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2.0 Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to analyze flexural members
such as singly-reinforced rectangular beam sections with applicability to:
doubly-reinforced rectangular beam sections; singly -reinforced T- beam
sections; doubly -reinforced T- beam sections; rectangular and T-beam sections.

2.1 Introduction
In this learning packet 2, flexural members shall be analyzed considering
a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam reinforced and that the load
shall be computed, as gradually applied and increased until the flexural
member fails. The flexural member shall go through three distinct stages of
collapse: a) uncracked concrete stage; b) the concrete cracked-elastic stresses
stage; and 3) the ultimate-strength stage.

2.2 Analysis of flexural members

The most important component in design of structure is the assignment
and estimation of load to a structure to be carried for its entire life. The loads for
the structural members are the basis in our analysis and design.

Now, let me introduce the types of loads which you as would-be civil
engineer or structural engineer need to know and understand.

2.2.1 Loads

2.2.1.1 Dead loads

These are loads of constant in magnitude that remain in one
position, computed based on the weight of the structure. For reinforced
concrete buildings, these are the weight of the frames, walls, floors,
ceiling, roofs, stairway, and plumbing.

The basis of the dead load computation is the sizes and weights of
the structural members. However, the exact sizes and weights are
determined after the structural analysis is completed. In this case, the
dead load is estimated using the values from the table below. Then actual
sizes are compared to the estimated load and if the difference is large,
then, re-computation should be done to ensure appropriateness and
accurate dead load assignment.
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There are estimates of dead load for common materials used for
floors, walls, roofs and many other as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Weights of some common building materials

Material Weight in KN/m2

Reinforced concrete (0.3 m) 7.18
Acoustical ceiling 0.0407
Suspended ceiling 0.096
Plaster on concrete 0.239
Asphalt shingles 0.096
3-ply ready roofing 0.047
Mechanical duct allowance 0.191
Linoleum or asphalt tiles 0.047
Movable steel partition 0.191
Wood studs with ½” gypsum 0.383
Clay brick wythes 4” 1.867
25mm cement on-stone concrete fill 1.53
Source: McCormac and Brown (2014, p. 28)

2.2.1.2 Live loads

Loads that can change in magnitude and position are live loads
(McCormac and Brown, 2014). These loads include the following:
occupancy; warehouse materials; construction loads; overhead service
cranes; equipment operating loads; traffic load for bridges; impact loads;
longitudinal loads; and miscellaneous loads.

Where can we get the values of the loads? The American Society
of Civil Engineers, 2010 as cited in McCormac and Brown (2014), the
minimum design loads and other structures is shown in Table 2.

Student’s Task 02-1

Define and describe the different types of live loads.

Explain their application (e.g. buildings? Or bridges?)

Deadline of Submission is February 17, 2020 via SSU LMS.

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Table 2. Some typical uniformly distributed live load

Structures Weight in KN/m2

Lobbies of assembly 4.78
Dance hall and ball rooms 4.78
Library reading rooms 2.87
Library stack rooms 7.18
Light manufacturing 5.99
Office in Office building 2.39
Residential dwelling areas 1.91
Classrooms in schools 1.41
Upper-floor corridors in school 3.87
Stairs and exit ways 4.78
Heavy storage warehouse 11.97
Retail stores-first floors 4.78
Retail stores-upper floors 3.59
Walkways and elevated floors 2.87
Source: McCormac and Brown (2014, p. 29)

2.2.1.3 Environmental Loads

These are loads caused by the environment in which the structure

are located. For buildings, these loads are: snow and ice for countries
with snow and ice; rain; wind; seismic loads.

Student’s Task 02-2

Define and describe the different types environmental loads.

Read from NSCP 2015 their computations

Deadline of Submission is February 17, 2021

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2.2.1.4 Calculation of the loads

The loads are combined into one load computation equations as

stated in NSCP 2015 Code, Section 203.3.

Let U = required strength shall be at least equal to the effects of

factored loads in equations (1) to (7), as follows:

Eq. 203-1 U = 1.4 (D +F)

Eq. 203-2 U = 1.2 (D +F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (L or R)

Eq. 203-3 U = 1.2 D + 1.6 (L or R ) + (f1 L or 0.50 W)

Eq. 203-4 U = 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 ( L or R)

Eq. 203-5 U = 1.2D + 1.0 W + f1 L

Eq. 203-6 U = 0.90 D + 1.0 W + 1.6 H

Eq. 203-7 U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E + 1.6 H

Where: f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in
excess of 4.8 KPa and garage live load, or

= 0.5 for other live load

D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces

E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and

forces

F = loads due tot weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined

densities and controllable maximum heights, or related internal
moments and forces.

