Part 6 Analysis and Design of Purlins

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PART 6 - Analysis AND Design OF Purlins
Civil Engineering (New Era University)
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NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PART 6 – ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PURLINS (W/

CALCULATION OF C&C WIND LOADS FOR LOW-RISE
BUILDINGS)
Using the building data from Part 3, design the required size of purlins to be placed on top of
trusses spaced at 3.5m.
h' = 15 tan 10 =2.64m
10º
where:
h'
E = eave height = 7.5m
R = ridge height = E+h’ = 10.14m
Ht = mean roof height 7.5m

= E+(h’/2) = 8.82m 15m
46m
15m
Building Perspective
effective area
for truss effective area
3.5m for purlins
Wall
Truss
Purlins
Sag Rod
Roof Plan
Consider loadings below:
Superimposed DL (roof sheet, insulation and connections): 0.90 KPa

Roof Live Load (maintenance and repairs): 0.60 KPa
Wind Load: to be computed
CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 1

Prepared by: Engr. Winfred Liwanag II, M. Eng

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I. Provide purlin spacing.

II. Determine wind load pressure acting on the purlins.
III. Assuming no sag rod in place, Choose safe channel (LC) section with Demand Capacity
Ratio (DCR) ≤ 0.80. Check strength and deflection requirements.
Use the ASEP Steel Sections as a reference for LC shape section geometry and
properties.
Refer to Section 203.4 of NSCP 2015 (page 2-11) for the load combinations using
Allowable Stress/Strength Design and Alternate Load Design.
Assume allowable deflection as L/180.
Assume that all loads will pass through the centroid of the channel section.
Use ASTM A36 steel grade (Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200GPa)
Commentaries:
Purlins is a horizontal structural member in a roof which supports the loads from the
roof sheathing and are supported by rafters, trusses or building walls. As a rule of
thumb, purlins are frequently proportioned for a ratio of depth to length of 1/32.
Gravity, live and wind loads should be calculated by the designer and must be check
against strength and deflection requirements of the code.
Sag rods are usually furnished to transmit the gravity load of purlins. Additionally, sag
rods are used to control deflection and stiffen purlins. Typical sag rods are 10-12mm in
diameter. To be effective, the force in the sag rods must be carried and balanced by a
corresponding force on the opposite side of the ridge (see Figure 1).
Different steel sections might be used as a purlin (C, Z or LC sections) but the most
common and locally available in the Philippine setting is the LC channel section as
shown in the Figure 2.
Purlin Profile
bf
d = depth
d tf bf = flange width
c = lipped
tf = flange thickness


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Figure 1. Typical Tie Rod Connector Detail
Figure 2. Typical Purlins and Sag Rod Detail
Y’
Y
WIND DEAD & LIVE
WN
WT
X

X’
Figure 3. Forces on purlins


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It is evident as that the purlins are subjected to biaxial or unsymmetric bending. Dead and live
loads should be resolve in its equivalent normal and tangential forces in line with the principal
axes X and Y (see Figure 3). On the other hand, wind loads are directly normal with the X-
axis.
It is assumed that the purlins are simply supported at the trusses where the maximum bending
moment about each axis is WL2/8. If sag rods are used, they will provide lateral support with
respect to X-axis (strong axis) bending and will act as transverse supports for Y-axis (weak
axis) bending, requiring that the purlin be treated as a continuous beam.
Among the notable changes in NSCP 2010, the wind speed map and the importance factor for
wind loads have been replaced with three wind contour maps based on difference and newly
defined return periods. The new wind maps are now specified at the strength design level (Load
Resistance Factored Design) rather than the service design level (Allowable Stress Design). A
load factor of 1.6 for strength design has already been integrated into the design wind speeds
specified in the NSCP 2015 maps, so the wind load factor for the strength design load
combinations has actually gone from 1.6 in NSCP 2010 to 1.0 in NSCP 2015, and the wind
load factor for the allowable stress design load combinations has gone from 1.0 to 0.6 in
correspondence.
Summarizing Section 203.4, the load combination to be included are as follows:
For Allowable Stress Design: (Note: No increase in allowable stresses)

i. DL + RLL
ii. DL + 0.6WL1
iii. DL + 0.6WL2
For Alternate Load Design: (Note: 1/3 increase in allowable stresses shall be
permitted)
iv. DL + 0.75 [ RLL + 0.6(WL1)]
v. DL + 0.75 [ RLL + 0.6(WL2)]
vi. 0.6DL + 0.6WL1
vii. 0.6DL + 0.6WL2
where:
DL = Dead Load
RLL = Roof Live Load
WL1 = Wind Load (Suction)
WL2 = Wind Load (Pressure)


