2017 International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
Floating Solar Photovoltaic Systems: An Overview
and their Feasibility at Kota in Rajasthan
Divya Mittal1,a, Bharat Kumar Saxena1,b, K.V.S. Rao1,c
1
Department of Renewable Energy
Rajasthan Technical University
Kota, India
a
divamittall@gmail.com, bbkumarsin@gmail.com, ckvsrao12@gmail.com
Abstract—Floating solar power plant is an innovative
approach of using photovoltaic modules on water infrastructures
to conserve the land along with increase in efficiency of the
module. Additionally, the water is also conserved due to
reduction in evaporation of water from the water body. The plant
can be installed on a pond, lake, reservoir, or on any other water
body. This paper focuses on the floating PV technology,
describing the types of floating PV plant along with studies
carried out on some floating solar plants. India, with huge energy
demand and scarcity of waste land for solar photovoltaic plant in
cities, can harness solar energy through floating PV plant
technology for sustainable energy production. In this paper, some
of the floating PV plants installed in India are reviewed.
Feasibility of installing 1 MW floating PV plant each at Kota
barrage and Kishore Sagar lake in Kota, Rajasthan are also
presented. Energy that could be produced by the two plants
along with amount of water saved from evaporation and
reduction in CO2 emissions are also calculated in this paper. 1
MW floating plant at Kota barrage could produce 18,38,519 kWh
energy per year and could save 37 million litres of water and can
reduce about 1,714 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. 1 MW
floating plant at Kishore Sagar lake could produce 18,58,959
kWh electrical energy per year and could save 37 million litres of
water and can reduce about 1,733 tonnes of CO2 emissions
annually.
Keywords—CO2 emission reduction; floating PV system;
PVWatts; solar energy; water bodies.
I. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy can be utilized for power generation in
numerous ways. One of the barriers in harnessing solar energy
is large land requirement. This problem can be addressed by
using Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) system. Floating PV
system is an innovative and new approach of installing PV
modules on water bodies. By installing FPV system,
evaporation of water from water bodies can be reduced to 70%
[1] and power gain is increased by 5.93% due to back water
cooling of PV modules [2]. The first floating PV system was
installed at California, USA in 2007. However most of the
plants in the world were installed after 2014. Worldwide,
installed capacity of floating solar plants has already reached
94 MW, of which maximum are installed in Japan. Most of the
floating PV systems were installed on man-made water bodies
such as a) reservoirs; b) storage, irrigation, or retention ponds;
and c) lakes, with plant size varying from 4 kW to 20 MW [3].
978-1- 5090-4967- 7/17/$31.00 © 2017 IEEE
In this paper, floating PV systems are described and
different types of the floating PV plant are explained. Studies
conducted on floating PV systems in various parts of the
world are summarized. Some of the floating PV systems
installed in India are also reviewed. Feasibility analysis of
installing 1 MW floating PV plant at two different sites, Kota
Barrage and Kishore Sagar lake in Kota, Rajasthan is done.
The energy that could be produced by the FPV systems,
amount of water saving from evaporation, and reduction in
CO2 emissions are also estimated for Kota Barrage and
Kishore Sagar lake.
The benefits of floating PV system are: a) Increase in
efficiency due to cooling effect of water; b) Evaporation is
reduced due to shading of water surface; c) Algae growth on
water is reduced; d) Since the system is installed on water,
therefore the effect of dust on PV module is less prominent; e)
Installing PV system on water will conserve land; f) Floating
solar PV can be installed in water intensive industries such as
wineries, dairy farms etc. and thus providing electric energy
and reducing the evaporation of water; g) Floating PV requires
almost no evacuation and are affordable as well as simple to
construct; h) Floating PV installed in industries or factories
can help reduce carbon footprints; and i) Floating PV
construction does not require any foundation work and
deployment itself is quite straight forward.
II. COMPONENTS OF FLOATING PV SYSTEM
FPV system is composed of floating system, mooring
system, PV system, cables, and connectors.
a) Floating system: The floating system is a combination
of structure and floater. The PV system is installed over the
floating system.
b) Mooring system: Mooring refers to any structure, to
which a vessel may be secured by means of cables or anchors.
