Complex Numbers

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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic: Complex Number

Index
1. Theory R
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (1 to 5)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
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Complex Numbers
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1. The complex number system
There is no real number x which satisfies the polynomial equation x2 + 1 = 0. To permit solutions of this
and similar equations, the set of complex numbers is introduced.
We can consider a complex number as having the form a + bi where a and b are real number and i,
which is called the imaginary unit, has the property that i2 = – 1.
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It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called as real part of z which is denoted by (Re z) and ‘b’ is called
as imaginary part of z which is denoted by (Im z).
Any complex number is :
(i) Purely real, if b = 0 ; (ii) Purely imaginary, if a = 0
(iii) Imaginary, if b ≠ 0.
NOTE : (a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the complete
number system is N ⊂ W ⊂ I ⊂ Q ⊂ R ⊂ C.
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(b) Zero is purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i = −1 is called the imaginary unit.
Also i² = − 1; i3 = − i ; i4 = 1 etc.
(d) a b = a b only if atleast one of a or b is non - negative.
(e) is z = a + ib, then a – ib is called complex conjugate of z and written as z = a – ib
Self Practice Problems
1. Write the following as complex number
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(i) − 16 (ii) x , (x > 0)
(iii) –b + − 4ac , (a, c> 0)
Ans. (i) 0 + i 16 (ii) x + 0i (iii) –b + i 4ac
2. Write the following as complex number
(i) x (x < 0) (ii) roots of x2 – (2 cosθ)x + 1 = 0
2. Algebraic Operations:
Fundamental operations with complex numbers
In performing operations with complex numbers we can proceed as in the algebra of real numbers,
replacing i2 by – 1 when it occurs.
1. Addition (a + bi) + (c + di) = a + bi + c + di = (a + c) + (b + d) i
2. Subtraction (a + bi) – c + di) = a + bi – c – di = (a – c) + (b – d) i
3. Multiplication (a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2 = (ac – bd) + (ad+ bc)i
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
a + bi a + bi c − bi ac − adi + bci − bdi 2
4. Division = . =
c + di c + di c − di c 2 − d2i2
ac + bd + (bc − ad)i ac + bd bc − ad
= 2 2 = 2 2 +
i
c −d c +d c 2 + d2
MATHS
Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex number is
positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless. CLASSES,, MA
In real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b however in complex numbers,
z1 2 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z 2 = 0.
O CLASSES
Example : Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i.

Solution Let z be the multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i. then
⇒ z . (3 + 2i) = 1
3 − 2i
TEKO
1
⇒
TEK
z= = (3 + 2i) (3 − 2i)
3 + 2i
3 2
⇒ z= – i
13 13
 3 2 
 − i Ans.
 13 13 
Self Practice Problem
1. Simplify in+100 + i n+50 + in+48 + in+46 , n ∈ Ι .
Ans. 0
3. Equality In Complex Number:

Two complex numbers z1 = a 1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts
are equal respectively
i.e. z 1 = z2 ⇒ Re(z1) = Re(z2) and Ιm (z1) = Ιm (z2).
Successful People Replace the words like; "wish", "try" & "should" with "I Will". Ineffective People don't.
Example: Find the value of x and y for which (2 + 3i) x2 – (3 – 2i) y = 2x – 3y + 5i where x, y ∈ R.
Solution (z + 3i)x2 – (3 – 2i)y = 2x – 3y + 5i
⇒ 2x2 – 3y = 2x – 3y
⇒
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x2 – x = 0
⇒ x = 0, 1 and 3x2 + 2y = 5
5
⇒ if x = 0,y = and if x = 1, y = 1
2
5
∴ x = 0, y = and x = 1, y = 1
2
 5
are two solutions of the given equation which can also be represented as  0,  & (1, 1)
 2
 5
 0,  , (1, 1) Ans.
 2
Example: Find the value of expression x4 – 4x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 1 when x = 1 + i is a factor of expression.
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Solution. x=1+i
⇒ x–1=i
⇒ (x – 1)2 = –1
⇒ x2 – 2x + 2 = 0
Now x4 – 4x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 1
= (x2 – 2x + 2) (x2 – 3x – 3) – 4x + 7
∴ when x = 1 + i i.e. x2 – 2x + 2 = 0
x4 – 4x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 – 4 (1 + i) + 7
= –4 + 7 – 4i
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= 3 – 4i Ans.
Example: Solve for z if z2 + |z| = 0
Solution. Let z= x + iy
⇒ (x + iy)2 + x2 + y2 = 0
⇒ x2 – y2 + x 2 + y 2 = 0 and 2xy = 0
⇒ x = 0 or y = 0
when x = 0 – y2 + | y | = 0
⇒ y = 0, 1, –1
⇒ z = 0, i, –i
when y = 0 x2 + | x | = 0
⇒ x=0 ⇒ z = 0 Ans. z = 0, z = i, z = – i
SUHAAG
Example: Find square root of 9 + 40i
THS BY SUHAA
Solution. Let (x + iy)2 = 9 + 40i
∴ x2 – y 2 = 9 ...............(i)
and xy = 20 ...............(ii)
squing (i) and adding with 4 times the square of (ii)
we get x4 + y4 – 2x 2 y2 + 4x2 y2 = 81 + 1600
⇒ (x2 + y2)2 = 168
MATHS
⇒ x2 + y 2 = 4 ...............(iii)
from (i) + (iii) we get x2 = 25 ⇒ x=±5
and y = 16 ⇒ y=±4 CLASSES,, MA
from equation (ii) we can see that
x & y are of same sign
O CLASSES
∴ x + iy = +(5 + 4i) or = (5 + 4i)

∴ sq. roots of a + 40i = ± (5 + 4i) Ans. ± (5 + 4i)
3 1
TEKO
1. Solve for z : z = i z2 Ans. ± – i, 0, i

TEK
2 2
4. Representation Of A Complex Number:
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on the Cartesian plane
known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (x, y).
Length OP is called modulus of the complex number which is denoted by z & θ is called the
argument or amplitude.
y
z = x 2 + y 2 & θ = tan−1 (angle made by OP with positive x−axis)
x
NOTE : (i) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function. If θ is the argument of a complex
number then 2 nπ + θ; n ∈ I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of
a complex number differ by 2nπ.
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(ii) The unique value of θ such that − π < θ ≤ π is called the principal value of the argument.
Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(iii) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex
number 0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is only
given by its modulus.
(b) Trignometric/Polar Representation :

z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) where z = r; arg z = θ ; z = r (cos θ − i sin θ)
NOTE : cos θ + i sin θ is also written as CiS θ or e i θ.

e ix +e −ix e ix −e −ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2
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(c) Euler's Representation :
z = reiθ;  z = r; arg z = θ; z = re − iθ
(d) Vectorial Representation :

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of a point. If the point
→ →
P represents the complex number z then, OP = z &  OP  =  z.
Example: Express the complex number z = – 1 + 2 i in polar form.
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Solution. z = –1 + i 2
|z|= ( −1)2 + ( 2) 2
= 1+ 2 = 3
 2
 
Arg z = π – tan–1  1  = π – tan–1 2 = θ (say)
 
∴ z= 3 (cos θ + i sin θ ) where θ = π – tan –1 2
1. Find the principal argument and |z|
−1 (9 + i)
z=
2−i
SUHAAG
82
THS BY SUHAA
17
Ans. – tan–1 ,
11 5
2. Find the |z| and principal argument of the complex number z = 6(cos 310º – i sin 310°)
Ans. 6, 50°
5. Modulus of a Complex Number :
MATHS
If z = a + ib, then it's modulus is denoted and defined by |z| = a 2 + b 2 . Infact |z| is the distance
of z from origin. Hence |z1 – z2| is the distance between the points represented by z1 and z2.
CLASSES,, MA
Properties of modulus
O CLASSES
z1 z1
(i) |z1z2| = |z1| . |z2| (ii) z2 = z2 (provided z2 ≠ 0)
(iii) |z1 + z2| ≤ |z 1| + |z2| (iv) |z1 – z2| ≥ ||z1| – |z 2||
TEKO
(Equality in (iii) and (iv) holds if and only if origin, z1 and z2 are collinear with z1 and z2 on the same side
TEK
of origin).
Example: If |z – 5 – 7i| = 9, then find the greatest and least values of |z – 2 – 3i|.
Solution. We have 9 = |z – (5 + 7i)| = distance between z and 5 + 7i.
Thus locus of z is the circle of radius 9 and centre at 5 + 7i. For such a z (on the circle), we
have to find its greatest and least distance as from 2 + 3i, which obviously 14 and 4.
Example: Find the minimum value of |1 + z| + |1 – z|.
Solution |1 + z| + |1 – z| ≥ |1 + z + 1 – z| (triangle inequality)
⇒ |1 + z | + |1 – z| ≥ 2
∴ minimum value of (|1 + z| + |1 – z|) = 2
Geometrically |z + 1| + |1 – 2| = |z + 1| + |z – 1| which represents sum of distances of z from
1 and – 1
it can be seen easily that minimu (PA + PB) = AB = 2
π 
1  +nπ 
8
Ans. 21/ 4 e 
2
Example: z− = 1 then find the maximum and minimum value of |z|
z
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2 2 2 2
Solution. z− =1 |z|− ≤ z− ≤|z|+ −
z z 2 z
Let | z | = r
2 2
⇒ r− ≤1 ≤ r+
r r
2
r+ ≥1 ⇒ r ∈ R+ ..............(i)
r
2 2
and r − ≤1⇒ –1 ≤ r – ≤1
r r
⇒ r ∈ (1, 2) ..............(ii)
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∴ from (i) and (ii) r ∈ (1, 2)
Ans. r ∈ (1, 2)
1. |z – 3| < 1 and |z – 4i| > M then find the positive real value of M for which these exist at least one
complex number z satisfy both the equation.
Ans. M ∈ (0, 6)
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6. Agrument of a Complex Number :
Argument of a non-zero complex number P(z) is denoted and defined by arg(z) = angle which OP
makes with the positive direction of real axis.
If OP = |z| = r and arg(z) = θ, then obviously z = r(cosθ + isinθ), called the polar form of z. In what
follows, 'argument of z' would mean principal argument of z(i.e. argument lying in (– π, π] unless the
context requires otherwise. Thus argument of a complex number z = a + ib = r(cosθ + isinθ) is the value
of θ satisfying rcosθ = a and rsinθ = b.
b
Thus the argument of z = θ, π – θ, – π + θ, – θ, θ = tan–1 , according as z = a + ib lies in Ι, ΙΙ, ΙΙΙ
a
or ΙVth quadrant.
Properties of arguments
(i) arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2 ) + 2mπ for some integer m.
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
(ii) arg(z1/z2 ) = arg (z1) – arg(z2) + 2mπ for some integer m.
(iii) arg (z2) = 2arg(z) + 2mπ for some integer m.
(iv) arg(z) = 0 ⇔ z is real, for any complex number z ≠ 0
(v) arg(z) = ± π/2 ⇔ z is purely imaginary, for any complex number z ≠ 0
(vi) arg(z2 – z1) = angle of the line segment
MATHS
P′Q′ || PQ, where P′ lies on real axis, with the real axis.
CLASSES,, MA
O CLASSES
π 2π
Example: Solve for z, which satisfy Arg (z – 3 – 2i) = and Arg (z – 3 – 4i) = .
TEKO
6 3
TEK
Solution From the figure, it is clear that there is no z, which satisfy both ray
Example: Sketch the region given by

