THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

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 THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE
Contents
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE..............................................................2
MUGHAL EMPIRE CLASSIC PERIOD............................................................................2
BABUR........................................................................................................................3
HUMAYUN..............................................................................................................4
AKBAR........................................................................................................................5
JAHANGIR...............................................................................................................7
SHAH JAHAN...........................................................................................................7
AURANGZEB...........................................................................................................8
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE..........................................................................................9
THE MUGHAL CULTURE...........................................................................................11
Religion under Mughal Dynasty...........................................................................11
Literature under Mughal Dynasty........................................................................12
Dancing and Music under Mughal Dynasty.........................................................12
Architecture under Mughal Dynasty....................................................................12
FALL OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE............................................................................13
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

Mughal destiny, Mughal also spelled mogul, Arabic mongol, muslim destiny of
Turkic mongol origin the that rulled most of the northern area of india from the
early 16th to the mid 18th century after which is continued to exist as a considerably
reduced and increased power less entity the mid 19th century. The Mughal dynasty
was notable for its more than two countries of effective rule over much of india.
For the ability of its rulers. Through seven generation maintained a record of un
usual talent and for its administrative organization. A further distinction was the
attempt of the Mughals, who were muslims, to integrate hindus and muslims into a
united indian state.

MUGHAL EMPIRE CLASSIC PERIOD

1526-1530 BABUR
1530-15556 HUMAYUN
1556-1605 AKABR
1605-1627 JAHANGIR
1628-1658 SHAH JAHAN
1659-1707 AURANGZEB

BABUR
Babur was born in Andijan, in the Fergana Valley, in modern Uzbekistan. He was
the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, governor of Fergana and great-great
grandson of Timur. Babur ascended the throne of Fergana in its
capital Akhsikentin 1494 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion. He
conquered Samarkand two years later, only to lose Fergana soon after. In his
attempt to reconquer Fergana, he lost control of Samarkand. In 1501, his attempt to
recapture both the regions went in vain as he was defeated by Muhammad
Shaybani Khan. In 1504, he conquered Kabul, which was under the rule of the
infant heir of Ulugh Begh. Babur formed a partnership with Safavid ruler Ismail
and reconquered parts of Turkistan, including Samarkand, only to again lose it and
the other newly conquered lands to the Sheybanids.

After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur turned his attention to India. At
that time, the Indo-Gangetic Plain of the Indian subcontinent was ruled by Ibrahim
Lodi of the Afghan Lodi dynasty, whereas Rajputana was ruled by a Hindu Rajput
Confederacy, led by Rana Sanga of Mewar. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at
the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE and founded the Mughal empire. He faced
opposition from Rana Sanga of Mewar, and Medini Rai, another rajput ruler in
the battle of Chanderi who considered Babur a foreigner. The Rana was defeated in
the Battle of Khanwa.

Babur married several times. Notable among his sons are Humayun, Kamran

Mirza and Hindal Mirza. Babur died in 1530 in Agra and was succeeded by
Humayun. He was first buried in Agra but, as per his wishes, his mortal remains
were moved to Kabul reburied.[6] Being a patrilineal descendant of Timur, Babur
considered himself a Timurid and Chagatai Turkic.[7] He is considered a national
hero in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Many of his poems also have become popular
folk songs. He wrote the Baburnama in Chaghatai Turkic and this was translated
into Persian during Akbar's reign.
HUMAYUN

Humayun was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory
in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India and Bangladesh from 1530–
1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early
but regained it with the aid of the Safavid dynasty of Persia, with additional
territory. At the time of his death in 1556, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one
million square kilometres.

In December 1530, Humayun succeeded his father to the throne of Delhi as ruler of
the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent. At the age of 22, Humayun was
an inexperienced ruler when he came to power. His half-brother Kamran
Mirza inherited Kabul and Kandahar, the northernmost parts of their father's
empire. Mirza was to become a bitter rival of Humayun.

Humayun lost Mughal territories to Sher Shah Suri, but regained them 15 years
later with Safavid aid. Humayun's return from Persia was accompanied by a large
retinue of Persian noblemen and signalled an important change in Mughal court
culture. The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by
the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature. There are many
stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time
of Humayun.

Subsequently, Humayun further expanded the Empire in a very short time, leaving
a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar.

