Paper 1

1c captial
2b tp/q
3 d aob
4 c TR
5 c MR
6 b impr cmpt
7 a self intrst
8 c or d
9 a
10 c

Type of Work

Economists study how society uses scarce resources such as land, labor, materials,
and machinery to produce goods and services. They analyze the costs and benefits of
distributing and using these goods and services. Economists do research, collect
and analyze data, look at economic trends, and develop forecasts. Their research
can focus on topics such as energy costs, inflation, prices, farm prices, taxes,
imports, or employment.

Most economists are concerned about the effective application of economic policy in
a particular area, such as finance, labor, agriculture, transportation, buildings,
the environment, natural resources, energy, or health. They use their understanding
of economic relations to advise business firms, insurance companies, banks,
security firms, industry and trade unions, trade unions, government agencies and
others. On the other hand, economists primarily working in theology can use
mathematical models to develop ideas about the causes of business cycles and
inflation, or the effects of unemployment and tax law.

Based on the study material, economists plan ways and processes to obtain the data
they need. For example, sampling techniques can be used to conduct research, and
econometric modeling techniques can be used to improve predictions. Preparing
reports is often an important part of economic activity. They can be called upon to
review and analyze all relevant information, to set tables and charts, and to
record results in clear, concise language. The ability to present economic and
mathematical concepts logically is very important for economists in their policy-
oriented research.

Economists working for government agencies examine the economic situation in the
United States and other countries and measure the economic consequences of certain
changes in public law or policy. For example, they can learn how the depreciation
of the dollar compared to other currencies affects the import and export markets.
Many government professionals specialize in agriculture, business, finance, labor,
transportation, utilities, urban economics, or international trade. Economists at
the U.S. Department of Commerce They research domestic production, distribution and
use of goods or services; those in the Federal Trade Commission prepare for
industry analysis to assist in enforcing Federal regulations designed to eliminate
unfair, deceptive, or monopoly practices in international trade; and those at the
Bureau of Labor Statistics analyze data on prices, wages, employment, productivity,
safety and health. An economist working for the government or local government can
analyze regional or local data on trade and commerce, industrial and commercial
growth, and employment and unemployment, as well as project staff trends.

Working Conditions

Economists working for the public sector and the private sector have plans. They
can work on their own and write reports, prepare math charts, and use computers and
calculators. Or they can be an important part of the research team. Most work under
the pressure of the last days and the hard times, and sometimes they have to work
overtime. Their performance may be interrupted by special data requests,
correspondence, meetings or conferences. Travel may be required to collect data or
to attend conferences.
Economics technology has flexible work schedules, and can distinguish their time
between teaching, research, consultation and management.

Hiring

Economists and marketing researchers held about 51,000 jobs in 1992. The private
sector is mainly economic and marketing research firms, management consulting
firms, banks, securities and retailers, and computer and information companies
employ 7 out of 10 top employees. The rest, especially the economists, were
employed by a variety of government agencies, especially in the State Government.
The Departments of State, Labor, Agriculture, and Trade are the main employers of
the Federal of economists. Many economists associate part-time work with government
or business and part-time or consulting professionals or otherwise.

The recruitment of economic analysts is focused on major cities for example, New
York City, Washington, D.C., and Chicago. Some economists work abroad for companies
with large international operations; of the State Department and other organs of
the U.S. Government and international organizations, including the World Bank and
the United Nations.

In addition to the activities described above, many economists held economic

positions at colleges and universities.

Training, other qualifications, and development

Bachelor of economics with a degree in economics is sufficient for a wide range of

research into entry, management, management training, and marketing activities.
Economic majors can choose from a variety of subjects, ranging from those closely
related to mathematics such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics, to
many philosophical subjects such as the history of economic thinking. Due to the
importance of numeracy skills in economists, mathematical studies, mathematics,
economics, sample theory and research design, and computer science are highly
recommended.

Interested economists can acquire the knowledge to collect and analyze data,
conduct interviews or research, and write reports on their findings while in
college. This experience may seem invaluable later in gaining a full-time position
in the industry, because their main work initially revolves around these jobs.
Beginners can also do a lot of writing work, such as copying data, editing and
writing questions, and setting up research results. With more experience,
economists are finally assigned to their research projects.

Graduate training is increasingly needed in many economic fields, as well as in

advancing positions. Economics incorporates many skills at graduation level, such
as higher economic theory, mathematical economics, economics, history of economic
thinking, global economics and labor economics. Students should choose graduate
schools that are strong in their interests. Some schools help graduate students
find internships or part-time jobs in government agencies, economics consulting
firms, financial institutions, or advertising research firms. As undergraduate
students, work experience and contacts can help in exploring career preferences and
learning about the labor market economy.

