SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700

College of Engineering

TOPIC 4: DYNAMIC VIBRATION

A Technical Report as Partial Fulfillment in the Requirements for

CE 16 – Earthquake Engineering

Prepared and Submitted by:

MA. ESTEPHANY JOY U. BRILLANTES

GLEANNA JOSEILLE NIEDO
CE-3B

Submitted to:

ENGR. NOEL S. PALOMAS

Instructor

Second Semester, SY 2020 – 2021

 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

DYNAMIC VIBRATION
Introduction

Vibration is the motion of the particle or a body or a system of concentrated

bodies having been displaced from a position of equilibrium, appearing as an
oscillation. Vibrations in structural system may result from a wide variety of sources.
Some typical examples of the forces that set off dynamic waves on the structure are
environmental sources such as wind, earthquakes, and waterways. Out of these
environmental sources, earthquakes are the most important in terms of their
enormous potential of damage to structures and loss of life. In addition of this
staggering loss of life, earthquakes are responsible for billions of rupees of property
damage annually. Therefore, the interest in the study of structural dynamics has
been increasing steadily over the years.

Vibration is the study of repetitive motion of objects relative to a stationary

frame of reference or equilibrium position. The system tends to return to its original
equilibrium position under the action of restoring forces. Generally, vibrations are
undesirable for structure because they produce increase stresses and energy losses.
Hence vibrations can be harmful and should be avoided. They can occur in many
directions and can be result of interaction of many objects.

The motion of vibrating system is governed by the laws of mechanics, and in

particular by Newton‟s Second Law of Motion (F = ma).

1.1 Basic Concepts of Vibration

All bodies having a mass and elasticity are capable to vibrate. The mass is
inherent in the body and elasticity causes relative motion along its part. When body
particles are displaced by the application of external force, the internal forces in the
form of elastic energy present in the body, try to bring it to its original position. At
equilibrium position, the whole of the elastic energy is converted into kinetic energy
and the body continuous to move in the opposite direction because of it. The whole
of the kinetic energy is again converted into elastic or strain energy due to which the
body returns to the equilibrium position. In this way, vibratory motion is repeated
continuously and interchange energy takes place. Thus, any motion which repeats
itself after an interval of tie is called vibration or oscillation.
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

1.2 Dynamic Loading

Dynamics is concerned with the study of forces and motions, which are time
dependent. Dynamics is simply defined as time-varying. A dynamic load is any load
whose magnitude, direction and position vary with respect to time. Hence, the
structural response to a dynamic loading expressed in terms of displacements of the
structure.
When a structure is subjected to dynamic load, it starts vibrating. During
vibration, the structure develops significant number of inertia forces and also
significant amount of mechanical energy is stored as kinetic energy.
Analysis of structural response to a dynamic loading can be done by the
following two different approaches:

a) Deterministic Analysis
In this method, the structural response example displacement, acceleration,
velocity, stress, etc. are completely known precisely as a function of time. Hence,
this method requires perfect control over all the variables that influence the
properties and loadings. This method is also called prescribed dynamic loading.

b) Non-Deterministic Analysis
In this method, the tie variation of vibration is not completely known. It
provides only statistical information about the response from the statically
defined loading. This method is also known as random dynamic loading.

1.2.1 Types of Prescribed or Deterministic Loading

The prescribed or deterministic loading are classified into two categories,
“Periodic” and “Aperiodic” or “Non-Periodic”.

Periodic loading are the loads which exhibit the same time-variation
successively for a large number of cycles. The simplest form of periodic loading is a
sinusoidal variation which termed as „simple harmonic‟. By means of Fourier series,
any periodic loading can be represented as the sum of a series of simple harmonic
components. Hence, the analysis of response to any periodic loading follows the
same general procedure.
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

Figure 1.1 Examples for periodic loading

Non-Periodic loading or Aperiodic loading is the loading does not exhibit the -
same time variation successively, it may either short-duration or long-duration
impulsive loadings. A blast or explosion is a typical source of impulsive load for
such a short-duration, special simplified forms of analysis may be employed. On
the other hand, a general, long-duration loading might result from an earthquake
and can be treated only by complete general dynamic-analysis procedures.

Figure 1.2 Example for non-periodic loading

 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

1.3 Comparison of Static Loading and Dynamic Loading

A structural dynamic problem differs from its static loading by the following
aspects:

In a static problem, load is constant with respect to time as shown in figure 1.3(a)
while dynamic problem is the time-varying in nature. Because both loading and its
responses varies with respect to time as shown in figure 1.3 (b).

Figure 1.3
Basic
difference
between
static and
dynamic
loads.
(a) Stati
c Loading (b) Dynamic Loading

a. Static problem has only one response, displacement, while dynamic problem
has mainly three response, such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

b. Static problem has only one solution whereas dynamic problem has an
infinite number of solutions which are dependent in nature. Thus, dynamic
analysis is more complex and time-consuming than static analysis.

c. In static problem the response can be calculated by the principles of force or

static equilibrium whereas in case of dynamic problem te responses depend
not only upon the load but also upon the inertial force which oppose the
accelerations producing them. Thus, the total responses are calculated by
including inertia forces along with the static equilibrium. Hence, inertial
forces are the most important didtinguishing characteristics of a structural
dynamic problem.
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

1.4 Causes of Dynamic Effects

Various natural and manmade sources may influence the dynamic effect on
structure. The most common types of causes are:

 Initial Conditions - such as velocity and displacement produce dynamic effect in

the system. For example, a lift moving up or down with an initial velocity, when
the lift is suddenly stopped, the cabin begins to vibrate up and down since it
possesses initial velocity.

