Bioethics offers a multi-layered, rational appraisal of our place in the world and how best we can live for

the good of the planet’s life

community. It mandates equal and fair consideration for human rights, animal rights, and the environment. It includes a temporal
principle of transgenerational equity–having concern for the well-being of future generations and a respectful understanding of the
wisdom and folly of our ancestors. We should forget neither our history nor the maxim, “We do not own the land, we borrow it from
our children.”

Its importance is reflected in different parts of our society such as healthcare, research and our society in general. Bioethics in
healthcare brought about awareness to health workers of the medical practice as well as enriching the ability of health workers to
further understand the patient as a person. Highlighting the ethical side of bioethics, health workers were now able to follow an ethical
code when working with patients which was once a problem. Ethical problems had a clear connection to problems in health care, so by
the emergence of bioethics, the healthcare of the country has been siginificantly improved.

To define the term of bioethics, bio meaning life and ethics meaning a way of acting we can come to the conclusion that bioethics
deals with the combination of the natural laws of life and the set ethics of how one should live their life. Bioethics is a study of
philosophy as well as a study of biology.
https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/bioethics2100/2012/09/10/the-importance-of-bioethics/
A. Surrogacy

Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement, whereby a woman (the surrogate mother) agrees to bear a child
for another person or persons, who will become the child's parent(s) after birth.

People may seek a surrogacy arrangement when pregnancy is medically impossible, when pregnancy risks are too dangerous for the
intended mother, or when a single man or a male couple wish to have a child. Surrogacy is considered one of many assisted
reproductive technologies.

In surrogacy arrangements, monetary compensation may or may not be involved. Receiving money for the arrangement is known as
commercial surrogacy. The legality and cost of surrogacy varies widely between jurisdictions, sometimes resulting in problematic
international or interstate surrogacy arrangements. Couples seeking a surrogacy arrangement in a country where it is banned
sometimes travel to a jurisdiction that permits it. In some countries, surrogacy is legal only if money does not exchange hands.Where
commercial surrogacy is legal, couples may use the help of third-party agencies to assist in the process of surrogacy by finding a
surrogate and arranging a surrogacy contract with her. These agencies often screen surrogates' psychological and other medical tests to
ensure the best chance of healthy gestation and delivery. They also usually facilitate all legal matters concerning the intended parents
and the surrogate.

Surrogacy may be either traditional or gestational, which are differentiated by the genetic origin of the egg. Gestational surrogacy
tends to be more common than traditional surrogacy and is considered less legally complex.

Traditional

A traditional surrogacy (also known as partial, natural, or straight surrogacy) is one where the surrogate's egg is fertilised in vivo by
the intended father's or a donor's sperm. Insemination of the surrogate can be either through natural or artificial insemination. Using
the sperm of a donor results in a child who is not genetically related to the intended parent(s). If the intended father's sperm is used in
the insemination, the resulting child is genetically related to both the intended father and the surrogate. [2][3]

In some cases, insemination may be performed privately by the parties without the intervention of a doctor or physician. In some
jurisdictions, the intended parents using donor sperm need to go through an adoption process to have legal parental rights of the
resulting child. Many fertility centres that provide for surrogacy assist the parties through the legal process.

Gestational

Gestational surrogacy (also known as host or full surrogacy[4]) was first achieved in April 1986. It takes place when an embryo created
by in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology is implanted in a surrogate, sometimes called a gestational carrier. Gestational surrogacy has
several forms, and in each form, the resulting child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate:

 The embryo is created using the intended father's sperm and the intended mother's eggs;
 The embryo is created using the intended father's sperm and a donor egg;
 The embryo is created using the intended mother's egg and donor sperm;
 A donor embryo is transferred to a surrogate. Such an embryo may be available when others undergoing IVF have embryos
left over, which they donate to others. The resulting child is genetically unrelated to the intended parent(s).

B. Drug addiction
1. Therapeutic Drugs
Therapeutic: the branch of medicine that is concerned specifically with the treatment of disease. The therapeutic dose of a
drug is the amount needed to treat a disease.

Examples of drugs widely analysed for therapeutic drug

 Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin)

 Antiepileptics (such as carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproic acid)

 Mood stabilisers, especially lithium citrate.
 Antipsychotics (such as pimozide and clozapine)
  Digoxin.
2. Non therapeutic Drugs
General term for an undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect that was not due to a mistake in dosage. Two prescribed
medications that react to create symptoms in patients would also be classified as an adverse effect.
Therapeutic trials are ones which enroll patients and provide a specific treatment to the patients to study its impact on cancer. Non-
therapeutic trials are ones which do not provide a treatment to patients, but instead study important factors which help advance the
understanding of cancer and its impact.

C. Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.[9] Mental disorders—including depression, bipolar disorder, autism
spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, physical disorders such as chronic fatigue syndrome, and
substance abuse—including alcoholism and the use of and withdrawal from benzodiazepines—are risk factors.[2][3][10][5] Some suicides
are impulsive acts due to stress (such as from financial or academic difficulties), relationship problems (such as breakups or deaths of
close ones), or harassment/bullying. Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts Effective
suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide—such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental
disorders and substance misuse; careful media reporting about suicide; and improving economic conditions Even though crisis
hotlines are common, they have not been well studied.

The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries, and is partly related to the availability of effective means.[16]
Common methods of suicide include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.[2][17] Suicides resulted in 828,000 global deaths in
2015, an increase from 712,000 deaths in 1990 This makes suicide the 10th leading cause of death worldwide.

D. Murder

Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or plausible/moral intent, especially the unlawful killing of
another human with malice aforethought.[1][2][3] This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other
forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter. Manslaughter is killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by
reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the
most attenuated guilty intent, recklessness.

Most societies consider murder to be an extremely serious crime, and thus that a person convicted of murder should receive harsh
punishments for the purposes of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, or incapacitation. In most countries, a person convicted of
murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence, a life sentence, and even a death penalty may be imposed.

E Self Defense

Self-defense (self-defence in some varieties of English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of
oneself from harm.[1] The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in
many jurisdictions.

F. Euthanasia

Euthanasia is the practice of ending the life of a patient to limit the patient’s suffering.  The patient in question would typically be
terminally ill or experiencing great pain and suffering.

The word “euthanasia” itself comes from the Greek words “eu” (good) and “thanatos” (death).  The idea is that instead of condemning
someone to a slow, painful, or undignified death, euthanasia would allow the patient to experience a relatively “good death.”

Types of euthanasia

Different practices fall under the label “euthanasia.”  Here are some distinctions demarcating different versions.

Active euthanasia: killing a patient by active means, for example, injecting a patient with a lethal dose of a drug.  Sometimes called
“aggressive” euthanasia.

Passive euthanasia: intentionally letting a patient die by withholding artificial life support such as a ventilator or feeding tube.  Some
ethicists distinguish between withholding life support and withdrawing life support (the patient is on life support but then removed
from it).

Voluntary euthanasia: with the consent of the patient.

Involuntary euthanasia: without the consent of the patient, for example, if the patient is unconscious and his or her wishes are
unknown..  Some ethicists distinguish between “involuntary” (against the patient’s wishes) and “nonvoluntary” (without the patient’s
consent but wishes are unknown) forms.

Self-administered euthanasia: the patient administers the means of death.

Other-administered euthanasia: a person other than the patient administers the means of death.

Assisted: the patient administers the means of death but with the assistance of another person, such as a physician.
There are many possible combinations of the above types, and many types of euthanasia are morally controversial.  Some types of
euthanasia, such as assisted voluntary forms, are legal in some countries.

Mercy-killing: The term “mercy-killing” usually refers to active, involuntary or nonvoluntary, other-administered euthanasia.  In
other words, someone kills a patient without their explicit consent to end the patient’s suffering.  Some ethicists think that

Physician-assisted suicide: The phrase “physician-assisted suicide” refers to active, voluntary, assisted euthanasia where a physician
assists the patient.  A physician provides the patient with a means, such as sufficient medication, for the patient to kill him or herself.

Some instances of euthanasia are relatively uncontroversial.  Killing a patient against their will (involuntary, aggressive/active, other-
administered), for instance, is almost universally condemned.  During the late 1930’s and early 1940’s, in Germany, Adolf Hitler
carried out a program to exterminate children with disabilities (with or without their parent’s permission) under the guise of improving
the Aryan “race” and reducing costs to society.  Everyone now thinks this kind of euthanasia in the service of a eugenics program was
clearly morally wrong.
G Capital Punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a state-sanctioned practice of killing someone as a punishment for a crime.
The sentence ordering that someone is punished with the death penalty is called a death sentence, and the act of carrying out such a
sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and is awaiting execution is referred to as
condemned and is on "death row". Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes, capital offences or capital
felonies, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious offences against individuals such as murder, mass
murder, aggravated cases of rape, child rape, child sexual abuse, terrorism, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and
offences against the state including attempting to overthrow government, treason, espionage, sedition, piracy, aircraft hijacking, drug
trafficking, drug dealing and drug possession and in some cases acts of recidivism, aggravated robbery, and kidnapping.