(i) Arg (z – 1 – i) ≥ π/3
(ii) |z| = ≤ 5 & Arg (z – i – 1) > π/3
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Solution (i) (ii)
1. Sketch the region given by

(i) |Arg (z – i – 2)| < π/4 (ii) Arg (z + 1 – i) ≤ π/6
2. Consider the region |z – 15i| ≤ 10. Find the point in the region which has
(i) max |z| (ii) min |z|
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(iii) max arg (z) (iv) min arg (z)
7. Conjugate of a complex Number

Conjugate of a complex number z = a + b is denoted and defined by z = a – ib.
In a complex number if we replace i by – i, we get conjugate of the complex number. z is the mirror
image of z about real axis on Argand's Plane.
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Properties of conjugate
(i) |z| = | z | (ii) z z = |z| 2

(iii) ( z1 + z 2 ) = ( z1 ) + ( z 2 ) (iv) ( z1 − z 2 ) = ( z1 ) – ( z 2 )
 z1  ( z1 )
  =
(v) ( z1 z 2 ) = z1 z 2 (vi) z 2 ) (z2 ≠ 0)
SUHAAG
 z2  (
THS BY SUHAA
(vii) |z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) ( z1 + z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z2
(viii) ( z1 ) = z (ix) If w = f(z), then w = f( z )
(x) arg(z) + arg( z ) = 0
z −1
MATHS
Example: If is purely imaginary, then prove that | z | = 1
z +1
 z − 1 CLASSES,, MA
Solution. Re   =0
 z + 1
O CLASSES
z −1  z − 1 z −1 z −1
⇒ +   =0
 ⇒ + =0
z +1  z + 1  z + 1 z +1
⇒ zz – z + z – 1 + zz – z + z – 1 = 0
⇒ zz = 1 ⇒ | z |2 = 1
TEKO
TEK
⇒ |z|=1 Hence proved

z1 − 2 z 2
1. If is unmodulus and z2 is not unimodulus then find |z1|.
2 − z1z 2
Ans. |z1| = 2
8. Rotation theorem
(i) If P(z1 ) and Q(zz) are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2 |, then z2 = z1 e iθ where θ = ∠POQ
(ii) If P(z1), Q(z 2) and R(z3) are three complex numbers and ∠PQR = θ, then
 z3 − z2  z3 − z2
  = iθ
 z1 − z 2  z1 − z 2 e
(iii) If P(z1), Q(z2 ), R(z3) and S(z 4) are four complex numbers and ∠STQ = θ, then
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z3 − z2 z3 − z 4
iθ
z1 − z 2 = z1 − z 2 e
 z − 1 π
Example: If arg   = then interrupter the locus.

 z+i 3
 z − 1 π
Solution arg   =
 z + i  3
 1− z  π
⇒ arg   =
 − 1 − z  3
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 1− z 
Here arg   represents the angle between lines joining –1 and z and 1 + z. As this angle
 − 1− z 
is constant, the locus of z will be a of a circle segment. (angle in a segment is count). It can be
 1− z  2π
seen that locus is not the complete side as in the major are arg   will be equal to – .
 − 1− z  3
Now try to geometrically find out radius and centre of this circle.
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 1  2
centre ≡  0, 
 Radius ≡ Ans.
 3 3
Example: If A(z + 3i) and B(3 + 4i) are two vertices of a square ABCD (take in anticlock wise order) then
find C and D.
Solution. Let affix of C and D are z3 + z4 respectively
Considering ∠DAB = 90º + AD = AB
z 4 − (2 + 3 i) (3 + 4 i) − (2 + 3 i) iπ
we get = e
AD AB 2
⇒ z4 – (2 + 3i) = (1 + i) i
⇒ Z4 = 2 + 3i+ i – 1 = 1 + zi
z 3 − (3 + 4i) ( z + 3i) − (3 − 4i) iπ
and = e–
CB AB 2
⇒ z3 = 3 + 4i – (1 + i) (–i)
SUHAAG
z3 = 3 + 4i + i – 1 = z + 5i
THS BY SUHAA
1. z1 , z2, z 3, z4 are the vertices of a square taken in anticlockwise order then prove that
2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 – i) z3
Ans. (1 + i) z1 + (1 – i)z3
MATHS
2. Check that z1z2 and z3z4 are parallel or, not
where, z1 = 1 + i z3 = 4 + 2i
z2 = 2 – i z4 = 1 – i CLASSES,, MA
Ans. Hence, z1 z2 and z3z4 are not parallel.
O CLASSES
3. P is a point on the argand diagram on the circle with OP as diameter “two point Q and R are taken such
that ∠POQ = ∠QOR
If O is the origin and P, Q, R are represented by complex z 1, z2, z3 respectively then show that
z2 2 cos 2θ = z1z3cos2θ
Ans. z1z3 cos2θ
TEKO
TEK
9. Demoivre’s Theorem:
Case Ι
Statement :
If n is any integer then
(i) (cos θ + i sin θ )n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
(ii) (cos θ1 + i sin θ 1) (cos θ2) + i sin θ2) (cosθ 3 + i sin θ 2) (cos θ3 + i sin θ 3) .....(cos θn + i sin θn)
= cos (θ1 + θ 2 + θ 3 + ......... θ n) + i sin (θ 1 + θ2 + θ 3 + ....... + θn)
Case ΙΙ
Statement : If p, q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0 then
 2kπ + pθ   2kπ + pθ 
(cos θ + i sin θ)p/q = cos   + i sin  
 q   q 
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......, q – 1
NOTE : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined using theory of equations.
10. Cube Root Of Unity :
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(i) The cube roots of unity are 1, − 1 + i 3 , − 1 − i 3 .
2 2
(ii) If ω is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + ω + ω² = 0. In general 1 + ωr + ω2r = 0;
where r ∈ I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2π 2π 4π 4π
cos 0 + i sin 0; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an
equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c ∈ R & ω is the cube root of unity)
a3 − b 3 = (a − b) (a − ωb) (a − ω²b) x2 + x + 1 = (x − ω) (x − ω2 )
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; ;
a + b = (a + b) (a + ωb) (a + ω b)
3 3 2 ; a2 + ab + b2 = (a – bw) (a – bw2 )
a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + ωb + ω²c) (a + ω²b + ωc)
Example: Find the value of ω192 + ω194
Solution. ω192 + ω194
= 1 + ω2 =–ω
Ans. – ω
Example: If 1, ω, ω2 are cube roots of unity prove
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(i) (1 – ω + ω2) (1 + ω – ω2) = 4
(ii) (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5 = 32
(iii) (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4) (1 – ω8) = 9
(iv) (1 – ω + ω2) (1 – ω2 + ω4) (1 – ω4 + ω8) .......... to 2n factors = 22n
Solution. (i) (1 – ω + ω2) (1 + ω – ω2)
= ( – 2ω) ( – 2ω2)
=4
10
Find ∑ (1 + ω + ω )
r 2r
1.
r =0
Ans. 12
11. nth Roots of Unity :
SUHAAG
If 1, α1, α2, α3..... αn − 1 are the n, nth root of unity then :
THS BY SUHAA
MATHS
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2π/n) &
CLASSES,, MA
O CLASSES
p p p
(ii) 1p + α 1 + α 2 +.... +α n − 1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1 − α1) (1 − α2)...... (1 − αn − 1) = n &
TEKO
(1 + α1) (1 + α2)....... (1 + αn − 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.

TEK
(iv) 1. α1. α2. α3......... αn − 1 = 1 or −1 according as n is odd or even.

Example: Find the roots of the equation z6 + 64 = 0 where real part is positive.
Solution. z6 = – 64
z6 = z6 . e+ i(2n + 1)π x∈z
π
i( 2n +1)
⇒ z=z e 6
π π π 5π 7π 3π 11π
i i i i i i i
6 6
∴ z=2 e 6 , 2e 2 , ze 2 , ze = e , ze 2 , ze 2
iπ 11π
i
∴ roots with +ve real part are = e 6 + e 6
 π
i− 
 6
2e Ans.
6
 2πk 2πk 
Example: Find the value ∑  sin 7
− cos
7 

k =1
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6 6
 2πk   2πk 
Solution. ∑  sin
k =1
7 
 – ∑  cos
k =1
7 

6 6
2πk 2πk
= ∑ sin
7 – ∑ cos 7 +1
k =0 k =0
6
= ∑k =0
(Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)
– ∑
k =0
(Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) + 1
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= 0–0+1=1
i Ans.
1. Resolve z7 – 1 into linear and quadratic factor with real coefficient.
 2 2π   4π   6π 
Ans. (z – 1)  z − 2 cos z + 1 .  z 2 − 2 cos z + 1 .  z 2 − 2 cos z + 1
 7   7   7 
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2π 4π 6π
2. Find the value of cos + cos + cos .
7 7 7
1
Ans. –
2
12. The Sum Of The Following Series Should Be Remembered :
sin (nθ / 2)  n + 1
θ + cos 2 θ + cos 3 θ +..... + cos n θ = sin θ / 2 cos   θ.
(i) cos
( ) 2 
sin (nθ / 2)  n + 1
θ + sin 2 θ + sin 3 θ +..... + sin n θ = sin θ / 2 sin   θ.
(ii) sin
( ) 2 
SUHAAG
NOTE : If θ = (2π/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
THS BY SUHAA
13. Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :
1  −1 β 
(i) Loge (α + i β) = Loge (α² + β²) + i  2 n π + tan  where n ∈ Ι.
2  α
MATHS
 π
− 2 n π + 
(ii) ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e  2
, n ∈ Ι.
CLASSES,, MA
Example: Find the value of
O CLASSES
π
(i) log (1 + 3 i) Ans. log2 + i(2nπ + )
3
(ii) log(–1) Ans. iπ
(iii) zi Ans. cos(ln2) + i sin(ln2) = ei(ln2)
TEKO
π
−( 4n +1).
TEK
(iv) ii Ans. e 2
π
−( 8n +1).
(v) |(1 + i)i | Ans. e 4
1
(vi) arg ((1 + i)i) Ans. n(2).
2
 i  π + 2nπ  
Solution. (i) log (1 + 3 i) = log  2 e  3 

 
 
π 
= log 2 + i  + 2nπ 
3 
(iii) 2i = ei n 2 = cos ( n 2) cos ( n 2) + i sin ( n 2) ]
1. Find the real part of cos (1 + i)
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1 − e2
Ans.
2ei
14. Geometrical Properties :