AKBAR
Akbar was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar
succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the
young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong
personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire
to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinentnorth of the Godavari river. His
power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal
military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal
state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his
empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and
diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse
empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects.
Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung
lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to
himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.

Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial

expansion and greater patronage of culture. Akbar himself was a patron of art and
culture. He was fond of literature, and created a library of over 24,000 volumes
written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri, staffed by
many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, scribes, bookbinders and readers.
He did much of the cataloging himself through three main groupings. [17] Akbar also
established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women,[18] and he decreed
that schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus should be established
throughout the realm. He also encouraged bookbinding to become a high art.
[17]
 Holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans adorned his court from
all over the world for study and discussion. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra,
and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Perso-Islamic
culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements, and a distinct
Indo-Persian culture emerged characterized by Mughal style arts, painting,
and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring
about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic
creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as some parts
of Zoroastrianism and Christianity. A simple, monotheistic cult, tolerant in
outlook, it centered on Akbar as a prophet, for which he drew the ire of
the ulema and orthodox Muslims. Many of his courtiers followed Din-i-Ilahi as
their religion as well, as many believed that Akbar was a prophet. One famous
courtier who followed this blended religion was Birbal.

JAHANGIR
JAHANGIR  was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who ruled from 1605 until his death
in 1627. His imperial name (in Persian), means 'conqueror of the world', 'world-
conqueror' or 'world-seizer' (Jahan: world; gir: the root of the Persian
verb gereftan: to seize, to grab). The tale of his relationship with the Mughal
courtesan, Anarkali, has been widely adapted into the literature, art and cinema of
India.

SHAH JAHAN
Shah Jahan was widely considered to be the most competent of Emperor Jahangir's
four sons and after Jahangir's death in late 1627, when a war of succession ensued,
Shah Jahan emerged victorious. He put to death all of his rivals for the throne and
crowned himself emperor in January 1628 in Agra under the regnal title "Shah
Jahan" (which was originally given to him as a princely title). Although an able
military commander, Shah Jahan is perhaps best remembered for his architectural
achievements. The period of his reign is widely considered to be the golden age
of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan commissioned many monuments, the best
known of which is the Taj Mahal in Agra, which entombs his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
AURANGZEB
Aurangzeb was born on 3 November 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat. He was the third son
and sixth child of Shah Jahanand Mumtaz Mahal.[33] In June 1626, after an
unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shukoh were
kept as hostages under their grandparents' (Nur Jahan and Jahangir) Lahore court.
On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor,
and Aurangzeb returned to live with his parents at Agra Fort, where Aurangzeb
received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance was fixed
at Rs. 500, which he spent on religious education and the study of history.

On 28 May 1633, Aurangzeb escaped death when a powerful war

elephant stampeded through the Mughal Imperial encampment. He rode against the
elephant and struck its trunk with a lance,[34] and successfully defended himself
from being crushed. Aurangzeb's valour was appreciated by his father who
conferred him the title of Bahadur (Brave) and had him weighed in gold and
presented gifts worth Rs. 200,000. This event was celebrated in Persian
and Urdu verses, and Aurangzeb said:

If the (elephant) fight had ended fatally for me, it would not have been a matter of
shame. Death drops the curtain even on Emperors; it is no dishonor. The shame lay
in what my brothers did.
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