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Solution:
I. Provide purlin spacing.
Purlins are usually spaced at 600-800mm in line with the slope of the roof (see Figure
2).
For the sake of this discussion, we will use S = 600mm
II. Determine wind load acting on purlins.
As defined in the code...
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING (C&C): Components receive wind loads

directly or from cladding and transfer the load to the MWFRS. Cladding receives wind
loads directly. Examples of components include fasteners, purlins, girts, studs, roof
decking, and roof trusses.
Therefore, calculations made in Part 3 & 4 is not applicable because it focuses on

MWFRS. Section 207E of NSCP 2015 (page 2-130) will be used. Furthermore, since
the mean roof height (h = 8.82m) is less than 18m, Part 2: Low-Rise Buildings
(Simplified) Section 207E.5 (page 2-137) is applicable and design wind pressures for
C&C will be:
𝑝𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜆𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡9

where:
λ = adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figure 207E.5-1
Kzt = topographic factor
Pnet9 = net design wind pressure from Figure 207E.5-1


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a) Basic Wind Speed, V

Since occupancy category is IV, refer to Figure 207A.5-1A (NSCP 2015 page 2-38)
Therefore, design wind speed, V = 240kph
b) Exposure Category
Referring to Section 207A.7.2 (NSCP 2015 page 2-42)
Open and flat terrain is equivalent to Exposure C.
c) Topographic Factor, Kzt

Referring to Section 207A.8 (NSCP 2015 page 2-46)
For flat terrain, Kzt = 1.0


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d) Define Roof Zones

Using Figure 207E.5-1 (page 2-169), the roof angle θ = 10º will fall under Gable Roof
(7º < θ ≤ 45º) having three different zones (interior, end and corner zones).
Additionally, the width of end zone surface “a” shall be equal to 10 percent of least
horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of leas
horizontal dimension or 0.9m.
where: h = mean roof height, in meters, except that eave height shall be used
for θ ≤ 10°.
Therefore:
Width “a”
Smaller of a = 2(0.1)(30m) = 6m
Or (0.4)(7.5) = 3m [governs]
But not less than (0.04)(30) = 1.2m
Or 0.9m
a = 3m


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e) Net Design Wind Pressure, Pnet9

Using Figure 207E.5-1 (page 2-170), the basic wind speed, V = 240kph will fall into
250kph column (closest).
Effective wind area of purlins = 0.6m (3.5m) = 2.1m2
for pressure for suction
By Interpolation:
Zone Pressure Suction
(KPa) (KPa)
1 1.084 -1.847
2 1.084 -3.026
3 1.084 -4.553


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f) Adjustment Factor, λ
From Figure 207E.5-1 (page 2-171)
By Interpolation: λ = 1.39
g) Design Wind Pressure, Pnet
𝑝𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜆𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡9
Zone Pressure Suction

(KPa) (KPa)
1 1.39(1.0)(1.084) = 1.507 1.39(1.0)(-1.847) = -2.567
2 1.39(1.0)(1.084) = 1.507 1.39(1.0)(-3.026) = -4.206
3 1.39(1.0)(1.084) = 1.507 1.39(1.0)(-4.553) = -6.329
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3 a
a
a = 3m
a a
For simplicity, we will use the maximum wind pressure at zone 3 to design all the
purlins. The designer may use different pressure at each zone to make the design more
economical.


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III. Assuming no sag rod in place, Choose safe channel (LC) section with Demand
Capacity Ratio (DCR) ≤ 0.80. Check strength and deflection requirements.
a) Initial LC section, L = 3.5m
Depth/Length = 1/32 = L/32 = 3500/32
Therefore: Initial depth = 109.375mm say 150mm
Referring to ASEP sections. Try LC150x65x20x4.5 for initial section.
Section Properties:
Weight, W = 9.98kg/m = 97.87 N/m
Area, A = 1,272mm2
Ix = 4,206x103 mm4
Y’
Sx = 56.1x103 mm3 Y
Iy = 643x103 mm4
10º
Sy = 14.5x103 mm3
W WN
d = 150 mm
bf = 65 mm X
10º
tf = 4.5 mm X’
WT
c = 20 mm
b) Resolving equivalent forces in reference to axis X and Y.
Superimposed DL: 0.90 KPa

