Contents

Experiment No. 11 ..................................................................................................................... 1

Title ............................................................................................................................................ 1
SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS .................................................................................................... 1
11.1 Equipment Used .............................................................................................................. 1
11.2 Parts Used ...................................................................................................................... 1
11.3 Software Used ................................................................................................................. 1
11.4 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
11.5 Theory ............................................................................................................................. 1
10.6 Preliminary Calculations: ................................................................................................. 4
11.6.1 For RLC series circuit .................................................................................................. 4
Case I - Critically Damped .................................................................................................. 4
Case II –Over Damping....................................................................................................... 4
Case III - Under Damping ................................................................................................... 5
PSpice Simulation ............................................................................................................... 5
Solution .................................................................................................................................. 6
11.6.2 For RLC parallel circuit ................................................................................................ 6
Case I - Critically Damped .................................................................................................. 6
Case II –Over Damping....................................................................................................... 6
Case III - Under Damping ................................................................................................... 6
PSpice Simulation ............................................................................................................... 7
11.7 Procedure And Results.................................................................................................... 8
11.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................13
Experiment No. 11
Title

SECOND ORDER CIRCUITS

11.1 Equipment Used
Following equipment was used in this lab

1) Oscilloscope
2) Function Generator
3) Resistors, Capacitors

11.2 Parts Used

The resistors that were used in the circuit are

 5kΩ 1 resistors
 0.01uF 2 Capacitor
 68 mH 2 Inductors

11.3 Software Used

In this lab we used OrCAD Pspice. It is one of the best choices for complete circuit solution
and verification. Regardless of whether you're prototyping straightforward circuits,
designing complex frameworks, or approving segment yield and unwavering quality,
OrCAD PSpice innovation gives the best, superior circuit reenactment to examine and
refine your circuits, parts, and boundaries prior to focusing on format and creation.

11.4 Introduction
A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential equation. It consists
of resistors and the equivalent of two energy storage elements. second-order circuits are
RLC circuits, in which the three kinds of passive elements are present. A characteristic
equation, which is derived from the governing differential equation, is often used to determine
the natural response of the circuit.

11.5 Theory
The Differential Equation – 2nd Order
The differential equations of second order circuits are obtained by application of KVL and/or
KCL and using equations (9.1), (9.2), (9.6) and (9.7) that were discussed in the Theory of
Experiment 9. If the application of KVL or KCL results in an integro-differential equation, the
derivative of both sides of the equation should be taken to convert the equation into a differential
equation.
10.6 Preliminary Calculations:

Solution

11.6.1 For RLC series circuit

Using KVL
𝑑𝑖 1 𝑡
𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + ∫ 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 0

Differentiating
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2 𝑖
𝑅 +𝐿 2+ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Second order differential equation
𝑑𝑖 2 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
2
+ + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
And in frequency domain
𝑅 1
𝑠2 + 𝑠+ =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Case I - Critically Damped
4𝐿 4(68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅=√ =√ = 5.21 𝑘Ω
𝐶 (0.01 µ)

Case II –Over Damping

4𝐿 4(68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅>√ =√ > 5.21 𝑘Ω
𝐶 (0.01 µ)
Hence for overdamping value of resistance should be greater than 5.21kΩ

Case III - Under Damping

4𝐿 4(68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅<√ = < 5.21𝑘
𝐶 (0.01 µ)

Hence for underdamping value of resistance should be less than 5.215kΩ

PSpice Simulation

Figure 11.6.1 Simulation circuit and result for critical damped case for series RLC circuit
Solution
11.6.2 For RLC parallel circuit
Differential equation
𝑑𝑣 2 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
2
+ + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
And in frequency domain
1 1
𝑠2 + 𝑠+ =0
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶
Case I - Critically Damped
𝐿 (68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅=√ =√ = 1.30𝑘Ω
4𝐶 4(0.01 µ)

Case II –Over Damping

𝐿 4(68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅<√ =√ = 1.30 𝑘Ω
4𝐶 (0.01 µ)