H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other

materials, or related internal moments and forces.

L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.

R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces.

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T = cumulative effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage,
differential settlement and shrinkage compensating concrete.

U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal

moments and forces.

W = wind load, or related internal moments and forces.

In actual practice, most designers opted to use the equation below:

U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L

NSCP 2015 Load Combination

Student’s Task 02-3

Compute the combined load of the beam shown.

A B C D E

From the figure, compute the combined uniform load from A to E using
any applicable equations. The beam AE has a total span of 12 m that
carries a service dead load of 3 KN/m and a service live load of 5.5
KN/m.

Submit this via ssuonline.net on or before February 17, 2021.

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2.2.2 Stages of concrete before collapse
Now, let us understand the stages of concrete before collapse.

Three stages before collapse:

1. Un-cracked Concrete stage

2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) - Elastic Stage

3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) - Ultimate Strength Stage

Let us understand each stage.

Let us look at this figures, describe the 1)Un-cracked stage.

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Ɛt = Ɛr

The strain-stress
diagram are straight
line

The tensile stress, ft is less than the stress at rupture, fr;

The bending moment (M) of the beam is less than the cracking moment (Mcr)

The compressive stress of concrete (fc) is less than the stress at rupture (fr)

RECITATION 1:

Understanding the behavior of reinforced concrete beam at un-cracked stage.

1. Describe the figures above relative to radius of curvature.

2. Why at neutral axis (N.A.) stress is zero?

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Let us move to the second stage of failure: 2) Cracked Concrete (tension
zone) - Elastic Stage
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Let us first define cracking moment (Mcr) is the moment that causes
the stress in the extreme fiber of unreinforced beam to reach the modulus
of rupture.
To compute the concrete and tensile stresses in this situation,
transformed area are assumed to actually occur when the structure is in
service (use). The transformed-area concept will be discussed late part.

Let us move to the 3rd stage of collapse: 3) Cracked Concrete (tension zone)
- Ultimate Strength Stage

The compressive
stresses begin to
change from
straight line to
parabolic.

As the load increased, the compressive stresses are greater than 0.5 f ‘c,
the tensile cracks move upward, beyond the neutral axis. The
compressive stresses change.
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Let us discuss further the behavior of the beam using the figure below.

The behavior of the reinforced concrete beam when steel yields.

Ultimate-strength stage

Let us
How Mcr , f’c, and tensile
know…
stresses are computed?
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2.2.3 Cracking Moment (Mcr )

The cracking moment is computed using the flexural stress (f)

formula introduced to you in your strength of materials.

𝑀𝑐
f= where: M = bending moment
𝐼𝑔
c = distance from neutral axis to the
farthest fiber of the section
Ig = gross moment of inertia of the
section

Source: McCormac and Brown, 2014

From the flexural formula (McCormac and Brown, 2014), the cracking moment
is,

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
Mcr = 𝑦𝑡

RECITATION 2:

Define uncracked and cracked sections? Explain.

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2.2.4 Transform area Concept (extracted from Besavilla, 2013)

The basic concept of a transform area is that the reinforced concrete

structure section is transformed into a homogenous section of concrete by
replacing actual steel area with an equivalent area of concrete (Besavilla, 2013:
13).
Two conditions must be satisfied for the transformation process: 1)
equilibrium; 2) strain compatibility.

Let us discuss these conditions further in succeeding pages.

Equilibrium

The force in the reinforcing steel must be equal to the force in the
transformation concrete.

Ts = Tc where: Ts = As fs and Tc = Acfc;

As = area of steel, fs = stress in steel
Ac = transformed concrete area
fc = stress of concrete in the transformed area

Strain Compatibility

The unit strains must be the same.

fs f𝑐 E E
= simplify fc = fs Ec if n = Es
E𝑠 E𝑐 s c

fs
fc = where fs = nfc
n

As f s
Asfs = Acfc simplify to get Ac = substitute fs = nfc
fc

As f s As nfc
Ac = becomes Ac = simplifying Ac = nAs
fc fc

Ac = nAs - the transformed area

Where: n = is used for tension steel

2n = is used for compression steel

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Let me bring you to yield of curvature

εs
𝜃= where: εs = reinforcement yield strain
d−x

fy
𝜀𝑦 =
Es

1) Transformed area for uncracked section

fc < fr = 0.62 √𝑓′𝑐

Note: Whole concrete area is used

and equivalent concrete area

(n-1) As is used.