For FPV system, mooring prevents modules from turning or
floating away.
c) PV system: PV system has PV modules and other power
conditioning devices for converting solar energy to electrical
energy. Generally crystalline solar PV modules are used, but
research in fabrication of PV modules that becomes adaptive
to the reservoir or water bodies’ environment is going on in
the world.
 2017 International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
d) Cables and connectors: Underground cables and
connectors are used to transfer electricity from PV system to
the land. This power can then be fed to the grid or stored in the
form of batteries [4]. Fig. 1 shows the components of floating
PV system.
III. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOATING PV SYSTEM
FPV systems can be classified in two ways: a) On the basis
of PV module tracking; and b) On the basis of type of floating
system used. Fig. 2 shows the classification of floating PV
systems.
A. On the basis of PV module tracking
1) Fixed type floating PV system
In this system, PV modules are fixed at a certain angle.
This system has simple design but the mooring should be
constructed precisely to avoid turning away of PV array. An
advantage with fixed type floating PV system is that the weight
of the PV system is reduced, which facilitates in selecting a
rather less mechanically strong floating structure [5]. Fig. 3
shows fixed type floating PV system [6].
2) Tracking type floating PV system
In this type, tracking system is installed to track azimuth
and altitude of the sun. Choi et al. [5] suggested a tracking
algorithm for 100 kW FPV plant and the azimuth angle
tracking was attained using both active and passive systems.
Fig. 1. Components of a floating PV system.
Fig. 2. Classification of floating PV system.
Fig. 3. Fixed type floating PV system [6].
Fig. 4. Tracking type floating PV system [10].
Fiber Reinforced Polymeric (FRP) plastic member as
round rotary material was found to be more durable and stable
than steel and aluminium [7]. Floating Tracking Cooling
Concentrating (FTCC) system has 60-70% more energy yield
than a fixed plant [8]. Cazzaniga et al. [9] stated that 25%
gain in efficiency is obtained by using vertical axis tracking
system. Fig. 4 shows the tracking type FPV system [10].
B. On the basis of floating PV system
1) Pontoon based floating PV system
A pontoon generally refers to a floating device which
has buoyancy sufficient enough to float itself as well as with a
heavy load. Most of the preinstalled FPV system are pontoon
based. The function of pontoon is to ensure stability and
buoyancy of the PV system. Pontoons are normally made from
Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE) by rotational
moulding. But the shortcomings of using pontoons are that
they cause limitation on size of plant and they also cannot
withstand adverse environmental conditions. Fig. 5 shows the
pontoon structure [11].
2) Flexible floating PV system
Thin film flexible floating PV system is a concept
proposed to increase the reliability, without significantly
affecting the electrical performance of the FPV system.
Trapani et al. [12] designed a thin film flexible FPV array and
compared its performance with ground mounted PV system.
They reported an average of 5% improvement in electrical
yield due to cooling effect of water. Fig. 6 shows Flexible
floating PV system [13]. The advantages of this design are: a)
Thin film flexible floating PV can easily deform with the
wave motion; b) The solar radiation will incident on the
surface at several incident angles; c) The infrastructure
required for such a system would be less; and d) Surface
tension maintains the array in close contact with the water
surface [12].
3) Submerged floating PV system
In this system, the PV panels are submerged in shallow
water. The performance of PV panel in this system is affected
by the reduction in operating temperature of module and also
due to the modification of solar radiation spectrum. The
factors affecting the performance of submerged PV system
 2017 International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
Fig. 5. Pontoon based floating PV system [11].
Fig. 6. Flexible floating PV system [13].
depends on the environmental conditions, on the PV
technology, and on the water depth. Tina et al. [14]
investigated the energy advantages of submerged photovoltaic
solar panel by studying its optical and thermal behaviour for
the water depth of 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm. There is a
sizeable increase in power output for submerged solar panels.
The two main reasons leading to increase in efficiency are
reduction of light reflection and absence of thermal drift [15].
