STRATEGY FOR TESTING SERIES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, students will be able to:
• determine whether a given infinite series converges or diverges.
• know the conditions under which you may use the comparison test. Apply the comparison test
to determine the convergence and divergence of infinite series.
• know the conditions under which you may use the limit comparison test. Apply the limit
comparison test to determine the convergence and divergence of infinite series.
• explain the conditions under which the ratio test and/or the root test can be used to test for
convergence of an infinite series.
• apply the Integral Test to determine if a series consisting of positive, decreasing terms
converges or diverges.
• explain what it means for an infinite series to converge absolutely.
• explain what it means for an infinite series to converge conditionally (but not absolutely.)
• given an improper integral, determine whether it converges or diverges by evaluation, the
direct comparison test, or the limit comparison test.
• explain the condition under which the ! − #$%&$# ($#( can be used to test for convergence of
an infinite series.
• Understand the definition of a Riemann sum.

BEFORE WE START…..
YOU SHOULD KNOW HOW TO:
SKILLS TEST

CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE

EXAMPLE

DIVERGENCE TEST

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
INTRODUCTION TO CONVERGENCE TESTS FOR SERIES
We know that the nth test for divergence is necessary but not sufficient to ensure convergence. Now
we will be looking at several criteria that can be used to test for convergence of series. You already
know one of these tests: the geometric series, and the conditions for which it will converge to its sum.
We will begin, however, with a revision of some concepts from the core syllabus.

THE INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF SUMS

THE RIEMANN SUM

One method of approximating the desired area is to divide the interval [0, 1] into subintervals of
equal length and consider the rectangles whose bases are these subintervals and whose heights are the
values of the function at the right-hand endpoints of these subintervals. Figure shows the
approximation of the parabolic region by four, eight, and n rectangles:

Let Sn be the sum of the areas of the n rectangles in Figure (c). Each rectangle has width 1/n and the
heights are the values of the function f(x) = x2 at the points 1/n, 2/n, 3/n, . . . , n/n; that is, the heights
are (1/n)2, (2/n)2, (3/n)2, . . . , (n/n)2. Thus
Using the formula for the sum of the squares of the first n integers, we can write

For instance, the sum of the areas of the four shaded rectangles in Figure (a) is

and the sum of the areas of the eight rectangles in Figure (b) is

The results of similar calculations are shown in the table in the margin. It looks as if Sn is becoming
closer to 1/3 as n increases. In fact

From above figure it appears that, as n increases, Sn becomes a better and better approximation to the
area of the parabolic segment. Therefore we define the area A to be the limit of the sums of the areas
of the approximating rectangles, that is,
LOWER AND UPPER BOUND SUM
DEFINITE INTEGRAL

EXAMPLE
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is appropriately named because it establishes a connection
between the two branches of calculus: Differential Calculus and Integral Calculus.
It gives the precise inverse relationship between the derivative and the integral.

PART 1

PART 2

PROPERTIES OF FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

EXAMPLE
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
/
The definition of the integral ∫0 * (, )., requires that for the interval [2, 4], a and b must be real
numbers. Furthermore the fundamental theorem of calculus requires that f be continuous on the
closed interval [2, 4]. Integrals that do not meet these requirements are called improper.

TYPE 1
Improper integral of Type 1 are integrals of continuous functions on infinite domain; these include:

TYPE 2
Improper integral of Type II are integrals of functions with vertical asymptoes with the integration
interval; these include:
CONVERGENCE OF AN IMPROPER INTEGRAL
If the limit exists, the improper integral converges to the limiting value. If the limit fails to exist, the
improper integral diverges.

EXAMPLE
INTEGRAL TEST FOR CONVERGENCE
There are just a couple of things which are necessary to apply integral test for it to works:
• The sequence in the series must be positive for all values past a certain point.
• The sequence in the series must be decreasing after a certain point.
• The function corresponding to the sequence is continuous.

EXAMPLE
THE P-SERIES TEST
EXAMPLE
POSITIVE SERIES

RULE FOR POSITIVE SERIES

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

REMEMBER

REMEMBER
REMEMBER

With a quick glance does it look like the series terms don’t converge to zero in the limit, i.e. does
? If so, use the Divergence Test. Note that you should only do the Divergence Test if a
quick glance suggests that the series terms may not converge to zero in the limit.