Distance formula :
If z1 and z2 are affixies of the two points ↓ P and Q respectively then distance between P + Q is given
by |z1 – z2|.
Section formula
If z1 and z2 are affixes of the two points P and Q respectively and point C devides the line joining P and
Q internally in the ratio m : n then affix z of C is given by
mz 2 + nz1
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z=
m+n
If C devides PQ in the ratio m : n externally then
mz 2 − nz1
z=
m−n
(b) If a, b, c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ; where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c
are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1, z 2 & z3 are collinear.
(1) If the vertices A, B, C of a ∆ represent the complex nos. z1, z 2, z3 respectively and
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a, b, c are the length of sides then,
z1 + z 2 + z 3
(i) Centroid of the ∆ ABC = :
3
(ii) Orthocentre of the ∆ ABC =
(asec A )z1 + (b sec B )z 2 + (c secC)z 3 z1tan A + z 2 tanB + z 3 tan C
asec A + bsec B + c secC or tanA + tan B + tanC
(iii) Incentre of the ∆ ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3) ÷ (a + b + c).
(iv) Circumcentre of the ∆ ABC = :

(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C) ÷ (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C).
(2) amp(z) = θ is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle θ to the x− axis.
(3) z − a = z − b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
(4) The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by, z = z1 + t (z1 − z 2) where t is a real parameter.
(5) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to the
line joining z1 to the origin.
(6) The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
MATHS
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear. The above CLASSES,, MA
z 2 z2 1
O CLASSES
equation on manipulating, takes the form α z + α z + r = 0 where r is real and α is a non zero
complex constant.
NOTE : If we replace z by zeiθ and z by ze – iθ then we get equation of a straight line which. Passes through the
foot of the perpendicular from origin to given straight line and makes an angle θ with the given straightl
TEKO
line.
TEK
(7) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius ρ is :

z − z0 = ρ or z z − z0 z − z 0 z + z 0 z0 − ρ ² = 0 which is of the form
z z + α z + α z + k = 0, k is real. Centre is − α & radius = α α − k .
Circle will be real if α α − k ≥ 0..
(8) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is
z − z2 π
arg =± or (z − z1) ( z − z 2) + (z − z2) ( z − z 1) = 0.
z − z1 2
(9) Condition for four given points z1, z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is the number
z 3 − z1 z 4 − z 2
. should be real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear
z 3 − z 2 z 4 − z1
(z − z 2 ) ( z 3 − z 1 )
points z1, z2 & z3 can be taken as is real
(z − z1 ) (z 3 − z 2 )
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( z − z 2 ) ( z 3 − z 1 ) ( z − z 2 ) ( z 3 − z1 )
⇒ = .
( z − z 1 ) ( z 3 − z 2 ) ( z − z1 ) ( z 3 − z 2 )
 z − z1 
(10) Arg  z − z  = θ represent (i) a line segment if θ = π
 2
(ii) Pair of ray if θ = 0 (iii) a part of circle, if 0 < θ < π.

z1 z1 1
1
(11) Area of triangle formed by the points z1, z2 & z3 is z2 z2 1
4i
z3 z3 1
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| α z 0 + αz0 + r |
(12) Perpendicular distance of a point z0 from the line α z + α z + r = 0 is 2|α|
α
(13) (i) Complex slope of a line α z + α z + r = 0 is ω = – .
α
z1 − z 2
(ii) Complex slope of a line joining by the points z1 & z2 is ω = z − z
1 2
(iii) Complex slope of a line making θ angle with real axis = e 2iθ
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(14) ω1 & ω2 are the compelx slopes of two lines.
(i) If lines are parallel then ω1 = ω2
(ii) If lines are perpendicular then ω1 + ω2 = 0
(15) If |z – z1| + |z – z2| = K > |z1 – z 2| then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are z1 & z 2
α z + αz + r
(16) If |z – z0 | = 2|α| then locus of z is parabola whose focus is z0 and directrix is the
line α z 0 + α z 0 + r = 0
z − z1
(17) If z − z = k ≠ 1, 0, then locus of z is circle.
2
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
(18) If z – z1  – z – z 2 = K < z1 – z2 then locus of z is a hyperbola, whose focii are
z1 & z 2.
Match the following columns :

Column - Ι Column - ΙΙ
(i) If | z – 3+2i | – | z + i | = 0, (i) circle
MATHS
then locus of z represents ..........
 z − 1 π CLASSES,, MA
(ii) If arg   = , (ii) Straight line
 z + 1 4
O CLASSES
then locus of z represents...

(iii) if | z – 8 – 2i | + | z – 5 – 6i | = 5 (iii) Ellipse
then locus of z represents .......
 z − 3 + 4i  5π
TEKO
(iv) If arg  z + 2 − 5i  = , (iv) Hyperbola

TEK
  6
then locus of z represents .......
(v) If | z – 1 | + | z + i | = 10 (v) Major Arc

then locus of z represents ........
(vi) |z–3+i|–|z+2–i|=1 (vi) Minor arc
then locus of z represents .....
(vii) | z – 3i | = 25 (vii) Perpendicular bisector of a line segment
 z − 3 + 5i 
(viii) arg  z + i  = π (viii) Line segment
 
Ans. Ι (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
ΙΙ (vii) (v) (viii) (vi) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
15. (a) Reflection points for a straight line :
Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the
right bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex
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numbers z1 & z2 will be the reflection points for the straight line α z + α z + r = 0 if and only if;
α z1 + α z 2 + r = 0 , where r is real and α is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius ρ, if:
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and P, Q are on the same side of O.
(ii) OP. OQ = ρ2.

Note : that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle z z + α z + α z + r = 0 if and only
if z1 z 2 + α z1 + α z 2 + r = 0 .
16. Ptolemy’s Theorem:
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It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle
is equal to the sum of the products of lengths of the two pairs of its opposite sides.
i.e. z1 − z3 z2 − z4 = z1 − z2 z3 − z4 + z1 − z4 z2 − z3.
Example: If cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 and also sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0, then prove that
(i) cos 2α + cos2β + cos2γ = sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2γ = 0
(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin (α + β + γ)
(iii) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos (α + β + γ)
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Solution. Let z1 = cos α + i sin α, z 2 = cos β + i sin β,
z3 = cosγ + i sin γ.
∴ z1 + z 2 + z 3 = (cos α + cos β + cos γ) + i (sin α + sin β + sin γ)
=0+i.0=0 (1)
1
(i) Also z1 = (cos α + i sin α) = cos α – i sin α
–1
1 1
z2 = cos β – i sin β, z 3 – cos γ – sin γ
1 1 1
∴ z1 + z 2 + z 3 = (cos α + cos β + cos γ) – i (sin α + sin β + sin γ) (2)
= 0–i.0=0
SUHAAG
Now z12 + z22 + z33 = (z 1 + z2 + z3)2 – 2 (z 1z2 + z 2z3 + z3z1 )
THS BY SUHAA
 1 1 1 
= 0 – 2z1z2z3  z + z + z 
 3 1 2 
= 0 – 2z1 z2 z3. 0 = 0, using (1) and (2)
or (cos α + i sin α)2 + (cos β + i sin β)2 + (cos γ + i sin γ)2 = 0
or cos 2α + i sin 2α)2 + cos 2β + i sin 2β + cos 2γ + i sin 2γ = 0 + i.0
MATHS
Equation real and imaginary parts on both sides, cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ = 0 and
sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2γ = 0
(ii) z1 3 + z 23 + z 33 = (z1 + z2)3 – 3z1z2(z1 + z2) + z33 CLASSES,, MA
= (–z3)3 – 3z1z2 (– z 3) + z33, using (1)
= 3z1z2z3
O CLASSES
∴ (cos α + i sin α)3 + (cos β + i sin β)3 + (cos γ + i sin γ)3

= 3 (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β) (cos γ + i sin γ)
or cos 3α + i sin 3α + cos 3β + i sin 3β + cos 3γ + i sin 3γ
= 3{cos(α + β + γ) + i sin (α + β + γ)
Equation imaginary parts on both sides, sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin (α + β + γ)
TEKO
Alternative method
TEK
Let C ≡ cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0

S ≡ sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
C + iS = eiα + eiβ + e iγ = 0 (1)
C – iS = e–iα + e–iβ + e–iγ = 0 (2)
From (1) ⇒ (e–iα)2 + (e–iβ)2 + (e–iγ)2 = (e iα) (eiβ) + (e iβ) (eiγ) + (eiγ) (eiα)
⇒ ei2α + ei2β + ei2γ = eiα eiβ eiγ (e–2γ + e–iα + eiβ)
⇒ ei(2α) + e i2β + ei2γ = 0 (from 2)
Comparing the real and imaginary parts we
cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ – sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2γ = 0
Also from (1) (eiα)3 + (e iβ)3 + (e iγ)3 = 3eiα eiβ eiγ
⇒ ei3α + ei3β + ei3γ = 3ei(α+β+γ)
Comparing the real and imaginary parts we obtain the results.
Example: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and c > 0, then prove that
|z1 + z2|2 ≤ (I + C) |z1|2 + (I +C–1) |z 2|2
Solution. We have to prove :
|z1 + z 2|2 ≤ (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 + c–1) |z 2|2
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i.e. |z1|3 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z 2z2 ≤ (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 +c–1) |z 2|3
1
or z1 z 2 + z 2z2 ≤ c|z 1|2 + c–1|z2|2 or c|z1|2 + |z |2 – z 1 z 2 – z 2 z 2 ≥ 0
c 2
(using Re (z1 z 2) ≤ |z1 z 2|)
2
 
1
or  c z1 − | z2 |  ≥ 0 which is always true.