H. Abortion

Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is
known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion" and occurs in approximately 30% to 40% of pregnancies. When deliberate steps are
taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion
generally refers to an induced abortion.
1.Spontaneous Abortion

Spontaneous abortion is noninduced embryonic or fetal death or passage of products of conception before 20 weeks gestation.
Threatened abortion is vaginal bleeding without cervical dilation occurring during this time frame and indicating that spontaneous
abortion may occur in a woman with a confirmed viable intrauterine pregnancy. Diagnosis is by clinical criteria and ultrasonography.
Treatment is usually expectant observation for threatened abortion and, if spontaneous abortion has occurred or appears unavoidable,
observation or uterine evacuation

2. Indirect Abortion

IN DIRECT abortion a living and nonviable fetus is removed from the uterus. The reason for the removal is that the pregnancy, added
to some pathological condition from which the mother is suffering, increases her difficulties or even lessens her chances of survival.
No condition exists, however, which makes the removal of the uterus itself necessary as a means of saving the mother's life.

The abortion is termed indirect when the pregnant uterus itself is excised because its condition is such that its removal is medically
necessary. If the uterus contains a living and nonviable fetus, the fetus will of course inevitably die. There is no direct attack upon the
fetus, however, and its death is merely permitted as a secondary effect of an act which needs to be performed and which, as we shall
see immediately, it is permissible to perform.
3. Induced Abortion
Induced abortion, the intentional termination of pregnancy, is among the most common of gynecological procedures.
Induced abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by artificial means. Governments can be permissive or restrictive in their
legislation regulating abortion. Induced abortion is legal in the United States today, where more than one in five pregnancies end in
induced abortion.
I. Mutilation
1. Surgery
2. Organ Transplantation
3. Sterilization
4. Plastic Surgery

KATANGIAN:
1. Gumagamit ng mga simpleng mga salita
2. Hindi kailangang mahaba/ maligoy
3. Higit na kailangan ang direktang pananalita
4. Tumatalakay sa pangyayari sa kapaligiran/karaniwang bagay sa paligid-ligid
5. Walang matalinghagang pahayag/ tayutay/idyoma

Patalastas
• Ang patalastas ay isang paraan ng pag-anunsyo ng produkto o serbisyo sa pamamagitan ng iba’t-ibang anyo ng
komunikasyong pang madla.
• Paalalang pinaabot sa taong bayan
• Nagbibigay ng tamang direksyon
 • Nagtuturo ng tamang kaalaman
• Maaaring nakadikit sa poste ng ilaw
na daanan ng tao

Kasaysayan ng Patalastas

• Ayon kay Nofuente (1976), ito ay maaaring

ugatin sa pag-akit ng ahas kina Adan at Eba
• Ayon sa mga antropolohista, patalastas nang matatawag ang mga natagpuang nakaukit sa loob ng mga kuweba.
• Ang pinaka-unang anyo ng patalastas ay sa pamamagitan ng bibig. Ang tagasigaw sa daan ay nanghihikayat na bilhin ang
kaniyang paninda, tulad ng hayop, pagkain, kasangkapan, at kahit na alipin. Ginagamit pa rin ang anyong ito sa kasalukuyan
ng mga nagtitinda sa gabi, na sumisigaw ng “Balut Penoy!” (Santos 1979).

Epekto ng Patalastas sa Mamimiling Pilipino

• Makikita sa pag-alala ng mga tao sa tatak ng produkto at paggamit nito bilang pangalan ng produkto mismo, kahit na ito ay
ibang tatak.
• Ang pagkonsumo mismo.
• Paglala ng kaisipang kolonyal.
• Batayan sa pagtanggap ng tao.
• Isa pang epekto ng patalastas na iniulat
ni Nofuerte (1976) ay ang ilusyon ng industriyalisasyon.

2. Islogan
• Ang islogan ay isang kasabihan o motto ng isang kompanya o ng mga aktibista na madaling maalaala. Sa
mga channel sa telebisyon, isa sa mga pangangailangan nila ay ang magtaguyod ng isang islogan.
• Maikling pahayag na tiyak ang paksa o isyu na maaaring nakasulat sa anyong patula
• Simple ang pagkakaanyo ng salita para madaling maaalala ng madla
Halimbawa
• "Kasaysayan, susi ng kinabukasan.
Ito'y Ingatan at ating tandaan". 
• Kayamanan ang kagandahang asal
• Panatilihin ang sipag at tiyaga
upang buhay ay guminhawa.

3. Tugmang de Gulong
• Ang Tugmang De Gulong ay mga paalala na maaaring makita sa mga pampublikong sasakyan tulad ng dyip, bus at traysikel.
Karaniwang ito’y batay sa nakatutuwa, lalo na’t ang karamihan sa mga tugmang ito
ay nakabatay sa mga kasabihan o
salawikain na dati nang batid ng mga
Pilipino

Halimbawa
• Ang di magbayad mula sa kanyang pinanggalingan ay di makabababa sa paroroonan. (Batay sa: Ang hindi marunong
lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.)
• Aanhin pa ang gasolina kung ang jeep ko ay sira na.
• And di magbayad walang problema,
sa karma pa lang, bayad ka na.

