water clogging issues and
Exchangers. The recuperated energy goes directly to the garbage compactors can inject this energy to batteries, for
home electric line. Mass employing the recuperating units further conversion to AC voltage which can be
will save plenty of energy, as well as industrial pollution synchronized with the power lines.
reduction. Fig.1 shows one of possible converters which
return a portion of the energy of the drained water into the
power line. Fig.1 shows this concept. III. UTILIZING STRAY CURRENTS ENERGY
Earth is rich with stray currents. Their origination is
linked to the human technological activity as well as
tectonic and cosmic processes. The stray currents cause a
corrosion of underground metal as well as other negative
phenomena. Mostly, their spectrum is allocated in Hz
band. However, these currents have higher harmonics
which can be used for recuperation purposes. On the other
hand, soil is reach with non-linear spontaneous electrical
formations, which can develop virtual p-n junctions and,
therefore, contribute into higher harmonics.
The stray voltages can be in the order of hundreds volts
while the straight current can reach units of amperes and
even more.
To harness the stray currents energy, employment of the
method set forth in US Patent 6,198,290 is proposed. This
methods and appropriate instruments were developed for
in-circuit testing capacitors, employing just one electrode
[1,2,3].
In this Method, the loss of energy in the capacitor is a
dominating goal which has to be estimated, while the
capacitance of the circuitry and the instrument is a
something secondary and has to be compensated. This is
achieved by a resonance process when all the series
capacitance of the circuitry and the instrument are
compensated with equivalent inductor, at a certain
frequency of the current-producing generator. We have a
series LC resonant circuit with it resonance of the
voltages, where only the active resistance plays a role.
The current through the series LC circuit reaches
maximum at the resonance.
Fig.3. shows a practical application of the patented
Method for in-circuit diagnosing a quality of capacitors.

Unlike the classical passage probing current between two

electrodes of capacitor, the patented method offers a
different approach. The measured current passes the
following way: “meter—measurement electrode—
envelope of capacitor—dielectric—plate—terminal of
capacitor—total electric capacitance of all conductive
environment, coupled to the terminal”. This new
approach enabled to create principally new, one-electrode
measurement method and instruments. The nature of
formation of the measurement probing current is a
displacement current caused by polarization processes
both in the inter-plate dielectric and said total
conductive environment.
This version employs one-terminal measurement
instrument. .
Fig.3. Practical application of the patented One-Terminal Method for in-
Fig.2 illustrates One-Terminal version of the Method circuit diagnosing a quality of capacitors

Physical base of operation of the proposed strain currents

utilization method can be understood considering the
analysis of this method for in-circuit testing capacitors.

IV. ELETRIC EQIVALENT OF ONE-PROBE

The Version of the Method, of an Infinitely Remote Point.
In One-Probe concept, the displacement current to probe
capacitors is formed due to involvement of total
conductive surface of circuitry environment. Fig.4
illustrates this.

Fig.2. One-Terminal version of the in-circuit testing capacitors Method.

For the insulated jacket capacitors, the probe has a developed conductive
surface.

