MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I Lecture Note 8: Differentiation

MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I
Lecture 8
Differentiation

υ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
We say a function is differentiable at if the limits
Definition (Differentiability of function)

!"#$ % &%' (%

lim

→ )

• If is differentiable , then the limits lim

→

exists as a real number.
is called
the derivative of and usually denoted by or ′., i.e.

| lim .

→
lim
→
• The most direct way to find the derivative is to evaluate the limits

. This method is called differentiation from the first

principle.

φ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Differentiability and derivative of some elementary functions
Example 1 (Constant function)
Show that the constant function is always differentiable and find the
(or ′).

derivative
☺Solution:
Using the first principle, we have

lim lim lim 0 0.

→
→
→
Therefore, is differentiable and

0.


χ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 2 (Polynomial)
Show that the function 2 , is differentiable and find the derivative
.
☺Solution:
Using the first principle again, we have
2 , 2 , , 3 . 3. , ,
lim lim 2 lim
→
→
→
3 . 3 .
2 lim 2 lim 3 . 3 . 23 . 3 0 0.

→
→
6 . .
Hence 2 , is differentiable and

6 . .


ψ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Remark
0, the function " is differentiable at any and

In general, one can use the similar method to show that for any positive integer

0 "1

☺Proof:
Using the first principle and Binomial theorem (see Chapter 3), we have
" " " 21" "1 2." ". . ⋯ 2"" " "
lim lim
→
→
21" "1 2." ". . ⋯ 2"" "
lim

→
lim 21" "1 2. ⋯ 2"" "1 21" "1 0 "1 .
45555555655555557
" ".

→
→ !8
→
Therefore " is differentiable at any and 0 "1 .

ω Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 3 (Trigonometric Functions)
Show that the function sin is differentiable at any and find

.
☺Solution:
Using first principle again, we have
>?@ A>?@ B
AB AB
sin sin
. CD> >?@
2 cos sin
2 2
. .
lim ; <
= lim
→
→

2 cos G H sin sin G H
lim 2 2 lim cos I J 2 cos .

→
→ 4556557 2
→CD> !8
→ 456257
→1 !8
→
Hence sin is differentiable and cos .

(The derivation of cos is similar and left as exercise)

ϊ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 4
Show that tan is also differentiable and find .

☺Solution:
sin sin
Using the first principle again, we have
>?@ O
tan tan
MN@ O
CD> O
cos cos
lim
= lim
→
→
>?@AB
>?@ A CD> BCD> A >?@ B >?@ A CD> BCD> A >?@ B

sin cos cos sin
sinP

Q
lim lim

→ cos cos
→ cos cos
sin 1 1
lim I JR T sec .

→ 456 57 cos
4556557 cos cos .
→1 →CD>
So tan is differentiable and sec . .

ϋ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 5 (Exponential Function)
1 "
We define a number V lim"→W G1 H (i.e. V 2.71828 …) and consider
"
the exponential function V . Show that V is differentiable and
V .

find
☺Solution:
V
V V V
1 V 1
Note that

lim lim V lim

… … ∗

→
→
→
To compute lim
→
$ \ 1

that (replacing by )
, we recall from Example 29 of Lecture Note 6 (Limits)
"
V
lim I1 J .
"→W 0

ό Lecture Note 8: Differentiation

"
Using the binomial theorem to expand G1 H , we have
"
" "
V
1 lim G1 H 1 G1 H 1
0 0
lim lim "→W
lim lim
→
→
→ "→W
"
.
"
"
]1 21" 2. G H ⋯ 2" G H ^ 1
0 0 0
lim lim

→ "→W
.
"
_21" 2." G H ⋯ 2"" G H `
0 0 0
lim lim

→ "→W
1 00 1 00 10 2 . "1
lim lim _0 ] ^ .] ^ ,… " `

→ "→W 0 2 0 3! 0 0

ύ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
1 1 1 1 2 . "1
lim lim b1 1 I1 J 1 I1 J I1 J ⋯ " e

→ "→W 4555555555555555556555555555555555557
2 0 3! 0 0 0
→ c
$" "→W,
→
1.
Therefore from the result of ∗, we have
V
V V
1
lim V lim

V 1 V .

→
→
So V and V .

Caution:
If f and f g V, then f g f !!!!! In fact, we will show that

f f ln f for any real number f.


υτ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Summary of Derivatives of Elementary Functions
As shown in the previous example, most of the elementary functions (say
polynomial, exponential functions, trigonometric functions) are differentiable
in its domain. The following table summarizes the derivatives of these functions:
h The derivative ′
h ij k0jlf0l h
0

h ! f ij mVfn h
f !1

h sin h
cos

h cos h
sin 2fmVon!

h tan h 1
sec
.
cos.
h V h
V

υυ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 6 (Absolute value function)
i q 0
We consider the function || I p J.
i r 0
(a) Determine if is differentiable at 2 and find ′2
(b) Determine if is differentiable at 0.
☺Solution:
(a) Using first principle, we get
s
$"
→
.
t8
u%8t(tv$
2 2 |2 | |2|

2 2
lim lim lim

→
→
→
lim 1 1.