Roof Live Load: 0.60 KPa
Wind Load: 6.329 KPa (Suction)
1.507 KPa (Pressure)
Normal Load Per Linear Meter:
Due to DL: Tributary width = Purlin spacing = 600mm

Vertical DL, WDL = Selfweight + Superimposed DL
WDL = 97.87 N/m + 0.90 KPa (0.6m) (1000N/1kN)
WDL = 637.87 N/m
Normal Component, WDL(N) = WDL cos α = 637.87 N/m cos10º
WDL(N) = 628.18 N/m
Due to RLL:
WRLL = 0.60 KPa (0.6m) (1000N/1kN)
WRLL = 360 N/m
Normal Component, WRLL(N) = WRLL cos α = 360 N/m cos10º
WRLL(N) = 354.53 N/m


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Due to WL:
WWL1 = 6.329 KPa (0.6m) (1000N/1kN) = 3,797.4 N/m (Suction)
WWL2 = 1.507 KPa (0.6m) (1000N/1kN) = 904.2 N/m (Pressure)
Tangential Load Per Linear Meter:

Y’
Y
Due to DL:
WDL = 637.87 N/m 10º
Tangential Component, WDL(T) = WDL sin α = 637.87 N/m sin 10º W WN
WDL(T) = 110.76 N/m

X
Due to RLL: 10º
X’
WRLL = 360 N/m WT
Tangential Component, WRLL(T) = WRLL sin α = 360 N/m sin10º
WRLL(T) = 62.52 N/m
c) Combination of loads
Load Combination WN (N/m) WT (N/m)

DL + RLL 628.18 + 354.53 = 110.76 + 62.52 =
203.4.1 Basic
982.71 173.28
Load
DL + 0.6WL1 628.18 + 0.6(-3,797.4) = 110.76

-1,650.26
DL + 0.6WL2 628.18 + 0.6(904.2) = 110.76
1,170.7
DL + 0.75 [ RLL + 0.6(WL1)] 628.18 + 0.75[354.53 + 110.76 +
0.6(-3,797.4)] = 0.75[62.52] =
203.4.2 Alternate Basic
-814.75 157.65
DL + 0.75 [ RLL + 0.6(WL2)] 628.18 + 0.75[354.53 + 110.76 +
0.6(904.2)] = 0.75[62.52] =
Load
1,300.97 157.65
0.6DL + 0.6WL1 0.6(628.18) + 0.6(- 0.6(110.76) =
3,797.4) = 66.46
-1,901.53
0.6DL + 0.6WL2 0.6(628.18) + 0.6(904.2) 0.6(110.76) =
= 66.46
919.43


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d) Interaction Criteria
“Biaxial bending” occurs when a beam is subjected to a loading condition that
produces bending about both the major (strong) axis and the minor (weak) axis. To deal
with combined loading, we look ahead to Section 508.2 Unsymmetric Members
Subjected to Flexure of NSCP 2015 (page 5-78). The specification deals with combined
loading primarily through the use of interaction formulas, which account for the relative
importance of each load effect in relation to the strength corresponding to that effect.
If there is bending about both the x and y axes, the interaction approach requires that
the sum of ratios for the two effects be less than 1.0; that is,
For ASD:
𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦
| + | ≤ 1.0 (for basic load combo)
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
| +𝐹 | ≤ 1.0 (for alternate basic load combo)
𝐹𝑏𝑥 ∗1.33 𝑏𝑦 ∗1.33
where:
fbx, fby = required flexural stress at the specific axis using ASD load
combinations
Fbx, Fby = allowable flexural stress
By checking width-limiting thickness ratio to determine whether it is a compact or non-

compact section. The equation below should be satisfied for a compact section,
𝑏𝑓 170
≤
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦
65 170
≤
2(4.5) √248
7.22 ≤ 10.80
If the section is compact, the flexural capacity (Fbx if along x-axis and Fby for y-axis) of
the purlin is equal to 0.66Fy, if it is non-compact section, its flexural or bending
moment capacity is equal to 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.66Fy (compact section)

Fb = 0.60Fy (non-compact section)


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e) Determine bending forces.