Fig.4. Electric Equivalent of One-Probe Method for testing capacitors
employing a total conductive surface for forming the displacement
probing current. Said conductive surface can be formed by a chassis
and/or total surface of interconnected circuitry.
Fig.4 shows an electric presentation of the unit diagram of
the Fig.3. The measurement instrument comprises AC
voltage generator and a meter. The meter is a
generalization of any unit, which measures either of AC
characteristics.
The measurement instrument forms AC electric field
inside the capacitor. Due to a developed conductive
surface, coupled to the capacitor, said AC electric field
forms the displacement current, which alternatively
charges and then discharges the conductive surface. This
current flows through the capacitor, represented by
connected in series C and R, performing a probing
function. The instrument analyzes characteristics of the
current and converts them into an output reading.
Injecting probing current inside the capacitor can be done
by two ways. Firstly by touching metal envelop of the
capacitor with a conductive tip connected to the
measurement instrument, like it’s shown in Fig.3. This
way works well for electrolytic and some types of non-
electrolytic capacitors. For capacitors with a non-
conductive envelop, the probe has to have a developed
conductive surface as this was shown in the patent [1].
The total conductive surface of the Fig.3 consists of two
surfaces: total zero-potential surface of the measurement
instrument and the total conductive surface of the tested
unit.
As follows from said above, said version is the One-Probe
Method.
Equations of electric circuits require a closed contour for
calculations. In the seemingly open circuit of Fig.3
current nevertheless flows due to the polarization process.
It looks like the circuit joints in some fictional point,
having some electric potential.
Remembering a definition of electric potential at a given
point as a work, needed to transfer a unit of a positive
charge from the infinity to the given point, we call this
point as an Infinitely Remote Point.
Fig.5 shows an electric equivalent of the Method,
including the Infinitely Remote Point.
Fig.5. Electric Equivalent of the One-Probe, Infinitely Remote Point
Method of measuring quality of capacitors. Capacitors C1 and C2
represent conductive surfaces of Fig.3, connected at the Infinitely
Remote Point
The circuit consists of AC voltage generator, which is
coupled to RC circuit of a measurement instrument and a
metal surface, a terminal and a capacitor being tested,
which is coupled to a chassis with its other terminal. As
applied to One-Terminal Method, the capacitor consists of
internal resistor Ret, marked as R in Fig.5, connected in
series with capacitance C in Fig.4. In terms of electrical
equivalency, both metal surfaces can be shown as two
C C
capacitors 1 and 2 connected in series at an infinitely
remote point P. As was said, the validity of this definition
outcome from definition of electric potential of a given
point: this is a work done by a system to bring unit of a
positive charge from infinity to the given point of field. In
the Method, energy of the generator moves electric
charges back and forth through the capacitor from the
probe to infinity, because there are no a second pole like it
takes place in conventional circuits. This is why we also
call the Method as an Infinitely Remote Point Method.
V. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD FOR UTILIZING THE
STRAY CURRENTS
. Fig.6 shows application of the Method for the stray
currents.
The primary of the transformer, the variable capacitor and
the conductive sphere form a resonant contour. There is
an AC electric potential between the ground and the
sphere.
At the resonance, the value of the current through the
transformer is defined by the tray potential at the resonant
frequency and the equivalent series resistance of the
circuit includes the ground resistance.

Fig.6. Employment of One-Terminal Method for utilization of the stray
currents in the ground.
At the resonance in a series LC circuit, the value of the
current depends on the equivalent resistance Reff of the
circuit. Based on the previous analysis [2,3],
AB(Btgδ1C1 + Atgδ 2C2 )
Reff =
[
ω (Btgδ 1C1 + Atgδ 2C2 )2 + (BC1 + AC2 )2
Here:
A = tg 2δ + 1 B = tg 2δ + 1
1 , 2 , C1 –capacitance
of the circuit before the external sphere, C2-capacitance of
the external sphere, tgδ1,2 –tangent of dielectric losses of
the appropriate circuit.
If dielectric losses in the circuits are low, tgδ1, tgδ2<<1,
which is reachable, then we can show
tgδ 1 + tgδ 2
Reff ≅
ω (C1 + C 2 ) (2)
As we see, the more the capacitance of the external
conductive sphere, the less the resistance at the resonance.
Besides increasing the diameter of the external sphere, it
can be made of porous material to increase its
capacitance.
On the other hand, we have to analyze the spectrum of the
strain currents to furnish operation of the system at more
appropriate frequencies combining a best combination of
higher frequencies and their higher amplitudes.
Taking into consideration that parameters of the
transformer and other components already contributed
into tgδ, we can estimate the current through the primary
of the transformer as
Vstr
I≈ ω (C1 + C2 )
tgδ 1 + tgδ 2 (3)
Here, Vstr is a strain voltage.
So, the efficiency of this system depends on its total
capacitance in considerable way.
CONCLUSION
Three additional sources of potentially reusable energy
are considered;
• Utilization of energy of hot water on a base
of the local thermoelectric converters
installed on the drains;
] • Employing potential-to-kinetic energy
conversion of the wastes in high-level
buildings, with a further conversion into
electric energy;
• Using the energy of the stray currents in the
ground on a base of the resonant converter
operating with displacement currents flowing
between the ground and external conductive
insulated capacitance.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Krinker, Method to Detect Defective Capacitors in Circuit and
Meters for That, US Patent No. 6198290. March 2001.
[2] M. Krinker. In-Circuit Testing Capacitors. New Approaches and
Instruments. Infinitely Remote Point Method of Measurement.
[3] M. Krinker. A. Goykadosh. Unique One-Probe Method and
Instruments for Testing Capacitors In-Circuit. LISAT-2014
Conference. IEEE Xplore.