Lanzafame et al. [16] studied the thermal and electrical
behaviour of a single-crystalline submerged PV solar module
by varying the water depth from 1 cm to 15 cm. They
estimated 10-20% increase in efficiency, till the water depth of
8-10 cm. They also observed that there is an optimal water
depth until which efficiency of module increases. Fig. 7 shows
Scienza Industria Technologia (SCINTEC) submergible
floating PV concept which was designed to operate under 0 to
2 mm of water [13].
Floating PV systems are being continuously tested and
studied in different environment. Table I summarizes some of
the studies conducted on FPV systems [17]–[26]. The general
results obtained so far indicates improved performance of the
solar panel in water environmental conditions. Different
structural materials and designs are proposed to improve the
performance of the system. However, design complexity and
issues encountered in offshore environment, prevents large
scale implementation of the FPV system.
IV. FPV SYSTEMS INSTALLED IN INDIA
Floating solar plants appears to be an attractive alternative
to solar installations. India installed its first floating PV plant
in the year 2014 at West Bengal. Sharma et al. [27] studied the
floating solar PV potential in large reservoirs in India. They
estimated that a total of 909.05 GW capacity of floating PV
plants can be installed in India. This would lead to an annual
saving of 16,233 billion litres of water per year due to
evaporation.
A. 10 kW floating solar power plant in Rajarhat, Kolkata
(West Bengal)
Vikram solar Pvt. Ltd. installed a 10 kW floating PV plant
in 2014 at New town, West Bengal. This grid-connected plant
is owned by Arka renewable energy college and contains forty
Fig. 7. SCINTEC submergible floating PV concept [13].
Fig. 8. 10-kW floating PV plant at West Bengal [28].
polycrystalline modules of rating 250 Wp each and covering
101.2 m2 area. The overall system is expected to have a
minimum lifetime of 25 years and will generate a minimum of
14 MWh power annually. Fig. 8 shows 10 kW floating solar
plant at West Bengal [28].
B. VIPL’s floating solar plant at Butibori, Nagpur
Vidarbha Industries Private Limited (VIPL) at Butibori,
Nagpur installed a floating solar PV plant to reduce the carbon
footprints of its coal based thermal power plant. The solar
modules are installed on a water reservoir which is 5 m deep.
There are 16 solar modules of 300 Wp each. The plant has 4.8
kWp rated capacity. With the successful operation of this
system, the FPV plant can be extended to cover whole of the
reservoir. Fig. 9 shows the floating solar plant at VIPL [29].
C. 10 kW floating SPV plant at Chandigarh
A 10 kWp floating plant was commissioned in 2016 at
Dhanas lake by Chandigarh Renewable Energy and Science &
Technology (CREST) promotion society. The plant has 34 PV
modules of 300 W each, arranged on 7 rows in hexagonal
pattern and has dual-axis tracking system [30].
D. 10 kW floating solar plant at Wayanad, Kerela
10 kW floating solar plant installed at Banasura sagar
reservoir in the year 2016 at Wayanad, Kerela is spread over
111.5 m2 and is the first floating PV plant to have concrete
platform. The platform is hollow from inside and can carry
4,500 tonnes load. The power produced is fed to the grid [31].
V. FEASIBILITY OF INSTALLING 1 MW FLOATING PV PLANT AT
TWO DIFFERENT SITES IN KOTA
For installing two 1 MW floating PV plants at Kota, two
sites, namely Kota Barrage and Kishore Sagar lake are
considered.
A. Kota Barrage
Kota barrage was constructed in the year 1960. It is an
earthfill dam with concrete spillways, located in Kota city of
Rajasthan. It is a part of Chambal valley project, along with
 2017 International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
TABLE I. SUMMARY OF STUDIES CONDUCTED ON DIFFERENT FPV SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD
Prototype used in the study
20 kW FPV installed in a reservoir in
Agost (Alicante, Spain).
100 kW FPV plant installed near
Alicante (Spain).
3.68 kW FPV plant at Buskin Bay,
Republic of Korea (South Korea) [20].