THE COMPARISON TEST

THE COMPARISON THEOREM

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

EXPLAINATION
LIMIT COMPARISON TEST FOR CONVERGENCE
In some cases, we can't do a strict comparison test between two series, but the series begin, in the
limit, to “look alike."

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
RATIO TEST FOR CONVERGENCE

EXAMPLE
ALTERNATE SERIES – SERIES WITH NEGATIVE TERMS INCLUDED

ALTERNATE SERIES TEST

If property 3 does not hold, then the series diverges. If property 3 is respected but property 1 and/or
property 2 do not hold, then the alternating series test is inconclusive.
ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE OF SERIES

CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE OF SERIES

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE
SUMMARY OF TESTS FOR CONVERGENCE
MISCELLENEOUS EXERCISE

Dy AL← l
o butichm " . Cono - >최페
T 에퍼
) (
= i con 나
Conr

0
absoluteldour
'

( DnlEantl ?

10000000 . " 늘 1 측했
1 등
o o000 obls r
C 000000209
cntzgrit
0
C? )'
.
-

. . . .

서
C
어리 8

by LCT
사이붉
wit
.
-

밥몸 =

nncrn Fknmntnl
#
) =

bapdiv andiv .

i) "늄
한 . "= 때'
- 0i (
슈

밝 .
l 패의
∞
to
w .iti

bnzCoav → an = t

eos
-

ComV

^END OF CALCULUS PART D^

 Test

"
R atio
Comparison Test

이
다sti 섬 <G hP - series P = 3 Convenge

. …
" "

합닭다
행끓테
~-
조졌않여더다
:
!
최도=mcmcms …
-
소
31 .

품했
.. 이.

converge
l
더 : nanmonis Sepies dcverge

.
" 2
. (

이했다픔 )다 -몰야
.
5
? 1
dcverge
슭
: 취 ,
em 3 교 maB mm 가

6 ,

.
↓↑vengent :

.퓐히테페 ". 체 =
h !
2
.
P3 z
0 시
Convenge
comverge
…

… =

다.다전 111111
. !

다따체진행까까 다이다다
= .이
다안 밝다. 벤저
.파

) ,
ㅠ

=π
. 에티에 다나 π
. "
"

"

서
"

nenn 솔
포 지은나페=
ㅡ

= 9 * * .
.

senn

limit Comparison Test

Dlnn
최에nbn u =-

이엠 람)( → Ean & zb ,

botonvergedrverge decreasiugzs
bn
bn ) .
an ) .
용응 ∞
bmz
converge
.

Positiwe mamben

…
해더했금협
(

bundivergearndivergi

: 을었다 시쳤혔다 .제했다많었었

an : e

=
r
n34 ( -

bmxconvlge
. = l
ausconverge = 평라 c
. " 크 cundn 번
o bn enc
n
bo 1 cmby
11
deareasing
=

오염,
=

'
~

.
)
ag D
baxdiverge "

"
어치 다
미했다. .
떻

aaydiverge . Conwerga

… 옮이
"
.

그볶호
=

=델 1
-금 -
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됐 yn *
2

" 달멤 comverge
lu scoaverge

absolukely
-

v
. converge
2 1
-

.
7n . 춤
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m decreasTng

.
2 ", br = =
o

. -
Convarge
"

…
n . 나데파.
ovag

이따만많마
… 0
.

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"앉

, " .
. … …
마 다
. . taavaragoyayc - arvoe

bn p seriesborsdiverge
넓-icovopl
따

.
다 음많지했다채닭 .
=더 . i
= -

고
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aay diveng 당
,
t c 6-
… 밝부=
k
aysolantelycomvengh
divargent. test
2 by ∴

m
-m
-

흙다치 =
최다.
hns divenge "
다

.야 참 ☆ T
양 러래
등
, a . → lwage
.
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e
arctanG
)
deacrensrngiast
cunva

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mrnt
때참 :쁨
당
.