Halimbawa
• Sitsit ay sa aso,
Katok ay sa pinto,
sambitin ang “para”
sa tabi tayo’y hihinto.
• Huwag dumi-kwatro sapagkat dyip ko’y di mo kwarto.
• Ms. na sexy, kung gusto mo’y libre, sa drayber ka tumabi.
• Sa pagtaas ng gasolina, kaming mga drayber
ay naghahabol ng hininga.
• Pasaherong masaya, tiyak na may pera.
• Puwedeng matulog, bawal humilik.
• God knows Hudas not pay.

4. Panalangin
• Binibigkas o binabasa sa isang okasyon o pagtitipon
• Panalanging mula sa puso ng gumagawa kaya’t sariling pananalita ang gamit dito
• Unang bahagi- pagpuri, paghingi ng kapatawaran
• Ikalawang bahagi – pasasalamat
• Ikatlong bahagi – mga bagay na nais hingin

5. Komentaryo
• Ang komentaryo ay ang malayang pagpapahayag ng mga salita salig sa isang usapin o isyu na maaaring mainit na
tinatalalakay sa publiko o maging sa mga isyung matagal nang umiiral.  Depende sa uri ng komentaryo na gagawin, 
maaaring masusing komentaryo o mapanira.   
 Kung minsan kasi ay hindi maiwasang pumanig ang isang komentarista sa mga isyung pinag-uusapan na kung nangyari ang
bagay na ito,  maaaring hindi balanse
ang mga komento niya sa isyu.   

Kadalasang na isasagawa ang komentaryo sa tv,

sa radyo, pahayagan, at ngayon ay sa mga social
media sa internet.

• Pang araw-araw at personal na karanasang pansarili Pribado

Pansariling gawain
• maaaring gamitin ang Komentaryo para sa mga sumusunod na bagay:
• Panlalait sa kapwa-tagagamit
• Mga usapan sa pagbubura ng artikulo o talaksan (maaaring gamitin ang mga artikulong buburahin o ang mga larawan at
midyang buburahin)
• Konsultasyon (maaaring gamitin ang Konsultasyon)
• Pangkalahatang usapan (maaaring gamitin ang Kapihan)
• Mga paksang hindi umaayon sa sakop ng prosesong ito (off-topic)

6. Dayari
• Pansariling tala ng mga pangyayaring nagaganap sa buhay ng isang indibidwal.
• Sangkot ang mga karanasang emosyunal,
sosyal at ispiritwal
• Napakapersonal kaya’t hindi sangkot ang komentaryo, opinyon o kuru-kuro
• Simple ang mga pananalita na galing sa puso
• Walang bahid ng pagsisinungaling dahil malaki ang silbi nito sa sumusulat lalo sa pagdating ng panahon
• Tunay na napakapaktwal
Halimbawa
• Nob. 4
Nanood kami ng sine ng mga kaibigan ko, hindi maganda ang pelikula, sumakit lamang ang ulo ko.
• Nob. 5
May pasok na uli kami bukas, nag-eenjoy pa
naman akong tambay-bahay lamang, kain-tulog.
• Nob. 6
Naku naman, daming assignments. Malapit na nga palang matapos ang ikalawang semestre. Kukulangin na naman ako sa
tulog nito..

7. Dyornal
• Katulad ng dayari, naiiba lamang ito dahil di lamang panariling kaganapan sa buhay ang itinatala.
• Ang mga pangyayari sa labas ng bahay o sa kapaligiran ay maaaring paksa sa dyornal
• Ang dyornal ay isang talaan ng mga pansariling gawain, mga repleksyon, mga naiisip at nadarama at kung anu-ano pa.
• Bilang isang batayan ng mga akdang sinulat
• Ang dyornal ay mabisang  pagsasanay
sa malikhaing pagsulat.

Gamit ng Dyornal
• talaan ng naiisip, at nadarama
• tahimik na kasama
• repositoryo ng mga lihim

Halimbawa Dyornal 1
Awang-awa ako sa kapitbahay namin. Binatilyo na pero palaging nababatukan o napapalo ng tatay niya. Bagamat
tunay na may kapilyuhan. Nakakaawa rin dahil di niya makuha ang respeto sa sarili.
• Ang buhay ay parang isang lapis, kailangang tasahan upang magamit at makagawa ng marka. may pambura upang mabura
ang mga maling naisulat at ito'y maitama. Lumiliit at nauubos sa bawat pagtatasa nito kawangis ng buhay tao.