 c 
Example: If θ, ∈ [π/6, π/3], i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and z4 cos θ 1 + z3 cos θ 2 + z3 cos θ3. + z cos θ4 + cosθ5 = 2 3 ,
3
then show that |z| >
4
Solution. Given that
98930 58881
cosθ 1 . z 4 + cosθ2 . z3 + cosθ3 . z2 + cosθ4 . z + cosθ5 = 2√3
or |cosθ1 . z4 + cosθ 2 . z3 + cosθ3 . z2 + cosθ4 . z + cosθ5| = 2√3
2√3 ≤ |cosθ 1 . z4 | + |cosθ2 . z3 | + |cosθ3 . z2 | + cosθ4 . z| + |cosθ 5 |
∵ θi ∈ [π/6, π/3]
1 3
∴ ≤ cosθ i ≤
2 2
3 3 3 2 3 3
2 3 ≤
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|z|4 + |z| 3 + |z| + |z| +
2 2 2 2 2
3 ≤ |z| 4 + |z| 3 + |z|2 + |z|
3 < |z| + |z|2 + |z|3 + |z|4 +|z|5 + .........∞
|z|
3 < 1− | z | 3 – e |z| < |z|
3
4|z| > 3 ∴ |z| >
4
Example: Two different non parallel lines cut the circle |z| = r in point a, b, c, d respectively. Prove that
a −1 + b −1 − c −1 − d −1
these lines meet in the point z given by z =
a −1b −1 − c −1d −1
Solution. Since point P, A, B are collinear
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
MATHS
z z 1
CLASSES,, MA
∴
a a 1
=0 ⇒ ( )
z a − b – z (a – b) + a b − a b = 0 ( ) (i)
O CLASSES
b b 1
Similarlym, since points P, C, D are collinear
∴ ( ) ( ) ( )
z a − b (c – d) – z c − d (a – b) = c d − cd (a – b) – a b − a b (c – d) ( ) (iii)
k k k
∵ zz = r = k (say)
2
∴ a = a , b = b , c = c etc.
TEKO
TEK
From equation (iii) we get

k k k k   ck kd   ak bk 
z  −  (c – d) – z  −  (a – b) =  −  (a – b) –  −  (c – d)
 a b   c d   d c   b a 
a −1 + b −1 − c −1 − d −1
∴ z=
a −1b −1 − c −1d −1
Shor
Shortt Revesion
Re
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1. DEFINITION :
Complex numbers are definited as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b ∈ R & i = −1 . It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called as real part of z (Re z) and ‘b’ is called as imaginary part of
z (Im z).
EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN BE REGARDED AS
Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0 if b ≠ 0
Note :
(a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complete Number
98930 58881
system is N ⊂ W ⊂ I ⊂ Q ⊂ R ⊂ C.
(b) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i = −1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i² = − l ; i3 = −i ; i4 = 1 etc.
(d) a b = a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.
2. CONJUGATE COMPLEX :
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
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is denoted by z . i.e. z = a − ib.
Note that :
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z) (ii) z − z = 2i Im(z) (iii) z z = a² + b² which is real
(iv) If z lies in the 1st quadrant then z lies in the 4th quadrant and − z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
3. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS :
The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similiar to those on real numbers treating i as a
polynomial. Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless .
However in real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers,
z12 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
4. EQUALITY IN COMPLEX NUMBER :
SUHAAG
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
THS BY SUHAA
parts coincide.
5. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS :
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on
the cartesian plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the
MATHS
ordered pair (x, y).
length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by z & CLASSES,, MA
θ is called the argument or amplitude .
O CLASSES
eg. z = x 2 + y 2 &

y
θ = tan−1 (angle made by OP with positive x−axis)
x
TEKO
TEK
z if z > 0
NOTE :(i) z is always non negative . Unlike real numbers z =  is not correct
− z if z < 0
(ii) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function . If θ is the argument of a complex number
then 2 nπ + θ ; n ∈ I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a
complex number differ by 2nπ.
(iii) The unique value of θ such that – π < θ ≤ π is called the principal value of the argument.
(iv) Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(v) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex number
0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given by its modulus.
(vi) There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of
complex numbers.
(b) Trignometric / Polar Representation :
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) where | z | = r ; arg z = θ ; z = r (cos θ − i sin θ)
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Note: cos θ + i sin θ is also written as CiS θ.
e ix + e −ix e ix − e −ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2
(c) Exponential Representation :
z = reiθ ; | z | = r ; arg z = θ ; z = re− iθ
6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE / MODULI / AMPLITUDE :

If z , z1 , z2 ∈ C then ;
(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z − z = 2 i Im (z) ; ( z ) = z ; z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 ;
z 
 1  = z1
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z1 − z 2 = z1 − z 2 ; z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2 z  ; z2 ≠ 0
 2 z2
2
(b) | z | ≥ 0 ; | z | ≥ Re (z) ; | z | ≥ Im (z) ; | z | = | z | = | – z | ; z z = | z | ;
z1 | z1 |
| z1 z2 | = | z1 | . | z2 | ; = , z2 ≠ 0 , | zn | = | z |n ;
z2 | z2 |
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| z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2 [| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 ]
z1− z2 ≤ z1 + z2 ≤ z1 + z2 [ TRIANGLE INEQUALITY ]
(c) (i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 kπ. k∈I
z 
(ii) amp  1  = amp z1 − amp z2 + 2 kπ ; k∈I
 z2 
(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2kπ .
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (− π , π ].
(7) VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX :

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point. If the point P
→ →
represents the complex number z then, OP = z &  OP  = z.
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
NOTE :
→ → → →
(i) If OP = z = r ei θ then OQ = z1 = r ei (θ + φ) = z . e iφ. If OP and OQ are
Λ Λ
of unequal magnitude then OQ = OP e iφ
(ii) If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex numbers
MATHS
z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then
z −z z 4 − z3 CLASSES,, MA
AB  CD if 4 3 is purely real ; AB ⊥ CD if z − z is purely imaginary ]
z − z1 2 1
O CLASSES
(iii) If z1, z2, z3 are the2vertices of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre then
(a) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 − z1 z2 − z2 z3 − z3 z1 = 0 (b) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = 3 z 20
8. DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM : Statement : cos n θ + i sin n θ is the value or one of the values
of (cos θ + i sin θ)n ¥ n ∈ Q. The theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex
TEKO
TEK
quantity Note : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
− 1+ i 3 − 1− i 3
9. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY : (i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , , .
2 2
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0. In general
1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r ∈ I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2π 2π 4π 4π
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c ∈ R & ω is the cube root of unity)
a3 − b3 = (a − b) (a − ωb) (a − ω²b) ; x2 + x + 1 = (x − ω) (x − ω2) ;
a + b = (a + b) (a + ωb) (a + ω b) ;
3 3 2
a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + ωb + ω²c) (a + ω²b + ωc)
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10. nth ROOTS OF UNITY :
If 1 , α1 , α2 , α3 ..... αn − 1 are the n , nth root of unity then :
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2π/n) &
(ii) 1p + α 1p + α 2p + .... +α pn − 1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1 − α1) (1 − α2) ...... (1 − αn − 1) = n &

(1 + α1) (1 + α2) ....... (1 + αn − 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv) 1 . α1 . α2 . α3 ......... αn − 1 = 1 or −1 according as n is odd or even.
11. THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES SHOULD BE REMEMBERED :
sin (nθ 2)  n +1
(i) cos θ + cos 2 θ + cos 3 θ + ..... + cos n θ = cos   θ.
sin (θ 2 )
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 2 
sin (nθ 2)  n + 1 
(ii) sin θ + sin 2 θ + sin 3 θ + ..... + sin n θ = sin   θ.
sin (θ 2)  2 
Note : If θ = (2π/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
12. STRAIGHT LINES & CIRCLES IN TERMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS :
nz + mz 2
(A) If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = 1 divides the joins of z1
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m+n
& z2 in the ratio m : n.
Note:(i) If a , b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ;
where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 & z3
are collinear.
(ii) If the vertices A, B, C of a ∆ represent the complex nos. z1, z2, z3 respectively, then :
z1 + z 2 + z 3
(a) Centroid of the ∆ ABC = :
3
(b) Orthocentre of the ∆ ABC =
(a sec A )z1 + (b sec B)z 2 + (c sec C)z3 z tan A + z 2 tan B + z 3 tan C
OR 1
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C tan A + tan B + tan C
Incentre of the ∆ ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3) ÷ (a + b + c) .
SUHAAG
(c)
THS BY SUHAA
(d) Circumcentre of the ∆ ABC = :
(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C) ÷ (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) .
(B) amp(z) = θ is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle θ to the x− axis.
(C) z − a = z − b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(D) The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by ;
MATHS
z = z1 + t (z1 − z2) where t is a perameter.
(E) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to oz1. CLASSES,, MA
(F) The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
O CLASSES
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear.
z 2 z2 1
(G) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z1 & z2 can be written as
TEKO
z (z1 − z 2 )− z (z1 − z 2 )+ (z1z 2 − z1z 2 ) = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as α z + α z + r = 0

TEK
where r is real and α is a non zero complex constant.

(H) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius ρ is :
z − z0 = ρ or z z − z0 z − z 0 z + z 0 z0 − ρ² = 0 which is of the form
zz + αz+αz +r = 0 , r is real centre − α & radius αα −r .
Circle will be real if α α − r ≥ 0 .
(I) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is :
z − z2 π
(i) arg = ± or (z − z1) ( z − z 2) + (z − z2) ( z − z 1) = 0
z − z1 2
(J) Condition for four given points z1 , z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is, the number
z 3 − z1 z 4 − z 2
. is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z1, z2 & z3 can be
z 3 − z 2 z 4 − z1
(z − z 2 )(z 3 − z1 ) (z − z 2 )(z 3 − z1 ) (z − z 2 )(z3 − z1 )
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is real ⇒
taken as
(z − z1 )(z 3 − z 2 ) (z − z1 )(z3 − z 2 ) = (z − z1 )(z3 − z 2 )
13.(a) Reflection points for a straight line :
Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the right
bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex numbers z1 & z2 will be
the reflection points for the straight line α z + α z + r = 0 if and only if ; α z + α z + r = 0 , where r is
1 2
real and α is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius ρ, if :
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and on the same side of O. (ii) OP . OQ = ρ2.
Note that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle
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z z + α z + αz + r =0 if and only if z1 z 2 + α z1 + α z 2 + r =0 .
14. PTOLEMY’S THEOREM : It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a
convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle is equal to the sum of the lengths of the two pairs of
its opposite sides. i.e. z1 − z3 z2 − z4 = z1 − z2 z3 − z4 + z1 − z4 z2 − z3.
15. LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX QUANTITY :
1  β
(i) Loge (α + i β) = Loge (α² + β²) + i  2nπ + tan −1  where n ∈ I.
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2  α
 π
− 2 nπ+ 
(ii) ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e  2
, n ∈ I.
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi
2
 1 + 2i 
2
−1
 4i 3 − i 
  3 + 2i 3 − 2i (2 + i )2 (2 − i )2
(a)   (b) −i (9 + 6 i) (2 − i) (c)  
(d) + (e) −
 2+i   2i + 1  2 − 5i 2 + 5i 2−i 2+i
Q.2 Given that x , y ∈ R, solve : (a) (x + 2y) + i (2x − 3y) = 5 − 4i (b) (x + iy) + (7 − 5i) = 9 + 4i
(c) x² − y² − i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x² − (3 − 2i) y = 2x − 3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy − 3x²)i = 4y² − (x2/2) + (3xy − 2y²)i
Q.3 Find the square root of : (a) 9 + 40 i (b) −11 − 60 i (c) 50 i
SUHAAG
If f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 − x + 4, find f ( – 5 + 4i)
THS BY SUHAA
Q.4 (a)
(b) If g (x) = x4 − x3 + x2 + 3x − 5, find g(2 + 3i)
Q.5 Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition z + 3 − 3 i = 3 , find the number having the
least positive argument.
Q.6 Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b ∈ R.
MATHS
(a) ix2 − 3x − 2i = 0 (b) 2 (1 + i) x2 − 4 (2 − i) x − 5 − 3 i = 0
Q.7 Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
CLASSES,, MA
2 2 z−3
(a) z + 1 − 2i = 7 ; (b) z − 1 + z + 1 = 4 ; (c) = 3 ; (d) z − 3 = z − 6
z+3
O CLASSES
Q.8 If a & b are real numbers between 0 & 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi & z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find the values of 'a' and 'b'.
Q.9 For what real values of x & y are the numbers − 3 + ix2 y & x2 + y + 4i conjugate complex?
TEKO
Q.10 Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
TEK
2+i
(i) 6 (cos 310° − i sin 310°) (ii) −2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) (iii)
4 i + (1 + i) 2
x y
Q.11 If (x + iy)1/3 = a + bi ; prove that 4 (a2 − b2) = + .
a b
a + ib a 2 + b2
Q.12(a) If = p + qi , prove that p2 + q2 = 2 2 .
c + id c +d
(b) Let z1, z2, z3 be the complex numbers such that
z1 + z2 + z3 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = 0. Prove that | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |.
1+ z + z2
Q.13 Let z be a complex number such that z ∈ c\R and ∈ R, then prove that | z | =1.
1 − z + z2
( )(
Q.14 Prove the identity, | 1 − z1z 2 | − | z1 − z 2 | = 1− | z1 | 1− | z 2 |2
2 2 2
)
Q.15
2 2
For any two complex numbers, prove that z1 + z 2 + z1 − z 2 = 2 z1 + z 2 . Also give the [ 2 2
]
geometrical interpretation of this identity.
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Q.16 (a) Find all non−zero complex numbers Z satisfying Z = i Z².
(b) If the complex numbers z1, z2, .................zn lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 then show that
|z1 + z2 + ..............+zn| = |z1–1+ z2–1+................+zn–1| .
Q.17 Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, | z – 4 | + | z + 4 | = 16.
Q.18 If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :

(a) (1 + ω − ω²)3 − (1− ω + ω²)3 = 0 (b) (1 − ω + ω²)5 + (1+ ω − ω²)5 = 32
(c) If ω is the cube root of unity, Find the value of, (1 + 5ω2 + ω4) (1 + 5ω4 + ω2) (5ω3 + ω + ω2).
Q.19 If ω is a cube root of unity, prove that ; (i) (1 + ω − ω2)3 − (1 − ω + ω2)3
a + bω + cω 2
(ii) = ω2 (iii) (1 − ω) (1 − ω2) (1 − ω4) (1 − ω8) = 9
c + aω + bω 2
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Q.20 If x = a + b ; y = aω + bω2 ; z = aω2 + bω, show that
(i) xyz = a3 + b3 (ii) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab (iii) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3)
1 1+ i + w2 w2
Q.21 If (w ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity then 1 − i −1 w 2 −1 =
− i − i + w −1 −1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) i (D) w
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Q.22(a) (1 + w) = A + Bw where w is the imaginary cube root of a unity and A, B ∈ R, find the ordered pair
7
(A, B).
(b) The value of the expression ;
1. (2 − w) (2 − w²) + 2. (3 − w) (3 − w²) + ............. + (n − 1) . (n − w) (n − w²), where w is an
imaginary cube root of unity is ________.
n +1 nπ
Q.23 If n ∈ N, prove that (1 + i)n + (1 − i)n = 2 2 . cos .
2n
4
 2πk 2πk 
Q.24 Show that the sum ∑k =1
 sin
 2n + 1
− i cos  simplifies to a pure imaginary number.
2n + 1
a  n
Q.25 If x = cos θ + i sin θ & 1 + 1 − a 2 = na, prove that 1 + a cos θ = (1 + nx)  1 +  .
2n  x
SUHAAG
Q.26 The number t is real and not an integral multiple of π/2. The complex number x1 and x2 are the roots of
THS BY SUHAA
the equation, tan2(t) · x2 + tan (t) · x + 1 = 0
 2 nπ 
Show that (x1)n + (x2)n = 2 cos  cotn(t).
 3 
EXER CISE-1
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi : MATHS
CLASSES,, MA
2
 4i 3 − i  3 + 2i 3 − 2i
(b)  
O CLASSES
(a) −i (9 + 6 i) (2 − i)−1  (c) +

 2i + 1  2 − 5i 2 + 5i
(d)
(2 + i )2 −
(2 − i )2 (e) i + − i
2−i 2+i
TEKO
Q.2 Find the modulus , argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
TEK
 10π   10π 
(i) z = 1 + cos   + i sin  9  (ii) (tan1 – i)2
 9   
i −1
(iii) z = 5 + 12i + 5 − 12i (iv)  2π  2π
5 + 12i − 5 − 12i i 1 − cos  + sin
 5  5
Q.3 Given that x, y ∈ R, solve :
x y 5 + 6i
(a) (x + 2y) + i (2x − 3y) = 5 − 4i (b) + =
1 + 2i 3 + 2i 8i − 1
(c) x² − y² − i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x² − (3 − 2i) y = 2x − 3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy − 3x²)i = 4y² − (x2/2) + (3xy − 2y²)i
Q.4(a) Let Z is complex satisfying the equation, z2 – (3 + i)z + m + 2i = 0, where m ∈ R.
Suppose the equation has a real root, then find the value of m.
(b) a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial, P(Z) = 2Z4 + aZ3 + bZ2 + cZ + 3
If two roots of the equation P(Z) = 0 are 2 and i, then find the value of 'a'.
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Q.5(a) Find the real values of x & y for which z1 = 9y2 − 4 − 10 i x and
z2 = 8y2 − 20 i are conjugate complex of each other.
(b) Find the value of x4 − x3 + x2 + 3x − 5 if x = 2 + 3i
Q.6 Solve the following for z : (a) z2 – (3 – 2 i)z = (5i – 5) (b) z+ z = 2 + i
Q.7(a) If i Z3 + Z2 − Z + i = 0, then show that | Z | = 1.

z1 − 2z 2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that = 1 and | z2 | ≠ 1, find | z1 |.
2 − z1z 2
z − z1 π
(c) Let z1 = 10 + 6i & z2 = 4 + 6i. If z is any complex number such that the argument of, is , then
z − z2 4
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prove that z − 7 − 9i= 3 2 .
Q.8 Show that the product,
  1+i    1+i     1+i     1+i  
2 22 2n
 
1+ 2  1+ 2   1+ 2  ......1+ 2   is equal to  1 − 1n  (1+ i) where n ≥ 2 .
       


 
 
  22 
Q.9 Let a & b be complex numbers (which may be real) and let,
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Z = z3 + (a + b + 3i) z2 + (ab + 3 ia + 2 ib − 2) z + 2 abi − 2a.
(i) Show that Z is divisible by, z + b + i. (ii) Find all complex numbers z for which Z = 0.
(iii) Find all purely imaginary numbers a & b when z = 1 + i and Z is a real number.
Q.10 Interpret the following locii in z ∈ C.
 z + 2i 
(a) 1 < z − 2i < 3 (b) Re   ≤ 4 (z ≠ 2i)
iz +2
(c) Arg (z + i) − Arg (z − i) = π/2 (d) Arg (z − a) = π/3 where a = 3 + 4i.
Q.11 Prove that the complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle
2π/3 if z12 + z 22 + z1 z 2 = 0 .
Q.12 P is a point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that ∠ POQ = ∠ QOR = θ. If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2 θ = Z1 . Z3 cos² θ.
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
Q.13 Let z1, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t1, t2, t3 are non-negative real numbers
such that t1 + t2 + t3 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3 lies inside a triangle with
vertices z1, z2, z3 or on its boundry.
Q.14 If a CiS α , b CiS β , c CiS γ represent three distinct collinear points in an Argand's plane, then prove
the following :
MATHS
(i) Σ ab sin (α − β) = 0.
(ii) (a CiS α) b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos( β − γ) ± (b CiS β) a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos(α − γ ) CLASSES,, MA
∓ (c CiS γ) a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos(α − β) = 0.

O CLASSES
Q.15 Find all real values of the parameter a for which the equation
(a − 1)z4 − 4z2 + a + 2 = 0 has only pure imaginary roots.
Q.16 Let A ≡ z1 ; B ≡ z2; C ≡ z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute angled triangle.
TEKO
If the origin ‘O’ is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
TEK
z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1
hence show that the ∆ ABC is a right angled triangle ⇔ z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1 = 0
Q.17 If the complex number P(w) lies on the standard unit circle in an Argand's plane and
z = (aw+ b)(w – c)–1 then, find the locus of z and interpret it. Given a, b, c are real.
Q.18(a) Without expanding the determinant at any stage , find K∈ R such that
4i 8 + i 4 + 3i
− 8 + i 16i i has purely imaginary value.
− 4 + Ki i 8i
(b) If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle
e −2iA e iC e iB
iC − 2iB
D= e e e iA where i = −1 then find the value of D.
20 of 38
e iB e iA e −2iC
Q.19 If w is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1 − w + w2) (1 − w2 + w4) (1 − w4 + w8) ..... to 2n factors = 22n .
(b) If w is a complex cube root of unity, find the value of
(1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) ..... to n factors .
 1 + sin θ + i cos θ 
n
 nπ   nπ 
Q.20 Prove that   = cos  2 − nθ  + i sin  2 − nθ  . Hence deduce that
 1 + sin θ − i cos θ     
5 5
 π π  π π
 1 + sin + i cos  + i 1 + sin − i cos  = 0
 5 5  5 5
Q.21 If cos (α − β) + cos (β − γ) + cos (γ − α) = − 3/2 then prove that :
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(a) Σ cos 2α = 0 = Σ sin 2α (b) Σ sin (α + β) = 0 = Σ cos (α + β) (c) Σ sin2 α = Σ cos2 α = 3/2
(d) Σ sin 3α = 3 sin (α + β + γ) (e) Σ cos 3α = 3 cos (α + β + γ)
(f) cos3 (θ + α) + cos3 (θ + β) + cos3 (θ + γ) = 3 cos (θ + α) . cos (θ + β) . cos (θ + γ) where θ ∈ R.
π
Q.22 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that : 4·sin π ·cos = 1.
10 5
Q.23 If x = 1+ i 3 ; y = 1 − i 3 & z = 2 , then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.
Q.24 If the expression z5 – 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real coefficients as
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(z5 – 32) = (z – 2)(z2 – pz + 4)(z2 – qz + 4) then find the value of (p2 + 2p).
Q.25(a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the sets defined by
A = {z | | z | ≤ 2} and B = {z | (1 – i)z + (1 + i) z ≥ 4}. Find the area of the region A ∩ B.
1
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) = , where i = − 1 . If there exist real number
x −i
a, b, c and d for which f (a), f (b), f (c) and f (d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.
EXER CISE-2
EXERCISE-2
p q r
Q.1 If q r p = 0 ; where p , q , r are the moduli of non−zero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
r p q
2
w  w − u
prove that, arg = arg   .
v  v− u 
Q.2 The equation x3 = 9 + 46i where i = − 1 has a solution of the form a + bi where a and b are integers.
MATHS
Find the value of (a3 + b3).
Q.3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes in the
CLASSES,, MA
− Im( z)
Argand’s plane. Further show that |z| =
O CLASSES
2 Re( z) Im( z) + 1
Q.4 If ω is the fifth root of 2 and x = ω + ω , prove that x5 = 10x2 + 10x + 6.
2
Q.5 Prove that , with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip′) z + q + iq′ = 0
where p , p′, q , q′ are all real.
TEKO
(i) if the equation has one real root then q ′2 − pp ′ q ′ + qp ′2 = 0 .