TAJ MAHAL RED FORT

The Taj Mahal is one of the famous The Red Fort is a historic fort in the
seven wonders in the world. Taj city of Delhi in India. It was the main
attracts many people in the world. It is residence of the emperors of the
situated in Agra near Yamuna river. Mughal dynasty for nearly 200 years,
There are many other monuments in until 1856. It is located in the centre of
and around Agra but Taj is the most Delhi and houses a number of
famous. museums. In addition to
accommodating the emperors and their
It looks wonderfully beautiful. It looks households, it was the ceremonial and
different at different times. In the political center of the Mughal state and
moonlight, it is at its best. In the the setting for events critically
morning, it is different in its glory and impacting the region.
majesty. One visit is not sufficient to
appreciate Taj. Constructed in 1639 by the fifth
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as the
Many visitors come to see the Taj palace of his fortified capital
every day from India and abroad. No Shahjahanabad, the Red Fort is named
other monument is so fascinating and for its massive enclosing walls of red
attractive as Taj is. They look at its sandstone and is adjacent to the older
beauty, grandeur and majesty with Salimgarh Fort, built by Islam Shah
abated breath. Suri in 1546 AD. The imperial
 apartments consist of a row of
Poets and writers have written in its pavilions, connected by a water
praise and admiration. The Mughal channel known as the Stream of
emperor Shah Jehan got it built in Paradise (Nahr-i-Bihisht). The fort
memory of his queen, Mumtaz Mahal. complex is considered to represent the
After her death, she was laid to rest zenith of Mughal creativity under Shah
here. Jahan,[citation needed] and although
the palace was planned according to
It stands on a high and huge platform Islamic prototypes, each pavilion
made of red sandstone. The Taj is built contains architectural elements typical
with white marble, it took about 17 of Mughal buildings that reflect a
years to complete it. The fountains and fusion of Persian, Timurid and Hindu
water channels in front of the Taj add traditions. The Red Fort's innovative
to its beauty. architectural style, including its garden
design, influenced later buildings and
Its reflection in the water channel is gardens in Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab,
fantastic. There are four tall towers or Kashmir, Braj, Rohilkhand and
minarets around the Taj. All around, elsewhere.
there are lush-green lawns and flower
beds. It looks like a fairyland.

Under the tomb lies the bodies of Shah

Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. Every
tourist from the foreign land thinks that
his visit to India is incomplete without
visiting the Taj. I like the Taj very
much
THE MUGHAL CULTURE
Culture under Mughal Dynasty can be characterized by the unproductive nature of
the enterprises undertaken by the state, absence of a middle class, poverty of the
masses, lack of appreciation by the rulers of the importance of foreign trade and
the estrangement between the highly cultured aristocracy and the untutored masses.

Religion under Mughal Dynasty

Mughal King Akbar was the secular and religious head of the Indian. A more
tolerant attitude towards the Hindus was seen during this age. The religious class
consisted of the theologians, the ascetics, the Sayyids, the Pirs and their
descendants. So far as the non-official religious movements are concerned Sufism
had developed among the Muslims and the Bhakti movement had developed
among the Hindus.

Literature under Mughal Dynasty

The period witnessed the introduction and development of Persian literature; it saw
the rise of Vernacular literature and also the foundation and growth of secular
writings in prose. Indian culture was enriched by the growth of historical form of
literature which was a Muslim contribution. They extended their patronage to men
of learning. India became a centre of Persian literature.

Dancing and Music under Mughal Dynasty

Traditional Dance continued in this period both in the north and in the south.
Kathak was a new dance that had developed during this period. But the art was not
pursued purely from an aesthetic point of view. Sufism with its religious fervour
expressed itself in dance and music that resulted in the Muslims appreciating the
music. Khusro was both a singer and a-dancer.

Architecture under Mughal Dynasty

The Muslim architecture of India is derived from the ancient vaulted architecture
of Mesopotamia. Muslim architecture also believed in ornamental decoration. The
prayer chamber of the mosque was spacious; it was light and open and was based
on arches, vaults and domes. The Mughal art was more influenced by the Hindu
conceptions. Akbar's strong liking for Hindu ways induced him to revert to Hindu
styles of decoration. An example can be sited in this regard the Jahangiri Mahal.
The Agra Fort of Akbar and the buildings in Fatehpur Sikri display originality and
spontaneity of a new style. It can be safely asserted that in design, in the use of
materials, in delicacy and grace, in ornamentation and carving the Mughal
buildings were radically different from those erected by the Sultans and had more
of the Persian and the Hindu elements in them than the former buildings.

FALL OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Mughals failed because they made little, if any, effort to drag India out of the
Middle Ages. The Mughal empire, writes Abraham Eraly, "lagged way behind
Europe, behind even China, Japan and Persia. There was hardly any vigour in the
economy, scant spirit of enterprise among the people. In agriculture, industry and
trade, Indian practices were archaic. There was no ferment of ideas…'' The
Mughals were formidable conquerors but inept governors. They did nothing to
cure the endemic weaknesses of Indian society and added fresh economic burdens
through the profligacy of their courts and the cost of their military campaigns.