Global Excessive CO2

Pollution Deforestation
Warming Emission
 Air Pollution

soot, smoke, mold,

pollen, methane, and
carbon dioxide
 Global Excessive CO2
Pollution Deforestation
Warming Emission
 Global Warming
cities will begin to be inundated
ice on both poles will disappear, leading to
According to WHO,
50m increase in terms of the sea level.
the average
temperature for 2019
40% of the Amazon
were 1.1°C above
rainforest will disappear
those compared with

mountain glaciers andthe preindustrial

rivers age
start to disappear
by 2100, sea levels can rise by a meter, displacing 10% of
the global population
A third of all life on Earth will face extinction
 Global Warming
cities will begin to be inundated
ice on both poles will disappear, leading to
50m increase in terms of the sea level.

Important to40%
halt the process now
of the Amazon
rainforest will disappear

mountain glaciers and rivers start to disappear

by 2100, sea levels can rise by a meter, displacing 10% of
the global population
A third of all life on Earth will face extinction
 Global Excessive CO2
Pollution Deforestation
Warming Emission
 Deforestation

The World Bank estimates that about 3.9 According to FAO (Food and Agriculture
million square miles of forest have been lost Organization), ¾ of Earth’s freshwater
since the beginning of 20th century. comes from forested watersheds, thus
deforestation affects water quality.
 Global Excessive CO2
Pollution Deforestation
Warming Emission
 Excessive CO Emission

Total carbon emissions from all human activities estimated to be around 43.1 billion in 2019
 Global Excessive CO2
Pollution Solutions
Warming
Deforestation
Emission
Usage of alternative fuels
 Usage of alternative fuels

Wind energy wind is used to generate electricity

- Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy
in the wind into mechanical power.

- Efficiency: 35-45%

- One of the lowest-cost electricity

generation technologies available.

- Cost: $50,000 to $80,000 for installing a

10 kW machine (able to power a home).
Geo-engineering
Geo-engineering
Large scale intervention
in the Earth’s natural systems
to counteract climate change

Solar Radiation
Management
 ● Albedo enhancement
Solar Radiation ● Stratospheric aerosols
Management
● Surface-based options
 Albedo enhancement

● Increasing surface reflectivity

● Whitening surfaces of urban areas to reflect light
● Adjusting leaf structure genetically modifying plants
● Whitening low clouds over remote parts of the ocean by spraying a fine seawater spray
● Seeding of high cirrus clouds with heterogeneous ice nuclei
○ Reduce coverage by using commercial airplanes
 ● Albedo enhancement

Solar Radiation
● Stratospheric aerosols
Management
● Surface-based options
 Stratospheric aerosols

● Spray large quantities of inorganic particles into stratosphere

○ Reflective barrier
● Proof: Cooling after a volcanic eruption
○ Eruption of Mount Pinatubo 1991
■ Global temperatures cooled down approximately 0.5 degrees
● Sulfur by aircraft, artillery shells → cheap
 ● Albedo enhancement

Solar Radiation ● Stratospheric aerosols

Management
● Surface-based options

● Manipulate waxiness of crops (genetically)

Reflective Crops ●
○ Raise albedo by 20% from 0.2 to 0.24
Projected to cool by a modest 0.11 degrees
Greenhouse Gas Removal
Greenhouse Gas Removal

● Afforestation
● Biochar
● Bio-energy with carbon capture and sequestration
● Ocean fertilization
● Low carbon concrete
● Ocean alkalinity enhancement
 ● Establishing forest areas
● Stored carbon can be used for
bioenergy/biochar
● Biodiversity can be enhanced
○ Soil quality

Afforestation ○ Reduced flooding, erosion,

eutrophication

● Cost: $30 per GtCO2

○ $15~$30 in 2100

● China successful case

○ Reduction of 4.4 Mt CO2
 ● Thermal decomposition
of biomass in absence of
oxygen
○ Stable, long-lived product
(charcoal)

● Carbon → hard to
become decomposed,
Biochar stabilize organic matter
● Improved soil fertility &
quality
● Can remove 2.1 ~ 4.8
GtCO2 per ton of
biochar
 Bio-energy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration

● Biomass Combustion & Carbon Capture and Storage

○ Carbon Capture and Storage
■ Capture CO2 from exhausts of power stations
■ Handle and transport CO2
■ Store CO2
○ Produces power

● Boundary Dam (Canada & Texas)

○ Coal-fire powered unit → reliable, long-term producer of 120 MW baseload electricity
○ Stores CO2 underground
○ Highly applicable to power plants in the world (95%)
Global CO2 removal potential of 10 GtCO2 pa, 20~70 MtCO2 pa
 Low Carbon Concrete

● Cement production (5~7% of global CO2)

○ 2nd largest emitters of CO2

● Magnesium oxide (silicate minerals & magnesium carbonate)

○ Reduce emission of CO2

● Calcium & silica heated to 1200 degrees celsius

○ Carbon dioxide convert to limestone

 Ocean Fertilization
● Add additional nutrients → increase biological pump
● Moving carbon from ocean surface into deep ocean
○ Additional ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere
● More experiments are required
○ Results vary

Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement

● Increase seawater concentration of stable, positively-charged ions
○ Increase carbon uptake into the ocean
● Carbonate (CO32-) & Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
○ Controlled by concentration of positively charged ions (alkalinity)
Works Cited
https://climate.org/albedo-enhancement-localized-climate-change-adaptation-with-substantial-co-benefits/

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160425-how-a-giant-space-umbrella-could-stop-global-warming

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-ecology/hs-human-impact-on-ecosystems/a/hs-human-impact-on-ecosy
stems-review

http://www.geoengineering.ox.ac.uk/www.geoengineering.ox.ac.uk/what-is-geoengineering/what-is-geoengineering/
https://www.nap.edu/read/12782/chapter/19#386
https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/greenhouse-gas-removal/royal-society-greenhouse-gas-removal-report-2018.pdf
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2185217-the-future-with-lower-carbon-concrete/
https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/activity-database/boundary-dam-carbon-capture-and-storage-project
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Aquistore-stratigraphy-including-a-schematic-of-its-injection-well_fig1_333058410
http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/wind-energy-factsheet
https://wwindea.org/information-2/information/
https://www.nature.com/news/2009/090115/full/news.2009.33.html
http://www.windustry.org/how_much_do_wind_turbines_cost
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/afforestation
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/co2-emissions-will-break-another-record-in-2019/
https://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html
https://news.sky.com/story/what-will-happen-as-the-world-gets-warmer-10336299