NEET 2021

21th April
JOSH-90 DAYS
CRASH COURSE
MON-SAT
JOSH-90 DAYS CRASH
COURSE
MON-SAT

Dr. Bakul Dev Ankit Sir Dr. Shivani Rohit Chotai Archana Mam

Zoology PHYSICS BOTANY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS

7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Biomolecules

Dr. BAKUL DEV

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Special Class (Via Unacademy Learning App)

Time - 2 pm
Decoding NCERT series
Topic - Animal Kingdom
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Biomolecules

Dr. BAKUL DEV

Molecules of
the cell

Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Nucleotides
Enzymes
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Polysaccharides

They are formed by the condensation of many molecules

(more than nine) of monosaccharides with corresponding
loss of water molecules.

Polysaccharides are structurally classified as

homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.

Homopolysaccharides contain only one type of

monosaccharide units e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc.

Heteropolysaccharides contain two or more types of

monosaccharide units e.g., agar, chitin, arabinoxylan, etc.
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Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are not sweet, insoluble in water and they

cannot pass through cell membranes.

Passage is allowed through active process.

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Type
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Storage Polysaccharide

Starch :
It is the storage polysaccharide of most plants.
It is abundantly found in cereals such as rice,
wheat, maize, bajra, potato, banana and legumes.
It is stored either in the chloroplasts or amyloplasts.
Starch has two components -

amylose
(an unbranched polymer soluble in water, makes 20%-30% of starch)

amylopectin
(a branched polymer water insoluble makes 70%-80% of starch).
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Storage Polysaccharide (Starch)

Amylose is in the form of a continuous straight

but helically arranged chain where each turn
contains about six glucose units.
The successive glucose units are linked together by a (1 - 4) linkages.

Amylopectin is the outer branched part of starch molecule

having short chains of about 25-30 glucose units linked by a (1 - 4)
bonds but joined to one another by a (1-6) linkages.
The number of glucose residues present in amylopectin
are 2000-200,000.
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Storage Polysaccharide (Starch)

Starch gives blue with iodine due to amylose fraction

whereas amylopectin produces blue with iodine.
Starch occurs in the form of microscopic granules
called starch grains.
Starch grains may be of various types; viz.,

(i) Simple eccentric starch grain - e.g., potato

(ii) Simple concentric starch grain - e.g., maize, pea, and
wheat
(iii) Compound starch grain - e.g., Rice, oat
(iv) Dumb-bell shaped starch grain - e.g., Euphorbia
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Storage Polysaccharide

Glycogen

It is a reserve food of animals, bacteria and fungi.

It is stored in liver and muscles in man.
About 30,000 glucose units are there in glycogen molecules.
Glycogen is formed in situ from glucose through glycogenesis.
There are two types of linkages, a (1-4) linkage in the
straight part and a (1-6) linkages in the area of branching.
It gives red colour with iodine solution.
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Storage Polysaccharide

Inulin

It is the smallest polysaccharide.

It is an unusual polysaccharide made up of fructose.
It is formed by b (2 -1) glycosidic linkages.
Inulin is not metabolised in human body and is readily
filtered through kidney therefore, it is used in testing of
kidney function.

It is used as a stored food material in roots and tubers

of the family compositae e.g., Dahlia.
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Structural Polysaccharide

Cellulose
It is most abundant organic compound.
It is fibrous homopolysaccharide of high tensile
strength which forms a structural element of
cell wall in all plants, some fungi and protists.

Cotton fibres have about 90 % of cellulose while

wood contains 25-50 % cellulose.

A chain of cellulose molecule contains 6000 or more

glucose residues. The successive glucose residues are joined together by b (1-4)
linkages.
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Cellulose chains are arranged in closed antiparallel fashion.

The molecules are held together by intermolecular
hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl group at position 6 of
glucose residues of one molecule and glycosidic oxygen
between two glucose residues of the adjacent molecule.

About 2000 cellulose chains or molecules are packed together

to form a microfibril visible under the electron microscope.
A cotton fibre is formed of some 1500 macrofibrils with each
fibril having about 250 microfibrils.

Cellulose does not react with iodine solution.

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Importance

1. Cellulose is an important constituent of diet for ruminants like cows and

buffaloes.Termites and snails possess micro-organisms in their gut for this purpose.
Trichonympha and Lophomonas help in cellulose digestion and they are found in gut of
termites and wood cockroach respectively.