Let us first use the DL + RLL under basic load combination to define our algorithm.
For bending along X-axis:
𝑊𝑁 𝐿2
𝑀𝑋 = (𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑)
8
Y’
982.72(3.5)2 Y
𝑀𝑋 = = 1,504.79𝑁. 𝑚
8 10º
W WN
𝑀𝑋
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝑆𝑋 X
10º
1,504.79 1000𝑚𝑚 X’
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = ( ) WT
56.1𝑋103 1𝑚
𝑁
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = 26.82 = 26.82𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑚2
For bending along Y-axis:
𝑊𝑇 𝐿2
𝑀𝑌 = (𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑)
8
173.28(3.5)2
𝑀𝑌 = = 265.34𝑁. 𝑚
8
𝑀𝑌
𝑓𝑏𝑦 =
𝑆𝑌
265.34 1000𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = ( )
14.5𝑋103 1𝑚
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 18.30𝑀𝑃𝑎
It should be noted that for bending along X-axis (Mx), the addition of sagrod has no
effect in bending moment which is always considered as a simply supported M =
WL2/8.
A different scenario for bending along Y-axis (My), if one sagrod is added at midspan
the purlin will be treated as a continuous beam. The maximum moment @ midspan will
be computed using three moment equation:
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑎̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2


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where:
𝑀1 = 𝑀3 = 0
1 2 3 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 𝐿/2
3
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 𝑊𝐿3 𝑊(𝐿1 )3 𝑊(𝐿⁄2)
= = =
𝐿1 4 4 4
3
𝑊𝐿
=
32
3
6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 𝑊𝐿3 𝑊(𝐿2 )3 𝑊(𝐿⁄2)
= = =
𝐿2 4 4 4
3
𝑊𝐿
=
32
-WL^2/32
Thus,
𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿3
0 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿) + 0 + + =0
32 32
𝑊𝐿2 𝑊𝑇 𝐿2
𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑌 = 𝑜𝑟
32 32
The same applies for sagrod in third points, using three moment equation the bending
moment at Y-axis will be:
𝑊𝑇 𝐿2
𝑀𝑌 =
90
Applying the interaction criteria for DL+RLL load combination:
| + | ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦
26.82 18.30
| + | ≤ 1.0
0.66(248) 0.66(248)
|0.164 + 0.119| ≤ 1.0
|0.28| ≤ 1.0
The DCR = 0.28 is safe yet uneconomical. Smaller or lighter section should be adopted.


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The complete results for trial section LC150x65x20x4.5 will be as shown in the table
below.
Bending Moments Actual Stress Allowable Stress Ratio

Location Normal Tangential Normal Tangential Normal Tangential Combined
Fbx Fby fbx /
Load Combinations Mx My fbx fby fby / Fby DCR
Fbx
@ Midspan
1. DL + RLL 1507.16 265.35 26.88 18.28 163.94 163.94 0.164 0.112 0.28
2. D + 0.6WL1 -2524.57 42.41 45.02 2.92 163.94 163.94 0.275 0.018 0.29
3. D + 0.6WL2 1795.02 42.41 32.01 2.92 163.94 163.94 0.195 0.018 0.21
4. D + 0.75(RLL+0.6WL1) -1245.20 60.36 22.20 4.16 218.05 218.05 0.102 0.019 0.12
4. D + 0.75(RLL+0.6WL2) 1994.50 60.36 35.57 4.16 218.05 218.05 0.163 0.019 0.18
6. 0.6D + 0.6WL1 -2910.29 25.44 51.90 1.75 218.05 218.05 0.238 0.008 0.25
7. 0.6D + 0.6WL2 1409.31 25.44 25.13 1.75 218.05 218.05 0.115 0.008 0.12
Note: Might not be exact with your hand calcs. This result came from excel spreadsheet.
Y’
f) Deflection check. Y
Along X-axis: 10º
W WN
1𝑚 4
5𝑊𝑁 𝐿4 5 ∗ [982.72 ∗ (1000𝑚𝑚 )](3,500) X
∆𝑋 = =
384𝐸𝐼𝑋 384(200,000)(4,206𝑋103 ) 10º
X’
WT
∆𝑋 = 2.28𝑚𝑚
Along Y-axis:
1𝑚
5𝑊𝑇 𝐿4 5 ∗ [173.28 ∗ (
1000𝑚𝑚 )](3,500)4
∆𝑌 = =
384𝐸𝐼𝑌 384(200,000)(643𝑋103 )
∆𝑌 = 2.63𝑚𝑚
Total Actual Deflection:
∆ 𝑇 = √(∆𝑋 )2 + (∆𝑌 )2
∆ 𝑇 = √(2.28)2 + (2.63)2
∆ 𝑇 = 3.48𝑚𝑚
Allowable Deflection:
𝐿 3,500
∆𝐴 = = = 19.44𝑚𝑚
180 180
Demand Capacity Ratio, DCR:
∆𝑇 3.48
𝐷𝐶𝑅 = = = 0.18
∆𝐴 19.44