100 kW tracking type floating PV
system in Republic of Korea (South
Korea).
Experimental FPV setup in University of
Catania, Italy [22].
100 kW and 500 kW K-water FPV
plants installed at Hapcheon dam,
Republic of Korea (South Korea).
Two 10 kW FPV systems installed on
“Aichi ike” balancing reservoir in Aichi,
Japan [8].
FPV with water-saturated Micro
Encapsulated Phase Change Material
(MEPCM) layers.
Fig. 9. Floating PV plant at VIPL [29].
Fig. 10. Satellite picture of Kota barrage at Kota, Rajasthan [33]
Findings
Santafe et al. [17] estimated annual water saving of 5000 m3 of water with average performance ratio of 78%.
Gozalvez et al. [18] concluded that floating PV cover was able to adapt itself with varying water levels of the
reservoir.
Gisbert et al. [19] found the cost of the FPV system to be 30% higher than that of conventional grid-connected
PV installations.
Maximum stress obtained in the analysis was much less than the allowable stress of FRP materials. Unit module
structure and connection part between unit structures could resist external loads successfully [20].
Since in FPV systems, entire structure rotates or moves due to wind or waves, an error occurs to the azimuth
angle. So an error compensator is required [5]. Diverse factors are needed to be considered for the site selection
[21]. FRP material for rotary structure was found to be more durable and reliable then aluminium and steel [7].
Problems faced by FTCC were: i) Warming of PV cells due to increase in irradiance; and ii) Presence of uneven
radiation in a wrongly connected array can nullify the advantages coming from augmentation of the radiation.
The average capacity factor of 100 kW FPV system was 14.9% and for 500 kW FPV system was 15.2%.
Hapcheon system’s coefficient of utilization for 100 kW FPV was 13.5% and for 500 kW FPV system
coefficient of utilization was 10.3% higher than that of Haman 1 MW onshore system [23]. The FPV system
travelled an average distance of 20 m in a day due to wind flow. The amount of sunlight received and amount of
power generated are affected due to rotation or movement of structure [24].
Total irradiance of FPV is approximately 15% less than that of ground mounted PV system. Performance ratio of
FPV system drops due to accumulation of snow on the modules. Water cooling system in FPV system has
additional losses due to light reflection by cooling water. Soil accumulation, water stain, and bird droppings are
commonly observed issues in floating systems.
During slow flow rate conditions in the summer season, the MEPCM layer could improve the generation output
of the PV panel [25]. Using two MEPCM layers in PV module, increases the mean generation efficiency and
daily per unit area power output. It also decreases surface temperature of modules during summer [26].
Rana Pratap Sagar dam, Gandhi Sagar dam, and Jawahar
Sagar Dam. Water is diverted from this barrage to the canals
on the left and right side of the Chambal river for irrigation in
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh [32]. The upstream of Kota
barrage experiences less waves and therefore has the potential
for installing a floating PV plant. The Kota barrage is situated
close to Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS),
therefore installing a floating PV plant can help reduce carbon
footprints of KSTPS. Apart from this, the floating plant could
reduce evaporation loss of water from the barrage. Fig. 10
shows the satellite picture of Kota barrage [33].
B. Kishore Sagar Lake
Kishore Sagar lake is an artificial lake constructed by
Bundi prince Dehra Deh in the year 1346 at Kota [34]. The
lake is spread over an area of 7,19,844 m2 and the perimeter is
3,230 m. Jagmandir is located in the middle of the lake while
Seven Wonders Park is located on the side of the lake. These
two spots are main tourist attractions of Kota city. Installing a
floating PV plant on the lake can help reduce evaporation
losses from the lake. The electric energy produced can be used
for different activities of lake like musical fountain show,
lighting along the lake, and for Seven Wonders Park. Fig. 11
shows satellite picture of Kishore Sagar lake [35].
C. Methodology
Energy saving calculations: PVWatts calculator developed
by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was used
for estimating the energy yield of 1 MW floating PV plant at
 2017 International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]

Fig. 12. AC energy generated from 1 MW FPV plant at Kota barrage.

