13 Space heating and cooling

A critical component in determining the suitability of disposing

glassified,
assemblages
low activity
affecting
waste is the identification
the porosity and permeability
of key mineral
of both the glass
13 SPACE HEATING AND
and near- and far-field
geochemical
materials.
models are used to identify
In this study, two different
mineral precipitation
classes of
and
COOLING
dissolution potentials for an immobilized low-activity waste (ILAW)
disposal facility in Hanford, Washington. The first is a static 03/01937 Adaptive comfort temperature model of air-
geochemical model that does not consider the effects of transport. conditioned building in Hong Kong
The second model is dynamic. and combines geochemical reactions Mui, K. W. H. and Chan, W. T. D. Building and Environnrrnf. 2003, 3X.
with hydrogeological processes such as advection, diffusion and (6), 837-852.
dispersion. This reactive transport model also includes an innovative The indoor thermal climate is an important issue affecting the health
application of a depositional film model for determining changes in and productivity of users in buildings. In designing of air-conditioning
permeability due to mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions. systems, it is believed that the conventional fixed temperature setpoint
Although both models describe solid-aqueous phase reactions kineti- concept is not appropriates, the indoor comfort temperature depends
cally, the two models identify two different sets of mineral assemblages on the outdoor air temperature and the business culture, such as the
affecting the porosity and permeability of the media. These markedly nature of activities, dress of occupants, etc. Researchers have been
different results are due to transport considerations, the most interested in investigating adaptive temperature control for a realistic
significant of which are the spatial variability in aqueous concen- in situ temperature control for comfort. Unfortunately, these studies
trations, and advection and diffusion of dissolved glass constituents put great emphasis on the energy saving opportunity, rather than
into the backfill materials. This work shows that for the prediction of providing an integrated solution. In this paper, the findings were
geochemical behaviour of engineered systems, such as the ILAW reported of a large-scale survey that was performed to develop new
disposal facility, the traditional reaction path modelling approach is not notions about adaptive comfort temperature (ACT) in buildings in
sufficient for an accurate assessment of the precipitation of key mineral humid sub-tropical Hong Kong, and determine the adaptive interface
assemblages and their effect on the geochemical and hydraulic relationship of indoor comfort temperature with outdoor air tempera-
behaviour of the waste glass. Reactive transport modelling improves ture in order to preset the indoor air temperature as a function of
this assessment significantly. The static model is useful in identifying outdoor air temperature. This ACT algorithm is intended to optimize
potential minerals to be included in the reactive transport simulations. the energy used for cooling that air, but achieve the acceptance of
The dynamic model, however, ultimately determines the key mineral thermal comfort. as determined by physical measurements and
assemblages affecting both the geochemical behaviour and the subjective surveys. With the integration of the ACT model. the total
hydraulic properties of the waste glass in the presence of a flowing percentage of energy saving is about 7%.
aqueous phase.