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rct태브
.
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' p
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s
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,
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-
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.
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2)
일일CompanrisonEuni텍파 comverge
어 E
- onverge
Enini …

! ansolately convewga
!
1 abrao
b .
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. ibn 1 .수 !
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; 야
1
"
ratio test
웨이 시

:
converge
2

놓마많
m

ratiotest 에 tD
FI
( 3
ncnt 디
고 .> *어 5

72
(
∞
동 n .

" ,

convange
∞

3
. .
en = n
& geometrcc series N= 당 Kl : . Converge
t

j
1
4 l
Enitanby
) LCT 1
. ~

에맵 ,
>

금
데며
a . s ba =~

eon iMasobn zo
,
←
ecreasing ' -

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h3 PS T
bn =
comwenge by san
convenge
23
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&
&
←
harmondavng 는 : Drverge

다 앙없 = 0
Km cmpanicrn b잠일
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-
c com ditionaslyconwerge u
.

곳 도+ 파

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b
= = nenz.
'
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r
어
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뉴에냐 m
omaanlnrrn
대"
. .
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n

=
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v
.
.
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convenge
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-
limaD -
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u ratio
.

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test
~ 말에
비
comverge 팜
t3 n 머

. abosutlelycouwenge G . alternoee Series

,몇많 : 때월 cnougebirwgcdicverstrolcrerge
일
= 미씨 테( hiz 파 '

양.
arenn
= …

ba (고 but 디 abn
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.
= :
3
.

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다.
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!"
졌 .
d b( ,
서

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0
π
1
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() .
덩

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∞
2
)리 당 ← i 빠 …
comvenge
: absoluxelyconvarge 다 .다

회 erumnyoenl aniCan .
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,
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n
bnze
:
o 다더
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2
n

.
,
를
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<
설…
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ouwugi

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+
m
bn
:

5
1
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.
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*
-

.
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:
.:
"

취춤다고다까다어세는
아내다
, nt
8
.
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(
.

따어
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(
더
100
졌다 환

mcarvoe
t " *
azangk .

∴
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:
diverge
check 그
Cnoca
트 tanmc L페 ) Etanl
1

힘아따다스
L
차
"
" positive CoutihuoUs
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=
.

ntjc
)
< decreasing
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,

…
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A
.
7
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i zvcw 0mn en
=
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=

④ diverg e

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nt
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,
름
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↑ -

converge
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arctab <n )
,
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unt로 *

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…

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.
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까때 위 . aivenghnce test
Gy @
모
n tuterum eest
divergent
PP 측
에
2J
드

돎
~

→ ratio fest

…
-

in ∞

*
쳐 tan(더)
더다 "

+
l암 ∞
키 z
터x

밝 2
리 '
. ' >
.

←
n )(
-
*
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nEntjL n
-

페 )( 0 4

e = =

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4

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diverge 이 )
arvergent
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test
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(더메5
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. (더)
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lumnyo eimit
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[ lt 한y 은 2)
Comparrson
=

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b
.
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diverge
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*
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=
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7
-
n
=
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s 위 :
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. …
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ㆍ중명가하
sec
-

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ik
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-

*
.

sin ( )
최

M
! .

converge
comparrsion test

냈다 토치더 새
.
! Lr Same wrt 대 했은 ( 데)
,
매더 [ " n

업했 '
리 =흡 -

Ga
- ㅡ

,
ㆅ"
coSG ∞

∴
… 설kyPST
Converge
저음
:… s
conveng e
*
쳐 tanu ( ]
= FKcntx
[ntl
) <M 시 )

hypseConvergu tanp
tunA- -
tancA

* ttonAtanbcan
다 )
패

Earctan
범 -

l4
-

2 n +7 - 2
-

buCT
iEt
.
→
< (
convergo e
talce tanA 그패비
tanAemy ( 글~]
( atmAtanp)
y
B: " taw
-

enyBany

∞ ∞
A hamn [ in+I )
=

다 tan
"
(긁 ] =

춰 tan
-
( 2n+ l ) -
taunc 2nn )
(
Bztan " ED -1 )