→
So is differentiable at 2 and 2 1.

υφ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
0 0 || |0| ||
(b) Note that
lim lim lim .

→
→
→
To compute the limits, we need to consider the left hand limit and right
hand limit

x
z
|| |
|
|| |
|

lim
= lim 1, lim
= lim 1.

→w
→w
→y
→w
Since lim
→w g lim
→y , so the limits lim
→
|
| |
|

lim
→
|
|

does not exist.
Hence is not differentiable at 0.

υχ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 7
We let
i q 1
p . .
i r 1
Determine if the function is differentiable at 1. How about the case for
0?
At 1
☺Solution:
To check the differentiability, we consider the limits

1 1 1 1
lim lim .

→
→
Since 1 can be greater or less than 1 and 1 takes different form
for each case, we need to consider Left-hand limits and Right-hand limits.
υψ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
1
x1
⇒
1 1
1 1
lim limw limw 1,

→w
→
→
1
z1
⇒ }
1 1

1 . 1 2 .
lim limy limy limy2 2.

→y
→
→
→
Since lim
→w g lim
→y , so the limits lim
→
1
1 1
1 1
1

not exist and is not differentiable at 1.

does
At 0, we consider

z1
⇒ }
0 0 ~.
0
lim lim limw 0.

→
→
→
Hence, is differentiable at 0 and 0 0.

υω Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 8
Consider the function √, determine whether the function is

differentiable at ( g 0) and 0 respectively.
Differentiability at g 0
☺Solution:
Using first principle, we get
√ √

lim lim
→
→
. .
√ √ √ √ √ √

lim . .

→
√ √ √ √

, ,
√ √

lim . .

→
√ √ √ √


υϊ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation

lim . .

→
√ √ √ √

1
lim . .

→
4555555555556555555555557
√ √ √ √

} } } }
$"%'t"!(%&→ √ √ √ , √
It is clear that the limits exists only when g 0.

.
The limits tends to ∞ when 0 (since the denominator √ is positive

when 0).
Hence, the function is differentiable at g 0 and is not differentiable at
0.
☺Note
Recall that the function is differentiable when the limits lim
→

is
a real number.
υϋ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Insights about differentiability
If the function is differentiable at , then is also continuous

1. Relationship between continuity and differentiability
at .
However, the converse is not true in general.
In Example 4, we see that || is continuous at 0 and it is not

differentiable at 0.
h
h | |

0

υό Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
In other words, the “differentiable” is stronger than “continuous”.
• Continuity simply requires that the function has no break and no jump.
• Differentiability requires that the function is continuous. In addition, it also
requires the graph of the function has no “sharp corner”.
h h

0 0
Not differentiable Differentiable
• Therefore, when the function can be differentiated as many as we like (will

be discussed in details later), the function is said to be smooth.

υύ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
2. Geometric interpretation of derivative
G H

The quantity can be treated as the slope of the
line segment joining , and , .
Slope

Slope lim
→

h

,
,
→ 0 ,

When → 0, the line segment becomes the tangent at (i.e. a line segment
intersecting the graph of at one point , only). The limits
′ lim
→ can then represent the slope of tangent at .


φτ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 8
Given the graph of h , what is the equation of the tangent line at
1.
☺Solution:
We first find the slope of the tangent line at 1, note that

! y
h
nkV k lf0V0l |1 |1
= 5 |1 5.

Since the tangent passes through the point 1, 1 1,1, so the equation
of tangent line at 1 is given by
h1
5 ⇒ h 1 5 1 ⇒ h 5 4.
1

φυ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Importance of tangent line

In fact, the slope of tangent line (or more precisely, the first derivative

) can reflect the trend of the graph of function.
• If 0 over f, , then we see is increasing over f,
• If r 0 over f, , then we see is decreasing over f, .
r 0
Slope =
0
Slope =
0
Slope =
Increasing Decreasing
Reach Max./Min.

φφ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
As an example, we consider the following quadratic function
. 4 9
• Using completing square, we can rewrite as
. 4 9 2. 5.
2 4.
• Using the method of first principle, one can find its derivative as
′ 2 4 r 0 ′ 2 4 0
km r 2 km 2
(decreasing) (increasing)

φχ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Consider another function
sin k0 P0,2Q
In Example 3, we have shown that cos . We observe that
• cos 0 for ∈ G0, H or ∈ G , 2H. So is increasing in

,
. .
• cos 0 for ∈ G , 2H. So is decreasing in this intervals

these two intervals
,
.
3
2 2
0
2

φψ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Simple differentiation rule
Theorem (Properties of derivative)
Let and be two differentiable functions, then we have

1.

