wrap up

-----------------------ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM --------------

-Energy Management Systems (EMS) are real-time computer systems which were
initially introduced in the early seventies to provide system operators with the means
to manage the power system grid in a reliable and efficient manner.
-Energy Management Systems achieve their objectives by providing decision
support systems and control means for generation and transmission systems.
-Due to the critical tasks performed by the EMS, these systems have a strict system
availability requirement of 99.95%, which translates into about an average of about 4
hours total outage time in one year.
-For this reason, a lot of attention is placed in choosing redundant architectures to
achieve such availability.

-EMS functionality can be divided into three categories: system monitoring, decision
support methods, control

-Furthermore this functionality is offered in the following domains of: 

Real-time Production System
Operations Planning Production System
Study Systems
Training Simulator System
Quality Assurance System

--------------------------SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE -------------------------

-the maximum we can operate the system without a Control Center, 15 minutes
-quad-redundant design for critical systems
-the critical system in each Control Center are redundant (the whole control center is
redundant)

------------------------------------ EMS HARDWARE ------------------------

#Data acquisition subsystem:
-The task of collecting and transmitting data to the Control Center is performed by
the Data Acquisition System
-Two main components of this system are the Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and the
Communication Network Subsystem (CNS).

#Computer subsystem:
-SCADA: data acquisition, alarm processing, and man/machine interface
-Database: storage and retrieval services
-Processing of Application Programs

#Man/machine subsystem:
The information collected and processed by the EMS is made available to
operators by MMS. MMS consists of several consoles, and a wall diagram.

-------------------ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONTROL FUNDAMENTAL---------------

-Operate within Thermal and Voltage Limits
-Balance Supply and Demand
-Monitor assets and perform switching action
-Maintain System Transient and Voltage Stability(Transfer Limits,Remedial Action
Schemes)
-Minimize Impact of Disturbances( Recognizing Pending Dangers, System Posturing
Outage Management)
-Restore System Expeditiously

---------------------OPERATOR QUESTIONS ----------------

-Am I OK now ?
Flows within thermal limits
Voltages within voltage limits
Genertion sufficient for load (balance of import/export)
Frequency OK
Am I far enough from system conditions making the system condition drift to very low
voltage (Voltage Stability)

-If I am not OK now ?

What control action do I need to take and by how much to be OK

-Will I be OK following a contingency?

Flows within thermal limits
Voltages within voltage limits
Genertion sufficient for load (balance of import/export)
Frequency OK
Would the contingency move the generators so much that they may not survive the
impact (transient Stability)
Would I be far enough from system conditions making the system condition drift to
very low voltage (Voltage Stability)

-If I will not be OK following a contingency ?

What control action I need to take and by how much to become OK ?

--------------------POWER SYSTEM MONITORING AND CONTROL------------------

-Computerized control systems:
Energy Management System (EMS)
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems

-Operators remotely control and monitor the power system through these computer
systems

-Backup Capability

--------------------------------SPECIFICATIONS----------------------------------
--Risk assessment indicated that we cannot operate the system without a Control
Center
for more than 15 minutes
--Risk assessment drove the solution for two control centers in different Seismic
areas
--Minimally staffing needed because of the distance
--24/7 operation
--It is designed to withstand a 1 in 10,000 year earthquake
--Each building has redundant critical ancillary systems to support continued
availability of
operations.
*Batteries to keep the operation for 4 hours
*Two Diesel Generator at 1.25 MW have enough fuel to run the Control Center for
two
weeks
*Redundant air handling units
*Three chillers
--The facilities’ critical systems are designed to meet North American Electric
Reliability
Council (NERC) Mandatory Reliability Standards on physical and cyber security.
*2 ft high concrete barriers around the building
*6 ft fence with detection monitors
*Window glasses have shatter proof plastic
*Window frames aluminium but they are steal reinforced
*Back-up Control Center minimally staffed Battery System to keep the system
running for
1.5 hours
--Earthquake tolerant server racks
--Video conferencing between different systems
--Security
*24 hour guard
*High Security systems including biometric