03/01936 An air filter pressure loss model for fan energy

ON01934 lnvestigaton of energy saving and NO, reduction calculation in air handling units
possibilities in a rotary cement kiln Liu, M. et al. Intemcrtional Journrrl qf EntvgJ Rrsecwh, 2003. 27. (6).
Akgun, F. International Journal of Enrrg~‘ Rrsearch, 2003, 27, (4). 455- 589-600.
465. Air filters consume a significant part of the fan power in air handling
In this study, the possibilities of energy saving and NO, reduction systems. Due to lack of suitable models, the fan energy associated with
achievable by operational changes in a rotary cement kiln system have the filter pressure drop is often estimated based on average airflow and
been investigated. Basic input data were obtained from the field average pressure drop across the filter. Since the pressure drop varies
measurements. Analysis has been carried out considering the energy nonlinearly with airflow and the filter resistance varies with dirt build-
balance and reaction kinetic calculations. Simply controlling the up, current methods often produce erroneous results. This paper
operational parameters, the options of 7.5% energy saving and 15% presents a new air filter pressure loss model that has been developed
NO, reduction have been obtained. and verified using experimental data. The model projects the pressure
losses across the filter for both constant and variable airflows. The
inputs to the model are the airflow rate, the time of use, the initial
03/01935 Preparation of machinable bioactive glass- design and final pressure losses at the design flow rate, and the
ceramics of CaO-P205-MgO-Si02-P system coefficient of a power law regression of pressure loss as a function of
Yu, B. ef al. Guisuanyan Xuehao, 2002, 30, (I), 77-80. (In Chinese) airflow rate. The air filter pressure loss model may be implemented in
Apatite and mica-containing glass-ceramics of CaO-PzOs-MgO-SiOa- hourly building energy simulation programs that perform hourly
F system can be used to repair and reconstruct diseased or damaged simulation at the air handling unit level.
bones and teeth in medicinal prosthetic field, due to their biocompat-
ibility and bioactivity. In this work, a kind of machinable bioactive
glass-ceramics, containing fluoroapatite and fluorophlogopite crystals, 03/01939 An endoreversible three heat source refrigerator
was prepared by adding F-, Mg*+ to CaO-P205-SiOz glasses, and by with finite heat capacities
controlling phase-separation in the heat-treatment processing. The Bautista, 0. ef al. Energy Conwwion und Manugement, 2003. 44, (9).
principal crystal phases in the glass-ceramics were identified with the 143331449.
help of DTA, SEM, XRD. The results show that the glass-ceramics has This work deals with the study of a generalized endoreversible
higher bending strength and good machinable property. The average refrigeration cycle characterized by three heat sources with finite heat
bending strength is 202 MPa and the drilling depth can reach 2.1 mm capacities. Following conventional schemes to treat the entire system as
within 15 s. a combined cycle of a two heat source engine driving a two heat source
refrigerator (both engines with finite heat capacities), a particular
configuration was selected to derive a fundamental optimum formula.
03/01936 Preparation of thin ceramic composites for Therefore, the predicted optimal performance coefficient and the
oxygen membrane filtration and electrochemical cells relationship of that with a given rate of refrigeration reveal a unified
Chartier, T. and Guillotin, F. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 4,439 (Cl. description of various endoreversible refrigerators of three heat
C04B38/06), 16 Jan 2003, FR Appl. 2001/8,895. (In French) sources previously reported in finite time thermodynamics. The
Thin solid compositions consist of a ceramic or metallic material A with numerical results show clearly the physical influence of the involved
a surface concentration gradient, and a ceramic or metallic material B finite heat capacities, together with the thermal resistances, on the
having a them. composition identical or different from that of material performance of the refrigeration cycle.
A. The preparation of the solid compositions consists of infiltrating a
porous pore-forming substrate with a suspension of material A,
evaporating the solvent and debinding before sintering, then optionally 03101940 An investigation of daylighting performance and
filling the pore volume created at the surface of material A by material energy saving in a daylit corridor
B and finally sintering or co-sintering the unit produced ceramics, solid Li, D. H. W. and Lam, J. C. Energy and Buildings, 2003. 35. (4), 36S--
electrolyte membranes and the electrochemical mixed ionic-electronic 373.
conductor cell comprising the electrolyte are also described. The solid Daylighting has often been recognized as a useful source of energy
electrolyte can be used to extract oxygen from a gas mixture or to savings in buildings. For daylit spaces, daylight-linked automatic
analyse for oxygen presence in a gaseous atmosphere. The method and lighting control can give excellent energy savings. The evaluation of
solid compositions can also be used for the preparation of ultra-pure energy efficiency due to daylighting is best demonstrated by case
oxygen, of the reduction and/or elimination of oxygen from gaseous studies. This paper presents field measurements on daylighting for a
atmospheres, for heat - and electrical energy production in solid fuel fully air-conditioned daylit corridor. Electric lighting load, brightness
cells, to the production of synthesis gas by catalytic reaction of natural of the fluorescent luminaires, daylight illuminance levels and the room
gas, water vapour and oxygen or for industrial preparation of organic parameters affecting daylighting designs were recorded and analysed.
compounds by catalytic oxidation. Finally, the solid compositions can Traditional daylighting theories have been applied to illustrate how
be used for preparing gas or liquid filtration membranes, ceramic/metal well daylighting measures can perform in reality. It has been found that
joints, biomaterials and sensors. energy savings in electric lighting was about 70% using dimming