시 =

y
Favt ( 3 ) -
tan - + ( ) t
/(
tann 5 ) …

f
fan ' ( 3) 9 …

felescoping tany ( 2 n+ )
fest 티패 -
tan -
<I ) +

nn F
=

=
π
글스퓨
t

최품어 에
(

* ) Varctan

냄아 n arctnmixi = bm'=
arct
체=
" = ,

.
)니
*
떨더래

decreas
cug
by Aitennate test converge

D
2
) arctanintil Tmit comparision tese wrtb 도
)

내파슭칭 없야더어긁패파
t
했 . 마 의

"
'
tv
'
Snce
도텍 diwerge ,
홈
aratann
2my
divenge

.
Condrtronallyconvenge
 bnz
sn끔
최 더
limif Comparison

더
대빠
Esin "
by LC 기했
.
의

. sinidir
퍼
는 sin b 4 L더
ㆍ대피봇
.
했
동 .다됐 0

쁜남다다 . 뚫닭다름화
"

.
다 .

<
 Alternate Series Estimation Theorem

ut )
DC
:
더
Q 1 Estimate thrs Series
최
+. two decinal places ↑
=
0
☆
드

: 비
:
측
" . 90 '
금

A" au = z
측춰에에쁨 a에
lim
GS ⑧
an = o gavteiEbn
convenge
4
*
최면
-

) an =0 이
감
=
0

"
.
n

twodecimal plar
Is sul
-
= nlIsante @
s

w
o 이

[S
o

* -
Sul =
Rn ≤ aml

" . 음제일:
매 evvor Eoool

0. 0
이는
c
제
. . .

않어드 어

a +1 ≥ 31 . 6 4 62 로드에
.

7≥ 3016
짝
해
"
'
"
n ≥ 31 x) : 094353
최
π 제[
~ = 0 948
e+
파 4)
.

=
Checdk )품
: S .

3 쁨 =
0 82297

]
.

S= 0 .
& 2

S . 00
=
0 .
& 224175

=
wenced "
bow uany terms
하해+ 대파해
.

밝
θ 2:
최휴 3 decimal Places ?
.에 m

= - 0
. 01 2 T 0

3 deccinal places 0 .
00 l
=

Evvor oool Is S3 며 R 3 IK R 4= . 929 X 1 o - 4

43
- 1
-
→ o .
. 가
34
= 00001 a 2a
Av : [ Rnl ≤ antl

0 . 00 이
스채 '
)
C
어
>≥ 2013
S

" 끼리 .

(
했에내 m때
=
세C -
S리 =

측리 3
0 . 9015 a 3 는 0 . 902 Bdmn

망 . . . enin
15 s . 이떼

s
.

. 은일

더 ")

어 32 a ,
5

만
nx 3
 Remarn der Estimate for theintgral test

a 춰크은측이 = s . sut 제스 SE snt 파

ㅏ
1

S. .
=
FEt 설 t
코t … =
1 549768 .
S. t.
[
파
≤ SESLoTo

춰 ~ 1 . 549768
sc .
= . s49768
1

pJC an = fcn ) f → continuous positive ! 6406771 ES ≤ 1 .

649768

]
decreasing @

여
feu = # i
- .
,
0.

X. .
S .. .
=
= 1 . 6349839
두값을
Ro =
S -
Sn
평균
.
:

됐
00

S. = . 643 a 34567
Sut@ ≤ Rns
@ =

Sn
*

fcx ] dX
oo 0 1

f (x ) dx

R Sno f ( xdx
이했SnpFidx = lim t iJab S =~
16406 련 t다 .

~
64a
768
[
a by 킹
2
,

O 에다
= 1 . 6452

Sntof sndx ( =
)
htl (

페스 R 매
드페 Rn ≤ Sno fexsd 가

l
π KRc . 다
.
Rn 드 뒤
20 는 이
009 oa / ≤ R . .
≤ 에

R 드 o .
1 weneed Ru = 0
. 005
..

1
cJ 1 im S 005 스금
sm S Su 0
Rn
=
s
.
- =
= 정

n- )
nx Rnd
@
n 7, 200

다진 =
s Rntsn = s

we heed at least 200 tenms .

Snex .
f( x) dx ≤ Rn ≤
Sno fcx ] dx

tsu xsn tsa

SntSntiof (x ) d ) xS S ≤ Sat Sno fxydl