 Applied Forces – vibration in the system is produced due to the application of

external forces. For example, machine foundation and a building subjected to a
bomb blast or wind forces.

 Support Motions – structures are often subjected to vibration due to the

influence of support motions. For example, earthquake motion.
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

TYPES OF VIBRATION

a) FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION

The vibration which persists in a structure after the force causing the
motion has been removed known as free vibration.
The vibration which maintained in a structure by steady periodic force
acting on the structure is known as forced vibrations.

b) LINEAR AND NON LINEAR VIBRATION

If the basic components behave in a linear vibration thus, they should
obey the law of superposition. Otherwise for non-linear

Law of Superposition states that the combined effect of force system acting on
a particle or a rigid body is the sum of effects of individual forces

c) DAMPED AND UNDAMPED VIBRATIONS

It is when a damper and damping element is attached to a vibratory
system, the motion of the system will be opposed by it and the energy
of the system will be dissipated in friction.
On the other system without damping element is call un-damped
vibration

d) DETERMINISTIC AND RANDOM VIBRATIONS

If the motion acting on a body is known it is called deterministic
vibrations.
Contrary to it, when it is unknown, the resulting vibrations are known
as random vibrations example is earthquake.

e) LONGITUDINAL, TRANSVERSE AND TORSIONAL VIBRATION

i. Transverse – when the body move perpendicular to its axis.
ii. Longitudinal – when the body moves up and down parallel to
its axis.
iii. Torsional – when a body gets alternately twisted and untwisted
on account of vibratory motion
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

DEGREES OF FREEDOM

It is the number of coordinates necessary to specify the position or

geometry of mass point at any instant during its vibration. Each degree of
freedom is having a corresponding natural frequency, for each natural
frequency, the structure has its own way of vibration. The vibrating shape is
known as mode of vibration.

Vibratory Systems

o Single Degree of Freedom System

If a single coordinate is sufficient to define the position or
geometry of the mass of the system at any instant time.
SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

o Multiple Degrees of Freedom System

If more than one independent coordinate is required to
completely specify the position or geometry of different masses

of the system at any instant time

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o Continuous System
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

If the mass of a system is distributed over its entire length

in which the mass is infinite degrees of freedom, it is referred to
as continuous system. It is also known as a distributed system.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

The harmonic motion is one of the forms of periodic motion. The harmonic
motion is represented in terms of circular sine and cosine function. All harmonic are
periodic in nature but not all are always harmonic. The motion of a body to and from
a fixed point is called a harmonic motion. It possesses the following characteristics:

o The motion is periodic

o When displaced from the fixed point the mean position, a
restoring force acts on the particle tending to bring it to the
mean position.
o Restoring force on the particle is directly proportional to its
displacement.

Consider a harmonic equation of type ( )

 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

Where:

= displacement

A = amplitude

frequency

Φ = phase angle

DERIVING THE SYSTEM OF MOTIONS

The equation for the position as a function of time x(t)=Asin(ωt)x(t)=Acos(ωt) is

good for modeling data, where the position of the block at the initial time t = 0.00 s is
at the amplitude A and the initial velocity is zero. Often when taking experimental
data, the position of the mass at the initial time t = 0.00 s is not equal to the
amplitude and the initial velocity is not zero. Consider 10 seconds of data collected
by a student in lab, shown,
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

The data can still be modeled with a periodic function, like a cosine function, but the
function is shifted to the right. This shift is known as a phase shift and is usually
represented by the Greek letter phi (ϕ). The equation of the position as a function of
time for a block on a spring becomes

( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

For maximum value of displacement, ( ) , thus,

For maximum value of velocity, cos ( ) , thus,

For maximum value of acceleration, sin ( ) , thus,

( )

Thus the acceleration is SHM is always proportional to its displacement and directed
towards a particular fixed point.
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

CONSEQUENCES OF VIBRATIONS IN A STRUCTURE

• Overstressing and collapse of structure

• Cracking and other-damage requiring repair

• Damage to safety-related equipment

• Impaired performance of equipment or delicate apparatus

• Adverse human response

• Fatigue fracture

VIBRATION CONTROL IN THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

1. Identifying the dynamic loads in terms of frequency and amplitude or

measured variation with time.

2. Analysing the response of the structure to obtain dynamic deflections, stress,

frequencies, and acceleration

3. Checking the calculated or measured performance against specified criteria to

ensure that there are no adverse consequences of vibration

EXAMPLE: A harmonic motion has a time period of 0.2 seconds and

amplitude of 0.4 cm. Find the maximum velocity and acceleration.

• Given: T = 0.2 s , A = 0.4 cm, ,

Solution:
 SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Arteche Blvd., Catbalogan City, Philippines 6700
College of Engineering

[ ]

( ) [ ]

= 394.89 cm/s^

REFERENCES

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

https://byjus.com/jee/simple-harmonic-motion-shm/

Kavitha, D., R., D. S., & S., K. A. V. I. T. H. A. (2009). Basics of Structural Dynamics
and Aseismic Design. PHI Learning.