324 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2003

 13 Space heating and cooling

control system. The results from this study provide some operational 03/01944 B&ding form for cdd climatic zones related to
and energy performance data, which would be useful and applicable to building envelope from heating energy conservation point of
other interior spaces with similar architectural designs. view
Oral, G. K. and Yilmaz, Z. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (4), 383-
388.
One of the most important functions of a building by human beings is
03101941 Analysis of energy saving using natural to provide thermally comfortable spaces for the users. Therefore, a
ventilation in a traditional Italian building great deal of artificial energy is consumed for heating to satisfy thermal
Cardinale, N. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (2), 153-159. requirements in cold zones. In order to satisfy thermal comfort and
In summer natural ventilation is the most effective passive cooling reduce heating energy consumption at the same time, building
system of the Mediterranean area. The correct exposure of the parameters affecting indoor climate should be determined properly
buildings and of the urban morphology to prevailing winds allows during the design stage. Building form and building envelope are the
reducing the cooling loads also in non-bioclimatic buildings, without most important parameters affecting indoor climate. Building form is
any cost. This paper points out the cooling capacity and the possibilities an important determinant of total heat loss through the whole building
of energy saving offered by a correct natural ventilation by means of envelope in cold climates. Therefore in this paper, a methodology to
the simulation of a non-bioclimatic building, that is, a building having determine building form which provides minimum heat loss through
common characteristics as for construction materials and technologies. the whole building envelope is introduced with its application for
Erzurum region that representative city of Turkey for cold climatic
zones.
tI;;I;z2 Analysis of the coil energy recovery loop
Balen, I. et al. International Journal of Energ?, Research, 2003, 21, (4), 03/01945 Development and application of an indoor air
363-376. quality audit to an air-conditioned tertlary institutional
In this paper, both the energy and efficiency analyses of the coil energy building in the tropics
recovery loop system for various operating conditions were performed. Cheona. K. W. D. and Lau, H. Y. T. Building and Environment, 2003,
A coil energy recovery loop system operates for sensible heat recovery 38. /41:605-616
only, with seasonally reversible energy transfer. It consists of two ’ \ “.
Good Indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools and tertiary institutions
finned tube air-to-water heat exchangers, placed in the supply and provides a comfortable and healthy environment for the students and
exhaust air streams and connected in a closed loop via counterflow staff to learn and work in, respectively. Hence, it is important to
piping through which an intermediate heat transfer fluid (typically ascertain the IAQ status in the learning environment. This paper
water or freeze-preventive solution) is pumped. For the purpose of nresents the develonment and auulication of an IAQ audit method-
analysis, the original simulation model of the system was developed. hlogy for the tertiaj institutional buildings. A staff room and a typical
This model enables the analysis of the system operation, together with lecture theatre in a tertiary institution were selected for this study to
monitoring of both use and recovery of heating or cooling energy, present the IAQ status in-premises with different occupancy pattern
electricity consumption of the electrical appliances, and also determi- and internal loads. The IAQ audit consists of monitoring of thermal
nation of the system efficiency value for various operating conditions in comfort parameters, microbial counts, dust particles and the concen-
the unsaturated area of moist air. It is also possible to integrate this trations of carbon dioxide (COs), carbon monoxide (CO), formal-
model in the simulation model of a comnlex air-conditioning system. dehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). Air
Besides the simulation model developed,.the extensive meas;rements exchange rate, ventilation effectiveness and age of air were also
on the coil energy recovery loop system with 12 tube rows in the flow investieated. In addition. , auestionnaires were comnleted bv the staff
direction were performed to determine heating, i.e. cooling capacity in n
and students in order to provide a subjective assessment of the indoor
different operating points. For this purpose, the experimental rig was air qualitv. The IAQ results collated in this study will be used to
designed and installed in order to conduct the measurements on the develop an IAQ database for institutional buildings in Singapore. This