2. Transformed are for cracked section

fc < fr = 0.62 √𝑓′𝑐

Note: Only the shaded area of

concrete is used and equivalent
area nAs is used.
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3. Cracked section reinforced for both tension and compression

Equivalent concrete area for steel in tension and compression

Note: Modular ratio for compression steel is 2n

Convert As’ to equivalent concrete area, 2nAs’ - As’ = (2n-1) As’

a) Cracked section:

A = bx – As’ (in compression)

Equivalent concrete area occupied by steel:

Ac = 2nAs bar

Ac = bx + 2nAs’- As’

Equivalent concrete area in compression:

Ac = bx + (2n-1) As’

Equivalent concrete area in tension:

Ac = nAs
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b. Uncracked section

Ac = bh – As

But equivalent area in terms of concrete for

steel area

As = n As

Ac = bh + nAS – As

Ac = bh + As (n-1)

Steps in analysis of uncracked section

1. Neutral axis at as distance x from the top.

x b( h−x)(h−x)
bx ( ) = (n − 1)As (d − x) +
2 2

2. Solve for x

Moment of inertia at neutral axis,

bx3 b (h−x)3
INA = + (n-1) As (d-x)2 +
3 3

3. Concrete stress if moment M is known

Mc
Using f = compute the stress of concrete and steel as,
I

Mc
For concrete stress, fc: fc =
INA

fs M (d−x) nM (d−x)
For stress of steel, = fs =
n INA INA
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1 What is a
cracked
Steps in analysis of cracked sections section?

Tensile stress is
greater than the
modulus of rupture

According to Besavilla, 2013:

“We only convert steel to concrete that is nAs because the concrete
below the neutral axis (N.A.) is not capable of resisting the tensile
stresses”.

1. Locate the NA

x
bx( ) = 𝑛A𝑠 (d − x); Solve for x:
2

2. Moment of inertia of NA

bh3
INA = + 𝑛As (d − x)2
3

3. Stress of concrete

Mc
fc =
INA

Mx
fc =
INA

4. Stress of steel

fs Mc fs M (d−x)
= =
n I n INA

nM (d−x)
fs =
INA
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Example Problem 01:

The concrete area of the pre-cast beam shown is 1675 cm2. If the beam is reinforced
with As = 3 – 25 mm diameter bars in the tension zone, find the moment of the inertia of
the uncracked transformed section. Modular ratio, n = 8.

Moment of inertia of concrete at compression zone

Solution:

Moment of Inertia of the uncracked section, I:

Moment of inertia of
bx3 b (h−x)3 concrete at tension zone
I= + (n-1) As (d-x)2 +
3 3

where: b = 335 mm, x = 304 mm, h = 500 mm Moment of inertia of Steel

d = 500 mm- 65mm = 435mm; n = 8 transformed area

(335)(304)3 (335)(500−304)3
I= + (8 − 1)𝜋(25)2 (3) +
3 3

I = 1.2 x 109 mm4 Answer

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Student Task 02-4

In Pages 39 to 47, Rework the Example Problems 2.1 – 2.7 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3,
2.4, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 from the book of McCormac and Brown (2014).
Design Reinforced Concrete, 9th Edition. Convert English units to SI.

All solutions to problems must be in SI units.

Submit via ssuonline.net on or before February 19, 2020.

Are you ready to learn new topic, if yes then move to 2.2.5.

If no, read pages 35-39 of the Reinforced Concrete Design Book,

McCormac and Brown (2014).

2.2.5 Strength Analysis of Beam

actual equivalent
stress block stress block

From the figure:

C=T Where: C = compressive force of concrete

0.85 f’c a b = As fy T = tensile force of steel

Solve for a:

As fy As
a = 0.85b f′ Let ρ = and ρ = steel concrete balanced ratio
c bd

ρ bd fy ρ fy d
a = o.85b f′ As = ρbd; Finally, a = o.85 f′
c c
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actual equivalent
stress block stress block

Let us compute the design moment, from the figure above, compute Mn:

a a
Mn = T ( d - ) = As fy ( d - )
2 2

Mn = nominal bending-moment

Let us compute ultimate bending-moment

Mu = ∅ Mn

a
Mu = ∅ As fy ( d - )
2

Now, you are ready to design

a flexural members!!!

Learning packet 3!!!

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Student’s Task 02-5

Solve the problems 2.42, 2.43, and 2.44 in page 62 from the book Design of
Reinforced Concrete, McCormac and Brown (2014). Convert the units to SI.

Please submit via ssuonline.net on or before February 19, 2021.

2.3 References

Besavilla, V. I. (2013). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete. Volume 3. Cebu

City, Philippines: VIB Publisher.

McCormac, J.C. and Brown, R. H. (2014). Design Reinforced Concrete, 7 th

Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015.

2.4 Acknowledgement

The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were
taken from the references cited above.