Hence for overdamping value of resistance should be less than 1.30kΩ

Case III - Under Damping

𝐿 (68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅>√ =√ = 1.30𝑘Ω
4𝐶 4(0.01 µ)

Hence for underdamping value of resistance should be greater than 1.30kΩ

PSpice Simulation

Figure 11.6.2 Simulation circuit and result for critical damped case for parallel RLC circuit
11.7 Procedure And Results

Calculation
a) 6.8 kΩ
Differential Equation for the RLC series circuit
𝑑𝑖 2 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
2
+ + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
As we have calculated
Over Damping

4𝐿 4(68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅>√ =√ > 5.21 𝑘Ω
𝐶 (0.01 µ)

Hence for overdamping value of resistance should be greater than 5.21kΩ

So with resistance of 6.8kΩ the circuit is overdamped
PSpice Simulations
a)
 Figure 11.7.1(a) Simulation circuit and result for over damped case R=6.8k for series RLC circuit

b) R=560 Ω
as we have calculated
Under Damping

4𝐿 4(68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅<√ = = 5.21𝑘
𝐶 (0.01 µ)

Hence for underdamping value of resistance should be less than 5.21kΩ

So, with resistance of 560 Ω the circuit is underdamped

Figure 11.7.2(b) Simulation circuit and result for under damped case R=560 for series RLC circuit
Calculation of Theoratical Damping factor (𝜶) and Damped Frequency (𝛚𝐝 ) in case of
Underdamped systems

Theoratical Damping factor (𝛼)

𝑅
𝛼=
2𝐿
560
𝛼= = 4.11
2 × (68𝑚𝐻)
Damped Frequency (ωd )

1 𝑅2 1 (560)2
ωd = √ − 2 = √ −
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿 (68𝑚𝐻)(0.01µ𝐹) 4(68𝑚𝐻)2

ωd = 38.12𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
PSpice Simulations

Figure 11.7.1(b) Simulation circuit and result for under damped case R=560 for series RLC circuit
Calculation
a) 6.8 kΩ
Differential equation
𝑑𝑣 2 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
2
+ + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
As we have calculated
Under Damping

𝐿 (68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅>√ =√ = 1.303𝑘Ω
4𝐶 4(0.01 µ)

Hence for underdamping value of resistance should be greater than 1.30kΩ

So with resistance of 6.8 kΩ the circuit is underdamped
Calculation of Theoratical Damping factor (𝜶) and Damped Frequency (𝛚𝐝 ) in case of
Underdamped systems
Theoratical Damping factor (𝛼)
1
𝛼=
2𝑅𝐶
1
𝛼= = 7325.94
2(6.8kΩ)(0.01µ𝐹)
Damped Frequency (ωd )
 1 1 1 1
ωd = √ − 2 2 = √ −
𝐿𝐶 4𝑅 𝐿 (68𝑚𝐻)(0.01µ𝐹) 4(6800) (68𝑚𝐻)2
2

ωd = 38.34𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
PSpice Simulations
a)

Figure 11.7.2(a) Simulation circuit and result for under damped case R=6.8k for parallel RLC circuit

b) R=560 Ω
as we have calculated
Over Damping

𝐿 (68𝑚𝐻)
𝑅<√ =√ = 1.303𝑘Ω
4𝐶 4(0.01 µ)

Hence for overdamping value of resistance should be less than 1.303kΩ

So,, with resistance of 560 Ω the circuit is overdamped
PSpice Simulations
b) b)

Figure 11.7.2(b) Simulation circuit and result for over damped case R=560 for parallel RLC circuit

11.8 Conclusion
In this lab, we have studied second order RLC circuits and derived differential equations for series
and parallel RLC circuits. We have also studied different cases of natural responses like critical
damped, under damped and overdamped. We have calculated the values of resistance which are
responsible for these three responses for both the circuits. We have also performed the PSPice
simulation to verify the response with two different values of resistance by plotting the input and
voltage equation.