In a State Government, candidates for economic positions typically require a 21-

hour college degree in economics and 3 hours of mathematics, accounting, or
accounting. Competition is very important, however, and more education or
experience may be required for other careers.

With a career as a college lecturer in many junior colleges and other 4-year
schools, a master's degree is a minimum requirement. In most colleges and
universities, however, the Ph.D. is required for appointment as pastor. Like other
professions, the Ph.D. and extensive publication is required for both professor and
administrative term.

In government, industry, research organizations, and consulting firms, economists

with graduate degrees may often qualify for higher research and administrative
positions. Ph.D. it is necessary for senior positions in many organizations. Most
corporate and government executives have a strong economic or commercial
background.

People who consider jobs as economics should be able to work accurately with data
because most of the time is spent on data analysis. Patience and perseverance are
essential qualities because economists can spend many hours in private study and
problem solving. At the same time, they must be able to work well with others.
Economists must be purposeful and organized in their work and be able to present
their findings, orally and in writing, in a clear and understandable way. Curiosity
and curiosity are key to success in these fields, as are other areas of scientific
endeavor.
Work vision

The recruitment of economists is expected to grow at the fastest rate of all jobs
in 2005. However, many job opportunities may be created by the need to replace
experienced staff members who transfer, retired, or resign. power for other
reasons.

Economic opportunities should be better for the private sector and research and
consulting firms, as some companies enter into economic research services rather
than fully support economic workers. The growing complexity of the global economy
and the growing reliance on multilateral methods for analyzing business trends,
forecasting forecasts, and purchasing and manufacturing planning should stimulate
economic demand. The ongoing need for economic analysis by lawyers, accountants,
engineers, health service managers, education managers, urban and regional
planners, environmental scientists, and others should also lead to more jobs for
economists. Other organizations, including trade unions, unions, and non-profit
organizations can provide employment opportunities for economists. Employment of
economists in the State Government must decrease in line with the growth rate
expected by Federal workers as a whole. Slow growth in employment is expected
between the economy in the State and local government.

A strong base of economic theory, mathematics, statistics, and economics provides

the tools to find any specialty in the field. Those with expertise in accounting
techniques and their use in economic modeling and forecasting and marketing
research, including the use of computers, should have better job opportunities.

Graduates with a bachelor's degree in economics in 2005 must face stiff competition
from the limited number of economics they are eligible for. Compatible work
experience researching, creating research, or analyzing data, for example while in
school is a major asset in this competitive job market. Many graduates will find
employment in government, industry, or business as a trainer or sales specialist,
or as research assistants or executives. Economists with good accounting skills are
eligible for positions of research analysts in a wide range of fields.
Those with strong backgrounds in mathematics, statistics, research design, and
computer science can be employed by independent firms for research marketing work.
Those who meet the requirements for a Government certificate can become high school
economics teachers. The demand for economics teachers in high schools is expected
to grow as the economy becomes more important and popular.

Students with a master's degree in economics have better employment opportunities

than bachelor's degree holders. Some business and research firms and consulting
firms require master degree holders who have strong computer skills and pricing and
can do rigorous research, but do not charge a high Ph.D. Master's degree holders
may face competition for teaching positions at colleges and universities; however,
some may get positions in small colleges and in the community.

Opportunities for Ph.D. Ph.D. graduates should have the opportunity to work as
researchers in the private sector, research and consulting firms, and government.
In addition, economic employment opportunities in colleges and universities should
be enhanced by the expected wave of retirement among college scholarships.
Earnings

According to a 1993 salary survey by the College Placement Council, people with a
bachelor's degree in economics receive an estimated $ 25,200 a year.

The average income of business economists in 1992 was $ 65,000, according to a

study by the National Association of Business Economists. 90% of respondents have
advanced qualifications. The highest salary was reported by those with a Ph.D.,
with an average salary of $ 78,000. Master's degree holders receive an average
salary of $ 58,000, while bachelor's degree holders receive $ 51,000. The highest
paid business economists had produced immeasurable industries, security and
investment, mining, banking and real estate. They are the lowest paid academic and
governmental.

The Federal Government recognizes education and experience in certifying candidates

for positions at the entry level. In general, the average income for a bachelor's
degree is $ 18,300 a year in 1993; however, those with higher academic records can
start at $ 22,700. Those with a master's degree can qualify for positions at an
annual salary of $ 27,800. Those with a Ph.D. it can start at $ 33,600, while some
more experienced and high-level people can start at $ 40,300.

Economists in the State Government in administrative, administrative and

administrative areas are estimated at $ 53,500 per year in 1993.

Like other college faculties, economists entering higher education careers can
receive benefits such as summer research funding, computer access, student research
assistants, and secretarial support.