2. Microbes are used in producing soluble sugars from cellulose. The sugars are
then allowed to undergo fermentation for obtaining ethanol, butanol, acetone,
methane, etc.

3. Cellulose constitutes the bulk of human food. It has a roughage value which
keeps the digestive tract in functional fitness.
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4. Cellulose rich wood is used in production of paper.

5. Cellulose rich wood is employed in building furniture, tools, sports articles, etc.

6. Cellulose is used in textiles (e.g., cotton, linen), preparation of bags (e.g., jute) or
ropes (e.g., Hemp, China Jute, Deccan Hemp).

7. Rayon and cellophane are made up of cellulose xanthate.

8. Cellulose nitrate is used in propellant explosives.

9. Carboxymethyl cellulose is used as emulsifier and smoothening reagent of ice

creams, cosmetics and medicines.
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Chitin

It is second most abundant polysaccharide.

It is a complex heteropolysaccharide which is found
as the structural component of fungal walls and
exoskeleton of arthropods.

It is the polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine.

It provides both strength and elasticity.
It becomes hard due to impregnation of CaCO3 and
certain proteins.

The monomers are joined by b(1-4) linkages.

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Hemicellulose
Homopolysaccharides of D-xylose linked b (1-4) xylans,
arabans, galactans and glucomannans.
They form link between pectic compounds and cellulose microfibrils.

Pectins
They are made up of arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid.
It is water soluble and can undergo sol-gel interchange.
lt occurs in middle lamella and cell wall of plants.
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Mucopolysaccharide

They are slimy substances which possess acidic

or aminated polysaccharides formed from
galactose, mannose, sugar derivatives and uronic acids.

They are found inside the plant cell walls,

outside the cells or bodies of bacteria, blue-green algae
and many aquatic plants.
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Mucopolysaccharide

1. Mucopolysaccharides occur in the cell walls of bacteria and blue-green

algae.
Mucilage protects the organism against rotting effect of water, prevents
desiccation,
growth of epiphytes and attack of pathogens.

2. Water is held in the interstitial spaces due to mucopolysaccharides.

3. They provide lubrication in ligaments and tendons.

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4. Hyaluronic acid (glucuronic acid + acetyl glucosamine) is the

mucopolysaccharide met in cementing material between animal cells as well as
inside cell coat. It also occurs inside body fluids of different types like vitreous
humor of eye, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.

5. As keratan sulphate occurs inside skin and cornea it provides both strength
and flexibility.

6. Chondroitin sulphate is the mucopolysaccharide found in the matrix of

cartilage and connective tissue for support and elasticity.
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7. Marine algae, also called sea weeds, yield mucopolysaccharides of commercial

value, e.g., agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, etc.

8. Mucopolysaccharide heparin is blood anticoagulant.

9. Husk of Plantago ovata contains mucilage which is used medicinally in treating

intestinal problems. It is also purgative.
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PROTEINS

Berzelius coined the term protein.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

Two amino acids can join through amino group of one

and carboxylic group of the other forming an anhydro
bond (CO - NH linkage) also known as peptide bonds
by loss of water molecule.

A protein is a heteropolymer and not a homopolymer.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal world and
Rubisco (Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) is the
most abundant protein in the whole of the biosphere.
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AMINO ACIDS

Amino acids are monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic

acids bearing one or two amino group.
Their general formula is R-CH- NH2 COOH.
These are made up of C, H, O, N and sometimes
sulphur and phosphorus also.
Amino acids containing an amino group and an
acidic group as substituents on the same carbon
i.e. a - carbon.

Amino acids are amphoteric molecules or zwitterions or bipolar ions because of the
simultaneous presence of acidic (carboxyl) and basic (amino) groups and thus have
both positive and negative charges.
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AMINO ACIDS

Glycine is the simplest and smallest amino acid.

Proline and hydroxyproline have imino (-NH) group instead of amino (-NH2) group. So,
they are known as imino acids.

Neutral (e.g. glycine, alanine, valine and leucine),

Acidic (e.g., aspartic acid and glutamic acid),
Basic (e.g., arginine and lysine).
Sulphur containing (cystine, cysteine and methionine).
Alcoholic (serine and threonine).
Aromatic (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan)
Heterocyclic (histidine, proline and hydroxyproline).
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AMINO ACIDS

Essential amino acids

Valine
Isoleucine,
Methionine
Tryptophan
Arginine
leucine,
lysine
Phenylalanine,
Threonine
Histidine
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