TEK
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p2 − p′2 = 4q & pp ′ = 2q ′.
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
Q.6 If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a) ∑ Re(Zr ) and (b) ∑ Im(Zr )
r =1 r =1
Q.7 Find the roots of the equation Zn = (Z + 1)n and show that the points which represent them are collinear
on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of the equation
2 2
 mπ  2  mπ 
 2 sin  Z +  2 sin  Z + 1 = 0.
 n   n 
Q.8 Dividing f(z) by z − i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z² + 1.
Q.9 Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that :
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z1 + z2 ≥
1
(| z1 | + | z 2 | ) z1 + z 2 .
2 | z1 | | z 2 |
Q.10 If Zr, r = 1, 2, 3, ......... 2m, m ε N are the roots of the equation
2m
1
Z2m + Z2m-1 + + ............. + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that r∑=1 Z − 1 = − m
Z2m-2
r
Q.11 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x² + .... + Cn xn (n ∈ N), prove that :
1  n −1 nπ 1  n −1 nπ
(a) C0 + C4 + C8 + .... = 2 + 2 n / 2 cos (b) C1 + C5 + C9 + .... = 2 + 2 n / 2 sin
2  4  2  4 
1  n −1 nπ 1  n −1 nπ
(c) C2 + C6 + C10 + ..... = 2 − 2 n / 2 cos (d) C3 + C7 + C11 + .... = 2 − 2 n / 2 sin
4  4 
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2  2 
1  nπ
(e) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + ........ = 2 n + 2 cos 
3  3 
Q.12 Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A , B , C , D respectively of a square on the Argand diagram
taken in anticlockwise direction then prove that :
(i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1− i)z3 & (ii) 2z4 = (1− i) z1 + (1 + i) z3
n
Q.13 Show that all the roots of the equation  1 + i x  = 1 + i a a ∈ R are real and distinct.
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

 1 − i x 1 − ia
Q.14 Prove that:
x  n + 2
(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + ..... + nCn cos (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . cos   x
2  2 
x  n + 2
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + ..... + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . sin   x
2  2 
 2π   4π   6π   2nπ  1
(c) cos   + cos   + cos   + ..... + cos   = − When n ∈ N.
 2 n + 1  2 n + 1  2 n + 1  2 n + 1 2
Q.15 Show that all roots of the equation a0zn + a1zn – 1 + ...... + an – 1z + an = n,
n −1
where | ai | ≤ 1, i = 0, 1, 2, .... , n lie outside the circle with centre at the origin and radius .
SUHAAG
n
THS BY SUHAA
Q.16 The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to ( π − α) . Show that
α
2
(z2 − z3)² = 4 (z3 − z1) (z1 − z2) sin2 .
2
MATHS
2 2 2
A1
A2 An
Q.17 Show that the equation + + ...... + = k has no imaginary root, given that: CLASSES,, MA
x − a1 x − a 2 x − an
a1 , a2 , a3 .... an & A1, A2, A3 ..... An, k are all real numbers.
O CLASSES
a b c
Q.18 Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such that = = = k. Find the value of k.
1− b 1− c 1− a
Q.19 Let α, β be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
TEKO
TEK
2 2
z − α + z − β = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the circle.
Q.20 C is the complex number. f : C → R is defined by f (z) = | z3 – z + 2|. What is the maximum value of f on
the unit circle | z | = 1?
Q.21 Let f (x) = logcos 3x (cos 2 i x ) if x ≠ 0 and f (0) = K (where i = − 1 ) is continuous at x = 0 then find
the value of K. Use of L Hospital’s rule or series expansion not allowed.
Q.22 If z1 , z2 are the roots of the equation az2 + bz + c = 0, with a, b, c > 0 ; 2b2 > 4ac > b2 ;
z1 ∈ third quadrant ; z2 ∈ second quadrant in the argand's plane then, show that
1/ 2
 z1   b2 
arg  z  = 2cos–1  

 2 4 ac
22 of 38
 
Q.23 Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number
(1 + i) z2 is positive where z = x + iy , x, y ∈ R and i = −1 .
Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + ib)3 – 107i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d ∈ R) has 4 non real roots, two with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of 'b'.
EXER CISE-3
EXERCISE-3
98930 58881
p
32  10  2qπ 2qπ  
Q.1 Evaluate: ∑ (3 p + 2)  ∑  sin 11 − i cos 11   . [REE '97, 6]
p =1  q =1 
Q.2(a) Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0 , where the co−efficients p and q may be
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If ∠AOB = α ≠ 0 and
α
OA = OB, where O is the origin . Prove that p2 = 4 q cos2   . [JEE '97 , 5]
 2
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

n −1
2kπ n
(b) Prove that ∑ (n − k) cos
n
=−
2
where n ≥ 3 is an integer . [JEE '97, 5]
k =1
Q.3(a) If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + ω − ω2)7 equals
(A) 128ω (B) − 128ω (C) 128ω2 (D) − 128ω2
∑ (i n + i n+1 )
13
(b) The value of the sum , where i = −1 , equals
n =1
(A) i (B) i − 1 (C) − i (D) 0 [JEE' 98, 2 + 2 ]
Q.4 Find all the roots of the equation (3z − 1)4 + (z − 2)4 = 0 in the simplified form of a + ib.
[REE ’98, 6 ]
334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
SUHAAG
Q.5(a) If i = −1 , then 4 + 5  − +  +3  − +  is equal to :
2  2 
THS BY SUHAA
 2  2
(A) 1 − i 3 (B) − 1 + i 3 (C) i 3 (D) − i 3
2 2
(b) For complex numbers z & ω, prove that, z ω − ω z = z − ω if and only if,
z = ω or z ω = 1 [JEE '99, 2 + 10 (out of 200)]
MATHS
2πi 20
Q.6 If α = e 7 and f(x) = A0 + ∑ Ak xk, then find the value of, CLASSES,, MA
k =1
f(x) + f(α x) + ...... + f(α6x) independent of α . [REE '99, 6]
O CLASSES
 1 1 1 
Q.7(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that z1 = z2 = z3 =  + +  = 1, then
 z1 z 2 z 3 
z1 + z2 + z3 is :
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3 (D) equal to 3
TEKO
TEK
(b) If arg (z) < 0 , then arg (− z) − arg (z) =

π π
(A) π (B) − π (C) − (D)
2 2
[ JEE 2000 (Screening) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
2π 2π
Q.8 Given , z = cos 2 n + 1 + i sin , 'n' a positive integer, find the equation whose roots are,
−
2n + 1 2
α = z + z + ...... + z
3 2n 1 & β = z + z4 + ...... + z2n .
[ REE 2000 (Mains) 3 out of 100 ]
z1 − z 3 1 − i 3
Q.9(a) The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying = are the vertices of a triangle which is
z2 − z3 2
(A) of area zero (B) right-angled isosceles
(C) equilateral (D) obtuse – angled isosceles
(b) Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1 (B) 4k + 2 (C) 4k + 3 (D) 4k
23 of 38
[ JEE 2001 (Scr) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
Q.10 Find all those roots of the equation z12 – 56z6 – 512 = 0 whose imaginary part is positive.
[ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
1 1 1
1 3
Q.11(a) Let ω = − + i . Then the value of the determinant 1 −1 − ω ω 2 is

2
2 2
1 ω2 ω4
(A) 3ω (B) 3ω (ω – 1) (C) 3ω2 (D) 3ω(1 – ω)
(b) For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and |z2 – 3 – 4i| = 5, the minimum value of
|z1 – z2| is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 17
98930 58881
[JEE 2002 (Scr) 3+3]
(c) Let a complex number α , α ≠ 1, be a root of the equation
zp+q – zp – zq + 1 = 0 where p, q are distinct primes.
Show that either 1 + α + α2 + ...... + αp–1 = 0 or 1 + α + α2 + ...... + αq–1 = 0 , but not both together.
[JEE 2002, (5) ]
1 − z1 z 2
Q.12(a) If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1 | < 1 < | z2 | then prove that < 1.
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

z1 − z 2
1 n
(b) Prove that there exists no complex number z such that | z | <
3
and ∑ a r zr = 1 where | ar | < 2.
r =1
[JEE-03, 2 + 2 out of 60]
Q.13(a) ω is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1 + ω2)m = (1 + ω4)m , then least positive integral value of m is
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
[JEE 2004 (Scr)]
( z − α)
(b) Find centre and radius of the circle determined by all complex numbers z = x + i y satisfying =k,
(z − β)
where α = α1 + iα 2 , β = β1 + iβ 2 are fixed complex and k ≠ 1. [JEE 2004, 2 out of 60 ]
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
Q.14(a) The locus of z which lies in shaded region is best represented by
(A) z : |z + 1| > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < π/4
(B) z : |z - 1| > 2, |arg(z – 1)| < π/4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < π/2
MATHS
(D) z : |z - 1| < 2, |arg(z - 1)| < π/2
(b) If a, b, c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of unity (w ≠ 1), then the minimum value of
CLASSES,, MA
|a + bw + cw2| is O CLASSES
3 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 2
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3 + 3]
(c) If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z – 1| = 2 is 2 + 3 i . Find the other
TEKO
vertices of square. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]

TEK
w − wz
Q.15 If w = α + iβ where β ≠ 0 and z ≠ 1, satisfies the condition that is purely real, then the set of
1− z
values of z is
(A) {z : | z | = 1} (B) {z : z = z ) (C) {z : z ≠ 1} (D) {z : | z | = 1, z ≠ 1}
[JEE 2006, 3]
ANSWER KEY
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
7 24 21 12 22
Q.1 (a) + i; (b) − i; (c) 3 + 4i; (d) − 8 + 0i; (e) i
25 25 5 5 29 5
 2 2  5 3K
Q.2 (a) x =1, y = 2; (b) (2, 9); (c) (−2 , 2) or  − 3 , − 3  ; (d) (1 ,1) 0 ,  (e) x = K, y = , K∈R
 2 2
Q.3 (a) ± (5 + 4i) ; (b) ± (5 − 6i) (c) ± 5(1 + i) (a) −160 ; (b) − (77 +108 i)
Q.4
3 3 3 3 − 5i 1+ i
24 of 38
Q.5 – + i Q.6 (a) − i , − 2i (b) or −
2 2 2 2
Q.7 (a) on a circle of radius 7 with centre (−1, 2) ; (b) on a unit circle with centre at origin
(c) on a circle with centre (−15/4, 0) & radius 9/4 ; (d) a straight line
Q.8 a=b=2− 3; Q.9 x = 1, y = − 4 or x = − 1, y = − 4
5π 5π
Q.10 (i) Modulus = 6 , Arg = 2 k π + (K ∈ I) , Principal Arg = (K ∈ I)
18 18
7π 5π
(ii) Modulus = 2 , Arg = 2 k π + , Principal Arg = −
6 6
5
(iii) Modulus = , Arg = 2 k π − tan−1 2 (K ∈ I) , Principal Arg = − tan−12
6
98930 58881
3 i 3 i x 2 y2
Q.16 (a) − , − − ,i ; Q.17 + = 1 ; Q.18 (c) 64 ; Q.21 A
2 2 2 2 64 48
 n (n + 1) 
2
Q.22 (a) (1, 1) ; (b)   −n

 2 
EXER CISE-1
EXERCISE-1
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

21 12 8 22
Q.1 (a) − i (b) 3 + 4 i (c) − +0i (d) i (e) + 2 + 0 i or 0 ± 2 i
5 5 29 5
4π 4π 4π
Q.2 (i) Principal Arg z = − ; z = 2 cos ; Arg z = 2 k π − k∈I
9 9 9
(ii) Modulus = sec 1 , Arg = 2 n π + (2 – π ) , Principal Arg = (2 – π )
2
π 3 π 2
(iii) Principal value of Agr z = − & z = ; Principal value of Arg z = & z =
2 2 2 3
1 π 11π 11π
(iv) Modulus = cos ec , Arg z = 2nπ + , Principal Arg =
2 5 20 20
 2 2  5 3K
Q.3(a) x = 1, y = 2; (b) x = 1 & y = 2 ; (c) (−2 , 2) or  − 3 , − 3  ; (d) (1 ,1)  0 ,  ; (e) x =K, y = K∈R
 2 2
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
Q.4 (a) 2, (b) – 11/2 Q.5 (a) [(− 2, 2) ; (− 2, − 2)] (b) − (77 +108 i)
3 + 4i
Q.6 (a) z = (2 + i) or (1 – 3i); (b) z =
4
Q.7 (b) 2
 2 ti   5
(ii) z = − (b + i) ; − 2 i , − a − , ti  where t ∈ R −  − 
MATHS
Q.9 (iii)
 3t + 5   3
Q.10 (a) The region between the co encentric circles with centre at (0 , 2) & radii 1 & 3 units CLASSES,, MA
1 1
(b) region outside or on the circle with centre + 2i and radius .
O CLASSES
2 2
(c) semi circle (in the 1st & 4th quadrant) x² + y² = 1 (d) a ray emanating from the point
(3 + 4i) directed away from the origin & having equation 3 x − y + 4 − 3 3 = 0
Q.15 [−3 , −2] Q.17 (1 – c2) | z |2 – 2(a + bc) (Re z) + a2 – b2 = 0
TEKO
TEK
Q.18 (a) K = 3 , (b) – 4 Q.19 (b) one if n is even ; − w² if n is odd

Q.22 (Z + 1) (Z² − 2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z² − 2Z cos 108° + 1) Q.24 4
Q.25 (a) π – 2 ; (b) 1/2
EXER CISE-2
EXERCISE-2
7 iz 1
Q.2 35 Q.6 (a) – , (b) zero Q.8 + +i Q.18 – ω or – ω2
2 2 2
1 2
Q.19 k > α − β Q.20 | f (z) | is maximum when z = ω, where ω is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
2
4
Q.21 K = –
9
Q.23 required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the straight lines
y = ( 2 − 1) x and y + ( 2 + 1) x = 0 containing the x − axis
25 of 38
Q.24 198 Q.25 51
EXER CISE-3
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 48(1 − i) Q.3 (a) D (b) B

(29 + 20 2 ) + i(±15 + 25 2 ) (29 − 20 2 ) + i(±15 − 25 2 )
Q.4 Z= , Q.5 (a) C
82 82
sin 2 n θ 2π
Q.6 7 A0 + 7 A7 x7 + 7 A14 x14 Q.7 (a) A (b) A Q.8 z2 +z+ = 0, where θ =
sin 2 θ 2n + 1
98930 58881
Q.9 (a) C, (b) D Q.10 +1 + i 3 ,
(± 3+i ), 2i Q.11 (a) B ; (b) B
2
Q.13
k 2β − α
(a) D ; (b) Centre ≡2
k −1
, Radius = 2
1
(k − 1)
(
| α − k 2β | 2 − k 2 . | β | 2 − | α | 2 . k 2 − 1 )( )
(
Q.14 (a) A, (b) B, (c) z2 = – 3 i ; z3 = 1 − 3 + i ; z4 = 1 + 3 − i ) (
Q.15 D )
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

EXER CISE-4
EXERCISE-4
Part : (A) Only one correct option
z −1
1. If |z| = 1 and ω = (where z ≠ –1), the Re(ω) is [IIT – 2003, 3]
z +1
1 z 1 2
(A) 0 (B) − 2 (C) z + 1 . 2 (D)
| z + 1| | z + 1| | z + 1 |2
2. The locus of z which lies in shaded region (excluding the boundaries) is best represented by
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
[IIT – 2005, 3]
MATHS
(A) z : |z + 1| > 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < π/4 (B) z : |z – 1| > 2 and |arg (z – 1)| < π/4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < π/2 (D) z : |z – 1| < 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < π/2 CLASSES,, MA
 w − wz 
If w = α, + iβ, where β ≠ 0 and z ≠ 1, satisfies the condition that   is purely real, then the set of
O CLASSES
3.
 1− z 
values of z is [IIT – 2006, (3, –1)]
(A) {z : |z| = 1} (B) {z : z = z } (C) {z : z ≠ 1} (D) {z : |z| = 1, z ≠1}
4. If ( 3 + i)100 = 299 (a + ib), then b is equal to
TEKO
(A) 3 (B) (C) 1 (D) none of these

TEK
2
 z − 8i 
5. If Re   = 0, then z lies on the curve
 z+6
(A) x2 + y2 + 6x – 8y = 0 (B) 4x – 3y + 24 = 0 (C) 4ab (D) none of these
n1 3 n1 5 n2 7 n2
6. If n1, n2 are positive integers then : (1 + i) + (1 + i ) + (1 − i ) + (1 − i ) is a real number if and only if
(A) n1 = n2 + 1 (B) n1 + 1 = n2
(C) n1 = n2 (D) n1, n2 are any two positive integers
7. The three vertices of a triangle are represented by the complex numbers, 0, z1 and z2. If the triangle is
equilateral, then
(A) z12 – z22 = z1z2 (B) z22 – z12 = z1 z2 (C) z12 + z22 = z1z2 (D) z12 + z22 + z1z2 = 0
5 2
 n 1 
8. If x – x + 1 = 0 then the value of
2
∑
n =1
 x + n  is
 x 
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) none of these
5
9. If α is nonreal and α = 1 then the value of 2|1 + α + α 2 + α −2 − α −1| is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) none of these
( )
26 of 38
x y
10. If z = x + iy and z1/3 = a − ib then − = k a 2 − b 2 where k =
a b
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
6 6 5 5
 −1 + i 3   −1 − i 3   −1 + i 3   −1 − i 3 
11.   +  +  +  is equal to :
 2   2   2   2 
(A) 1 (B) − 1 (C) 2 (D) none

12. Expressed in the form r (cos θ + i sin θ), − 2 + 2i becomes :
  π 
 π   3π   3π  
(A) 2 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   (B) 2 2  cos   + i sin   
  4
 4  4   4 
  3π   3π     π  π 
98930 58881
(C) 2 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   (D) 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  4  4    4  4
13. The number of solutions of the equation in z, z z - (3 + i) z - (3 - i) z - 6 = 0 is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
14. If |z| = max {|z – 1|, |z + 1|} then
1
(A) |z + z | = (B) z + z = 1 (C) |z + z | = 1 (D) none of these
2
15. If P, P′ represent the complex number z1 and its additive inverse respectively then the complex equation of
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

the circle with PP′ as a diameter is
z  z1 
(A) z =   (B) z z + z1 z1 = 0 (C) z z1 + z z1 = 0 (D) none of these
1  z
16. The points z1 = 3 + 3 i and z2 = 2 3 + 6 i are given on a complex plane. The complex number lying
on the bisector of the angle formed by the vectors z1 and z 2 is :
(3 + 2 3 ) 3 +2
(A) z = + i (B) z = 5 + 5 i
2 2
(C) z = − 1 − i (D) none
n
 1 + i tan α  1 + i tan n α
17. The expression   − when simplified reduces to :
 1 − i tan α  1 − i tan n α
(A) zero (B) 2 sin n α (C) 2 cos n α (D) none
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
18. All roots of the equation, (1 + + =0: z)6 z6
(A) lie on a unit circle with centre at the origin (B)lie on a unit circle with centre at (− 1, 0)
(C) lie on the vertices of a regular polygon with centre at the origin (D) are collinear
19. Points z1 & z2 are adjacent vertices of a regular octagon. The vertex z3 adjacent to z 2 (z3 ≠ z1) is
represented by :
1 1
MATHS
(A) z2 + (1 ± i) (z1 + z2) (B) z2 + (1 ± i) (z1 − z2)
2 2
1 CLASSES,, MA
(C) z2 + (1 ± i) (z2 − z1) (D) none of these
2
O CLASSES
20. If z = x + i y then the equation of a straight line Ax + By + C = 0 where A, B, C ∈ R, can be written on

the complex plane in the form a z + a z + 2 C = 0 where 'a' is equal to :
(A + i B) A − iB
(A) (B) (C) A + i B (D) none
2 2
TEKO
The points of intersection of the two curves z − 3 = 2 and z = 2 in an argand plane are:
TEK
21.
(A)
1
2
(
7±i 3 ) (B)
1
2
(
3±i 7 ) (C)
3
2
±i
7
2
(D)
7
2
±i
3
2
22. The equation of the radical axis of the two circles represented by the equations,
z − 2 = 3 and z − 2 − 3 i = 4 on the complex plane is :
(A) 3iz – 3i z – 2 = 0 (B) 3iz – 3i z + 2 = 0 (C) iz – i z + 1 = 0 (D) 2iz – 2i z + 3 = 0
r
23. If Π eipθ = 1 where Π denotes the continued product, then the most general value of θ is :
p=1
2n π 2n π 4n π 4n π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r (r − 1) r (r + 1) r (r − 1) r (r + 1)
24. The set of values of a ∈ R for which x2 + i(a – 1) x + 5 = 0 will have a pair of conjugate imaginary roots is
(A) R (B) {1} (C) |a| a2 – 2a + 21 > 0} (D) none of these
25. If |z1 – 1| < 1, |z2 – 2| < 2, |z3 – 3| < 3 then |z1 + z2 + z3|
(A) is less than 6 (B) is more than 3
(C) is less than 12 (D) lies between 6 and 12
27 of 38
26. If z1, z2, z3, ........., zn lie on the circle |z| = 2, then the value of
1 1 1
E = |z1 + z 2 + ..... + zn | – 4 z + z + ....... + z is
1 2 n
(A) 0 (B) n (C) –n (D) none of these
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
27. If z1 lies on |z| = 1 and z2 lies on |z| = 2, then

(A) 3 ≤ |z1 – 2z2| ≤ 5 (B) 1 ≤ |z 1 + z2| ≤ 3
(C) |z1 – 3z2| ≥ 5 (D) |z1 – z2| ≥ 1
28. If z1, z2, z3, z4 are root of the equation a0z4 + z1z3 + z2z2 + z3z + z4 = 0, where a0, a1, a2, a3 and a4 are real,
then
(A) z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 are also roots of the equation (B) z1 is equal to at least one of z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4
(C) – z1 ,– z 2 , – z3 , – z 4 are also roots of the equation (D) none of these
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29. If a3 + b 3 + 6 abc = 8 c3 & ω is a cube root of unity then :
(A) a, c, b are in A.P. (B) a, c, b are in H.P.
(C) a + bω − 2 cω2 = 0 (D) a + bω2 − 2 cω = 0
30. The points z1, z2, z 3 on the complex plane are the vertices of an equilateral triangle if and only if :
(A) Σ (z1 − z2 ) (z2 − z3) = 0 (B) z12 + z 22 + z3 2 = 2 (z1 z2 + z 2 z3 + z3 z1 )
(C) z12 + z 22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z 2 z3 + z3 z1 (D) 2 (z12 + z 22 + z 32) = z 1 z2 + z 2 z3 + z 3 z1
31. If |z1 + z2| = |z1 – z2| then
G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

π
(A) |amp z1 – amp z2| = (B) | amp z1 – amp2| = π
2
z1 z1
(C) z is purely real (D) z is purely imaginary
2 2
EXER CISE-5
EXERCISE-5
1. Given that x, y ∈ R, solve : 4x² + 3xy + (2xy − 3x²)i = 4y² − (x 2/2) + (3xy − 2y²)i
2. If α & β are any two complex numbers, prove that :
α− α 2 − β2 + α + α 2 − β2 = α + β + α − β .
SUHAAG
3. If α, β are the numbers between 0 and 1, such that the points z1 = α + i, z2 = 1 + βi and z3 = 0 form an
THS BY SUHAA
equilateral triangle, then find α and β.
4. ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC. If the points D
and M represent the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 - i respectively, then find the complex number corresponding
to A.
5. Show that the sum of the pth powers of nth roots of unity :
(a) is zero, when p is not a multiple of n. (b) is equal to n, when p is a multiple of n.
MATHS
6. If (1 + x)n = p 0 + p1 x + p2 x2 + p3 x3 +......., then prove that :
nπ nπ CLASSES,, MA
(a) p0 − p2 + p4 −....... = 2n/2 cos (b) p1 − p 3 + p5 −....... = 2n/2 sin
4 4
O CLASSES
 1  1 θ  π θ
7. Prove that, loge   = loge  cosec  + i  − 
 1 − ei θ  2 2  2 2
i ....... ∞
If i i
TEKO
8. = A + i B, principal values only being considered, prove that

TEK
1 B
(a) tan πA = (b) A2 + B 2 = e − π B
2 A
1  r π
9. Prove that the roots of the equation, (x - 1)n = xn are 1 + i cot  , where
2  r 
r = 0, 1, 2,....... (n − 1) & n ∈ N.
10. If cos (α − β) + cos (β − γ) + cos (γ − α) = − 3/2 then prove that :
(a) Σ cos 2α = 0 = Σ sin 2α (b) Σ sin (α + β) = 0 = Σ cos (α + β)
(c) Σ sin 3α = 3 sin (α + β + γ) (d) Σ cos 3 α = 3 cos (α + β + γ)
(e) Σ sin2 α = Σ cos2 α = 3/2
(f) cos3 (θ + α) + cos3 (θ + β) + cos3 (θ + γ) = 3 cos (θ + α). cos (θ + β). cos ( θ + γ)
where θ ∈ R.
11. If α, β, γ are roots of x3 − 3 x2 + 3 x + 7 = 0 (and ω is imaginary cube root of unity), then find the value
α −1 β −1 γ −1
of + + .
28 of 38
β −1 γ −1 α −1
z−2
12. Given that, |z − 1| = 1, where ' z ' is a point on the argand plane. Show that = i tan (arg z).
z
13. P is a point on the Argand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that ∠ POQ = ∠ QOR = θ. If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1, Z 2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2 θ = Z1. Z3 cos² θ.

14. Find an expression for tan 7 θ in terms of tan θ , using complex numbers. By considering
tan 7θ = 0, show that x = tan2 (3 π/7) satisfies the cubic equation x3 − 21x2 + 35x − 7 = 0.
 n −1
1 nπ
15. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C 2x² +.... + Cn xn (n ∈ N), prove that : C2 + C6 + C10 +..... = 2 − 2 n / 2 cos
2 4 
 2π   4π   6π   2nπ  1
98930 58881
16. Prove that : cos   + cos   + cos   +..... + cos   = − When n ∈ N.
 2 n + 1  2 n + 1  2 n + 1  2 n + 1 2
17. Show that all the roots of the equation a1z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a4 = 3, where |ai| ≤ 1, i = 1, 2, 3, 4 lie outside the
circle with centre origin and radius 2/3.
n −1
18. Prove that ∑ (n − k ) cos 2nkπ = – n2 , where n ≥ 3 is an integer

k =1
2 2 2
A1 A2 An
+ + ...... +
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19. Show that the equation = k has no imaginary root, given that :
x − a1 x − a 2 x − an
a1, a2, a3.... a n & A1, A2, A3..... An, k are all real numbers.
20. Let z1, z 2, z3 be three distinct complex numbers satisfying, ½z1-1½ = ½z 2-1½ = ½z3-1½. Let A, B & C
be the points represented in the Argand plane corresponding to z1, z2 and z3 resp. Prove that z1 + z2 +
z3 = 3 if and only if D ABC is an equilateral triangle.
21. Let α, β be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2 2
z − α + z − β = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the
circle.
22. If 1, α1, α2, α3 ,......., αn − 1 are the n, nth roots of unity, then prove that
(1 − α1 ) (1 − α2) (1 − α3 )........ (1 − αn − 1) = n.
SUHAAG
π 2π 3π (n − 1) π n
THS BY SUHAA
Hence prove that sin . sin . sin ........ sin = n −1 .
n n n n 2
23. Find the real values of the parameter ‘a’ for which at least one complex number
z = x + iy satisfies both the equality z − ai = a + 4 and the inequality  z − 2 < 1.
24. Prove that, with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip′) z + q + iq′ = 0; where p, p′, q, q′ are all
MATHS
real.
(a) if the equation has one real root then q ′2 − pp ′ q ′ + qp ′2 = 0.
(b) if the equation has two equal roots then p2 − p′2 = 4q & pp ′ = 2q ′. CLASSES,, MA
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
O CLASSES
25. The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1, z 2, z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to (π − α ) . Show that
2
α
(z2 − z3 )² = 4 (z3 − z1 ) (z1 − z 2) sin2 .
TEKO
2
TEK
26. If z 1 , z 2 & z 3 are the affixes of three points A, B & C respectively and satisfy the condition
|z1 – z2| = |z 1| + |z 2| and |(2 - i) z1 + iz3 | = |z1| + |(1 – i) z1 + iz3| then prove that ∆ ABC in a right angled.
27. If 1, α1, α2, α3, α4 be the roots of x 5 − 1 = 0, then prove that
ω − α1 . ω − α 2 . ω − α 3 . ω − α 4 = ω.
2 2 2
ω2 − α1 ω − α 2 ω − α 3 ω − α 4
28. If one the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z – 1| = 2 is 2 + 3 i. Find the other vertices of
the square. [IIT – 2005, 4]
29 of 38
EXER CISE-4
EXERCISE-4 EXER CISE-5
EXERCISE-5
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A
5. A 6. D 7. C 8. A 3K
1. x = K, y = K∈R 3. 2 − 3, 2 − 3
2
9. A 11. D 12. A 13. B
i 3
14. D 15. D 16. A 17. B 4. 3– or 1 – i 11. 3 ω2
2 2
18. A 19. D 20. C 21. C
1
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α−β
2  21 5
22. B 23. B 24. D 25. B
21. k> 23. − , − 
2  10 6
26. C 27. A 28. ABCD 29. AB
28. –i 3,1– 3 + i, 1 + 3 –i
30. ACD 31. AC 10. AD
TEKO
TEK CLASSES,, MA
O CLASSES SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
MATHS G SIR PH: (0755)- 32 00 000,

Complex Numbers

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Topic: Complex Number

Free Study Package download from website : www.iitjeeiitjee.com, www.tekoclasses.com

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Example : Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i.

3. Equality In Complex Number:

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∴ x + iy = +(5 + 4i) or = (5 + 4i)

1. Solve for z : z = i z2 Ans. ± – i, 0, i

(b) Trignometric/Polar Representation :

NOTE : cos θ + i sin θ is also written as CiS θ or e i θ.

(d) Vectorial Representation :

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Example: Sketch the region given by

Self Practice Problems

1. Sketch the region given by

7. Conjugate of a complex Number

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(i) |z| = | z | (ii) z z = |z| 2

⇒ |z|=1 Hence proved

Self Practice Problem

Example: If arg   = then interrupter the locus.

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10. Cube Root Of Unity :

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(1 + α1) (1 + α2)....... (1 + αn − 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.

(iv) 1. α1. α2. α3......... αn − 1 = 1 or −1 according as n is odd or even.

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14. Geometrical Properties :

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(iv) Circumcentre of the ∆ ABC = :

(7) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius ρ is :

(ii) Pair of ray if θ = 0 (iii) a part of circle, if 0 < θ < π.

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Match the following columns :

then locus of z represents...

(iv) If arg  z + 2 − 5i  = , (iv) Hyperbola

(v) If | z – 1 | + | z + i | = 10 (v) Major Arc

(ii) OP. OQ = ρ2.

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∴ (cos α + i sin α)3 + (cos β + i sin β)3 + (cos γ + i sin γ)3

Let C ≡ cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0

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From equation (iii) we get

EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN BE REGARDED AS

Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

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eg. z = x 2 + y 2 &

6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE / MODULI / AMPLITUDE :

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(7) VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX :

(iii) (1 − α1) (1 − α2) ...... (1 − αn − 1) = n &

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z (z1 − z 2 )− z (z1 − z 2 )+ (z1z 2 − z1z 2 ) = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as α z + α z + r = 0

where r is real and α is a non zero complex constant.

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Q.18 If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :

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(a) −i (9 + 6 i) (2 − i)−1  (c) +

Q.7(a) If i Z3 + Z2 − Z + i = 0, then show that | Z | = 1.

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∓ (c CiS γ) a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos(α − β) = 0.

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