2. P Q .

3. P Q .

4. PQ .

5. ; < .
P
Q .
These properties can be obtained using the first principle.

φω Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 9
Compute the derivatives
1
I 3 J f0 sin √
.

☺Solution:
Using the properties of derivatives, we get
1 1 1
I 3 . J 3 . I J 3 .

! y

= 5 1 32 .1 1 11 5 6 . .
1 1 11
sin √ sin √ sin , cos ,

3
1 .
cos , .
3
φϊ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 10
Compute the following derivatives
sin
V cos , I J
.
☺Solution:

V cos V
cos cos V V sin cos V

V cos V sin .
. .

sin sin sin

. . .
#
. 1 cos sin 2 . cos 2 sin .
.


φϋ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 11
sin
Compute the derivative
.
√
☺Solution:
1 cos sin I1 1 J

1 1
Method 1 (Using quotient rule):
1
sin sin sin sin 4

√ 1 1 . 1 .
I J I J
1 1 ,
cos
4 sin 1 1
cos sin .

. 4

sin 1 1
Method 2 (Using Product Rule)
1
sin sin sin
√
1 11 1 1 1
sin I J cos sin cos .

4 4
φό Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Differentiation of composite function -- Chain Rule
sin . 1, one

Suppose we would like to compute the derivative:
sin h cos h and conclude that sin .

cannot apply the result
1 cos . 1 because the derivative is NOT of the form sin h.

sin . 1?

Question: How do we compute
Theorem (Chain Rule)

If and o be two differentiable functions, then
o o o
o Ikm J
o o

φύ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
sin . 1, the function sin . 1

can be expressed as the composition of two functions o where
Going back to the problem
sin and o . 1.
o . 1 sin

o
o . 1
sin . 1
o o
Using the Chain Rule, we then have
sin 1
.
o
o
sin . 1 . 1

. 1

>?@ CD>

(!$ } 1

= cos . 1 P2 1Q 2 1 cos . 1.
χτ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 12
Compute the derivatives
.1
V , cos3V

☺Solution:
Using Chain Rule, we get
$ ¡ ¡
$

.1 V .1 2 1 ¢!$ .1
V 2 1

V

= V 2
2 1 h
2V .1 .

CD> >?@

¢!$ ,$
¥
cos 3V 3V
¤
cos £3V ¦

= 3V sin3V .
3V
χυ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 13 (A bit harder example)

sinV ,1 , cos sin

☺Solution:
©
¥
sinV V
,1 ,1

sin §V ,1 ¨

V ,1

sinV V ,1 , 3 1

,1

V ,1 , 3 1

$ y w
! y
, 3 1
ª ,1 sin h V ª
= cos hV ª
3 ,1 31 11
h «
cosV ,1 V ,1 3 . 3

3 . 3 V cosV .
,1 ,1

χφ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 14
cos sin

☺Solution:
¥

cos sin

¬cossin

v
¯¦°
®cos £sin
Pcossin Q Pcossin Q Pcossin Q sin

Pcossin Q Pcossin Q sin
CD>>?@
ª>?@ h cos « sin

= 4h , sin « cos
h «
4Pcossin Q, Psinsin Q cos .
χχ Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Example 15
± cos .

☺Solution:
1
¥ . 1
P cos P cos . Q
. Q.
± cos . ¬ cos .
P cos . Q
v
¯ . ·
1
P cos Q.
.
³́cos . cos ¶

P cos . Q ³³ ¶
¶
² µ
1
P cos . Q.
cos .
.

_cos .
`
P cos . Q .
1 1
P cos Q.1 Pcos . sin . 2Q
.
2
1 1
P cos Q . Pcos . 2 . sin . Q.
.
2
χψ MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I
Lecture Note 8: Differentiation
Derivative of ¸¹ º»¼ ¹ , ½¹ ¼º¼ ¹ and ¾¹ ¼¿À ¹
The functions sec , csc and cot are defined as
1 1 1
sec , csc , cot .
cos sin tan
Á 1 cos 1 cos 1

Using chain rule and the properties of derivatives, one can see that
º»¼ ¹ I J sin
Á¹ cos
cos cos
.
sin 1
ÀÂÃ ¹ º»¼ ¹.
cos cos
Á 1 sin 1 sin 1 1 1
¼º¼ ¹ I J . cos
Á¹ sin sin sin sin sin
cos
1
csc ¼¿À ¹ ¼º¼ ¹.
tan
Á 1 tan 1 tan
¼¿À ¹ ⋯ ¼º¼ Ä ¹.
Á¹ tan tan
χω Lecture Note 8: Differentiation

MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I Lecture Note 8: Differentiation

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MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I Lecture Note 8: Differentiation

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MA1200 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra I