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Abstract
This paper presents the development of composites for ecological purposes (Eco-composites) using bamboo fibers and their basic
mechanical properties. The steam explosion technique was applied to extract bamboo fibers from raw bamboo trees. The experimental results
showed that the bamboo fibers (bundles) had a sufficient specific strength, which is equivalent to that of conventional glass fibers. The tensile
strength and modulus of PP based composites using steam-exploded fibers increased about 15 and 30%, respectively, due to well
impregnation and the reduction of the number of voids, compared to the composite using fibers that are mechanically extracted. The steam
explosion technique is an effective method to extract bamboo fibers for reinforcing thermoplastics.
q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: A. Fibres; A. Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs); B. Strength; Bamboo
1. Introduction because it takes only several months to grow up. It has been
traditionally used to construct various living facilities and
Polymer-matrix composites, such as carbon or glass tools [1]. The high strength with respect to its weight is
fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP/GFRP) have been widely derived from fibers longitudinally aligned in its body.
used in industry since they have high strength and Therefore, bamboo fibers are often called ‘natural glass
modulus. In fact, the total amount of consumption of fiber’. To practically apply the benefit of bamboo fibers, it is
GFRP was about 382 thousand tons in Japan in 2001. necessary to develop a process to fabricate bamboo
When the thermo-setting resins are used as a matrix, it is composites as well as to extract qualitatively controlled
usually difficult to recycle the material. The thermoplas- fibers from bamboo trees.
tics are also unpractical to recycle due to high cost and However, it is difficult to extract bamboo fibers having its
low quality issues in the present state. Wasted FRPs are superior mechanical properties. The bamboo fiber is often
almost dumped although they do not decompose itself brittle compared with other natural fibers, because the fibers
naturally in the ground, while others are burned. In recent are covered with lignin. Therefore, a devised process should
years, a serious problem has come up in the use of be adopted to extract the bamboo fibers for reinforcement of
plastics; especially for the polymer composite materials. composite materials. Several papers have already been
Energy recycling systems are also under development published on the study of bamboo fiber reinforced compo-
using polymer composites as solid fuel. However, the sites using thermosetting plastic (epoxy and polyester)
glass fibers in the composites reduce the net heat and [2 –6]. S. Jain et al. [2,3] showed the tensile, bending and
might damage the furnace, if their composites are burned static strength of the composite reinforced by bamboo
in it as a solid fuel. It introduces another problems such as orthogonal strip mats. A.V. Rajulu et al. [4] investigated the
the disposal of the remains, because the glass fibers in the effect of fiber length on the tensile properties of short bamboo
composite would also remain in the incinerator. fiber epoxy composites. The bamboo/aluminium composites
For the past several years, public attention has gone to were also studied using reformed bamboo by S.H. Li et al.
natural fibers as a resource due to their fast growth. Bamboo [5]. In particular, X. Chen et al. tested the mechanical
is an abundant natural resource in Asia and South America, properties of bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene and
compared with those of commercial wood pulp [6], and M.M.
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: þ 81-774-65-6444. Thwe et al. [7] investigated the effect of environmental actual
E-mail address: kokubo@mail.doshisha.ac.jp (K. Okubo). aging on the mechanical properties of bamboo-glass fiber
1359-835X/$ - see front matter q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.017
378 K. Okubo et al. / Composites: Part A 35 (2004) 377–383
Fig. 1. Cross-section of bamboo tree. Fig. 2. Bamboo fiber bundles selected by shifter machine.
K. Okubo et al. / Composites: Part A 35 (2004) 377–383 379
Table 2
Mechanical properties of bamboo, jute and E-glass fibers
Diameter Diameter Tensile Young’s Specific strength Specific modulus Failure strain (%)
(g/m3) (mm) strength modulus (MPa/g m23) (GPa/g m23
(MPa) (Gpa)
Bundle of bamboo 800b 88–125 441 220 35.9 13.1 551 44.9 1.3
Jute 1300c 30.0–50.0 370 145 22.7 6.5 284.6 17.5 1.4
E-glassd 2500 – 2400 – 70 – 900 28 –
a
The number of observations was about 100.
b
Density of bamboo bundle is referred to Ref. [2].
c
Density of jute is calculated from the specific gravity referred to Ref. [11].
d
The data of E-glass is referred to Ref. [12].
was being loaded to the specimen at laboratory condition. 3.3. Tensile test of BFEC
Their modulus was also estimated by the responses of
nominal stress and strain. In this experiment, jute fibers Tensile specimens of the BFEC were cut off in the form
were also tested under the same condition, in order to of rectangular strips from the molded plate. Fig. 4 shows
compare their mechanical properties with those of bamboo dimensions of the BFEC specimens. The most of the
fibers. dimensions of the specimen followed some standards, but
they did not completely fit ASTM. Seven samples of BFEC
3.2. Molding process of BFEC were tested on a universal testing machine (AUTO-
GRAPH: Shimadzu Co.) at 1 mm/min of crosshead
It is known that the interfacial adhesion between matrix speed. Stress – strain curves were generated for each
and a fiber is degraded due to water absorption [12]. To sample. To evaluate the impregnation state of resin into
remove moisture, the bamboo fiber bundles were dried for the bamboo fiber bundles, polished surfaces of the
3 h at 120 8C in a drying machine. During the process of specimen were observed by optical microscope. The
fabricating BFEC, thin films of the MAPP/PP and the fractured surfaces were also checked by the scanning
bamboo fiber bundles scattered at random were alternatively electron microscope (SEM).
stacked. Then, they were hot-pressed at 190 8C under 2 MPa
for 30 min. The weight content and the volume fraction of
bamboo fiber bundle were about 51 and 41%, respectively, 4. Results and discussion
as a controlling condition. After the molding process, a
150 £ 150 £ 2 mm thick plate of BFEC was obtained. 4.1. Strength distribution of bamboo fiber bundle
Fig. 4. Dimensions of specimen for the tensile test of BFEC. Fig. 5. Strength distribution of the bamboo fiber bundles and jute fibres.
380 K. Okubo et al. / Composites: Part A 35 (2004) 377–383
Fig. 7. Strength distribution of BFEC and MAPP/PP. Fig. 9. Fractured surface of BFEC.
K. Okubo et al. / Composites: Part A 35 (2004) 377–383 381
Fig. 10. Surface of the extracted bamboo fiber bundle using the steam
explosion method.
Table 4
Mechanical properties of BFcEC, BFEC and MAPP/PP
Acknowledgements
Maleic anhydride Polypropylene. Mr SHITO (graduate [7] Thwe MM, Liao K. Effects of environmental aging on the mechanical
students of Doshisha University) conducted necessary properties of bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid
composites. Composites: Part A 2002;33:43–52.
experiments and investigations to obtain the results.
[8] Coutinho FMB, Costa THS. Performance of polypropylene-wood
fiber composites. Polym Test 1999;18:581 –7.
[9] Caulfield DF, Feng D, Prabawa S, Young RA, Sanadi AR. Interphase
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