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Commentaries:
Two possible orientation of purlins might be used (see Figure 4). But an experienced
engineer would understand the advantages of case A over B. Careful investigation
showed that the purlins under case B were not detailed properly and were placed in the
wrong orientation, which results more torsion in the purlin sections. The web of the
purlins will resist the vertical roof loadings. In the two cases shown, torsion is likely to
occur in case B because the load application point and the shear center of the purlin are
too far apart.
Shear center (also known as center of twist or flexural center) is a point on the steel
section where the application of loads does not cause its twisting. The shear center
position is dependent on the cross-section. For instance, shear center and center of
gravity are the same in a symmetrical section, but it may not coincide with the centroid
in case of an unsymmetrical cross-section. So, in unsymmetrical cross-sections, the
external forces shall pass through the shear center rather than the center of gravity of
the section otherwise the produced bending moment would be accompanied by
twisting.
Therefore, for the same steel section case A is the best option since it produces less
rotation due to the twisting moment (vertical load times the eccentricity of shear center)
and would take more load before failure than case B.
e1 e2
shear center
center of gravity
shear center
 center of gravity 
Case A Case B
Figure 4. Torsion of purlins


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The location of purlins along the slope of the roof should also be considered. For
example, as much as possible purlins should be placed at joints of truss (as shown in
the left side of the Figure 5) so as not to induce secondary bending and shear forces in
the members of the truss.
Figure 5. Arrangement of purlins
Things to ponder on . . .
• Prove that the bending moment My for sagrod at third points is equal to WL^2/90.
• Using the same purlin spacing and section in (III), check the adequacy of the section
when sag rod was added at the midspan. Check strength and deflection requirements.
• Using the same purlin spacing and section in (III), check the adequacy of the section
when sag rod was placed at the third points. Check strength and deflection
requirements.


Part 6 Analysis and Design of Purlins

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PART 6 - Analysis AND Design OF Purlins

Civil Engineering (New Era University)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PART 6 – ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PURLINS (W/

h' = 15 tan 10 =2.64m

R = ridge height = E+h’ = 10.14m

Ht = mean roof height 7.5m

Consider loadings below:

Superimposed DL (roof sheet, insulation and connections): 0.90 KPa

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 1

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I. Provide purlin spacing.

Assume allowable deflection as L/180.

Use ASTM A36 steel grade (Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200GPa)

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 2

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Figure 1. Typical Tie Rod Connector Detail

Figure 2. Typical Purlins and Sag Rod Detail

WIND DEAD & LIVE

Figure 3. Forces on purlins

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 3

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Summarizing Section 203.4, the load combination to be included are as follows:

For Allowable Stress Design: (Note: No increase in allowable stresses)

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 4

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I. Provide purlin spacing.

For the sake of this discussion, we will use S = 600mm

II. Determine wind load acting on purlins.

As defined in the code...

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING (C&C): Components receive wind loads

Therefore, calculations made in Part 3 & 4 is not applicable because it focuses on

𝑝𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜆𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡9

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 5

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

a) Basic Wind Speed, V

Therefore, design wind speed, V = 240kph

Open and flat terrain is equivalent to Exposure C.

c) Topographic Factor, Kzt

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 6

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

d) Define Roof Zones

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 7

Downloaded by Paul P. (cypogiii@gmail.com)

NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

e) Net Design Wind Pressure, Pnet9

Effective wind area of purlins = 0.6m (3.5m) = 2.1m2

for pressure for suction

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 8

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NEW ERA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

g) Design Wind Pressure, Pnet

𝑝𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜆𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡9

Zone Pressure Suction

CE 525SE Special Topics in Structural Engineering (Wind Engineering) 9