system in its true dimensions, placed in the air-conditioning unit. Based will be beneficial to the development of guidelines for good indoor air
on the measurement results, the system efficiencies were determined quality in institutional buildings.
for the measured set of operating points. With the developed
simulation model of the coil energy recovery loop system, consistent
and stable results were obtained, and their reliability was proven by
comparison with the measurement results. The differences between the OWO1946 Effect of magnetic field on the performance of
simulation and measurement results were in the range of f3%. The new refrigerant mixtures
influences of the air streams volumes, the air streams velocities, the Sami, S. M. and Aucoin, S. International Journal of Energy Research,
water flow mass and the operation seasons on the system efficiency 2003, 27, (3), 203-214.
were presented in the diagrams. The obtained results are the base for Performance test results of new alternative refrigerant mixtures such as
forming the set of parametric curves for determining the system R-410A, R-507, R-407C, and R-404A under various conditions of
characteristics at diverse operating points. magnetic field are discussed, analysed and presented. The test results
were obtained using an air-source heat pump set-up with enhanced
surface tubing under various magnetic field conditions. Performance
tests were conducted according to the ARI/ASHRAE Standards. The
03/01943 Automation-assisted fault detection of an air- test results demonstrated that as magnetic field force increases,
handling unit; implementing the method in a real building compressor head pressure and discharge temperature slightly increase
Pakanen, J. E. and Sundquist, T. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (2),
as well as less liquid refrigerant is boiling in the compressor shell. This
193-202.
has a positive effect in protecting the compressor. The effect of
Building automation systems (BASS) are extensively utilized in fault
magnetic field on mixture behaviour varies from one mixture to
detection and isolation (FDI) of heating, ventilating and air-condition-
another depending upon the mixture’s composition and its boiling
ing (HVAC) processes. Usually a BAS, which is directly interfaced to
point. Furthermore, the use of magnetic field appears to have a positive
the process only monitors or collects data for the FDI algorithm. influence on the system COP as well as thermal capacities of condenser
Rarely both control and monitoring actions of the automation system
and evaporator.
are harnessed for FDI. However, in buildings such a diagnostic
approach is possible and illustrated in this paper. The fault detection is
based on an on-line diagnostic test (ODT), which is a series of control
and monitoring actions applied to a process. Performing an ODT 03lO1947 Effect of thermal storage on the performance of
means exciting the automated process by using prescribed input greenhouse
signals, supervising responses and comparing results with a process Din, M. et al. International Journal of Energy Research, 2003, 21, (I),
model. All operations are performed on-line, during normal up state of 19-92.
the process and controlled by the automation system. The fault In this communication, thermal model of a greenhouse has been
detection method is outlined for an air-handling unit (AHU) and developed by incorporating the effect of water wall in the north side.
implemented for its preheating process. The approach is demonstrated Various temperatures, namely plant, water wall and room tempera-
in a real building by programming the diagnostic algorithms in a tures as a function of climatic and design parameters have been
BEMS, installed in a college building and further performing test runs. obtained by solving coupled single-order differential equation using
Faults are detected by comparing- gathered data with a- statistical Runge-Kutta method. Numerical methods have been carried out for a
model. Due to the difficulties in generating natural faults, a few typical day of winter for Delhi condition. It has been observed that
artificial faults were introduced. The test runs show that the ODT is an there is significant effect in the plant, room air and water temperatures
uncomplicated diagnostic method for finding distinct and abrupt due to change in fraction of solar radiation incident on north wall (F,)
changes in a process but not for detection of slow degradations and and heat capacity of water wall. Experimental validation of the
gradual faults. Moreover, the ODT seems to be generic over faults and proposed model for a greenhouse with brick north wall has also been
processes, requires no additional instrumentation and no more than carried out. It has been observed that there is a fair agreement between
domain knowledge for initiation. experimental and theoretical values.

Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2003 325