Fig. 11. Satellite picture of Kishore Sagar lake at Kota, Rajasthan [35].

Kota Barrage and Kishore Sagar lake respectively. Graphs

were plotted based on the results obtained.
Water saving calculations: It is assumed that 1 kW floating
PV system would require an area of around 10 m2 [36]. Also
considering that 1000 gallons/m2/year of water would be
saved due to reduction in evaporation [27], the annual water
savings from the 1 MW floating PV plant at Kota Barrage and
Kishore Sagar Lake has been calculated respectively.
Calculation for reduction in CO2 emissions: Considering
0.932 tonnes of CO2 emission reduction per megawatt-hour of
energy produced from solar PV plants [37], CO2 emissions
reduced by 1 MW floating PV plant at two sites under study
were calculated. Fig. 13. Monthly amount saved from 1 MW FPV plant at Kota barrage.

D. Results
Annual solar radiation at Kota barrage is 6.07
kWh/m2/day. 1 MW floating PV plant at Kota barrage could
produce 18,38,519 kWh/year valuing ൗ 1,37,88,892/year as
per current rates of electricity tariff of ൗ 7.5/kWh. Fig. 12
shows the monthly generation of AC energy and Fig. 13
shows monthly amount saved from 1 MW floating PV plant at
Kota barrage as predicted by PVWatts calculator. AC energy
yield will be highest in the month of October and lowest in the
month of August. Amount saved indicates cost saving, if the
same amount of energy as produced by the floating PV plant is
otherwise purchased from the grid.
Annual solar radiation at Kishore Sagar is 6.14 Fig. 14. AC energy generated from 1 MW FPV plant at Kishore Sagar.
kWh/m2/day. 1 MW floating PV plant at Kishore Sagar could
produce 18,58,959 kWh/year of electric energy and could save
ൗ 1,39,42,191/year, if same amount of energy is purchased
from the grid. Fig. 14 shows the monthly variation of AC
energy yield and Fig. 15 shows monthly amount saved from 1
MW floating PV plant at Kishore Sagar as predicted by
PVWatts calculator. AC energy yield will be highest in the
month of October and lowest in the month of August.
For 1 MW floating plant, area required would be about
10,000 m2 and covering this area over water body would
annually save about 37 million litres of water from
evaporation. One MW floating PV plant at Kota barrage could
reduce 1,733 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. 1 MW
floating PV plant at Kishore Sagar could reduce 1,714 tonnes Fig. 15. Monthly amount saved from 1 MW FPV plant at Kishore Sagar.
of CO2 emissions annually.
 2017 International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
Kishore Sagar has an area of 7,19,844 m2. If 20% of the
lake’s area (i.e. 1,43,968.8 m2) is covered by FPV system, it
will have a capacity of 14 MW and it could produce
2,57,40,320 kWh/year. About 545 million litres of water could
be annually saved from evaporation and can also reduce
23,990 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The concept of floating solar PV plant is recent and can
increase the grid interactive solar power without additional
land requirement. The design and performance of floating PV
system requires more detailed research. Use of tracking
system or concentrators can further increase the efficiency of
the system. India being a peninsular country has large water
bodies surrounding itself, showing a huge potential for
floating PV plants as an offshore energy generation
technology. The floating solar plants installed in India till now
are on small scale and merely on trial basis. However India is
slowly realizing the merits of the system and planning to
install large number of floating plants to increase its share of
renewable energy.
1 MW floating plant at Kota barrage could produce
18,38,519 kWh/year and could save 37 million litres of water
and can reduce about 1,714 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually.
1 MW floating plant at Kishore Sagar lake could produce
18,58,959 kWh/year and could save 37 million litres of water
and can reduce 1,733 tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. By
covering 20% area of Kishore Sagar lake with 14 MW FPV
system, an electric power of 2,57,40,320 kWh/year is
produced. This could annually save 545 million litres of water
from being evaporated and annually reduce CO2 emissions
amounting to 23,990 tonnes.
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