Dating Death Forensic Taphonomy and The

Proceedings of the 5th National FORREST
Conference 2009
(FORensic RESearch and Teaching)
30th June – 1st July 2009
Liverpool John Moores University
Published by the Forensic Institute

Research Network
and The Higher Education Academy
Physical Sciences Centre
in conjunction with Liverpool John Moores University
5th National FORREST Conference 2009, 30th June - 1st July, Liverpool John Moores University
Contents
PROGRAMME .......................................................................................................................................... 1
KEYNOTE BIOGRAPHIES ........................................................................................................................... 4
COLIN CRAWLEY, CHIEF TRAINING OFFICER WITH MERSEYSIDE POLICE ....................................................................... 4

STEVE BLEAY, HOME OFFICE SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT BRANCH ............................................................................. 4
KEYNOTES ................................................................................................................................................ 5
K1. SCENES OF CRIME OFFICER TRAINING: IS THERE A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR UNIVERSITIES WITHIN THE SYSTEM?, COLIN
CRAWLEY....................................................................................................................................................... 5
K2. FINGERPRINT DEVELOPMENT AND IMAGING – FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH TO OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION, STEVE
BLEAY ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
PARALLEL WORKSHOPS ........................................................................................................................... 6
W1. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION: “CAN YOU PUT YOUR FINGER ON IT?”, PHILIP GILHOOLEY ....................................... 6
W2. LAUGHTER – A GOOD TEACHING AID?, JANICE M KENNEDY .............................................................................. 7
W3. USE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY FOR FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF GUNSHOT RESIDUE, PAUL GIBBONS........................... 8
W4. USING THE FORENSIC CASEWORK PROJECT MATERIAL IN TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT, DAVID BARCLAY AND ANDREW
MORRISSON ................................................................................................................................................... 9
ORAL PRESENTATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 10
O1. THE ROLE OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE LEARNING, TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN IDENTIFICATION, DAVID
BRYSON ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
O2. THE HULTON ABBEY SKELETAL DIGITISATION PROJECT, JOHN CASSELLA, MARY LEWIS, ROGER BROWN AND PAUL
LUCKING...................................................................................................................................................... 11
O3. EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF MICROBIAL DNA PROFILING TO FORENSIC SOIL COMPARISONS, VENETIA
A. SAUNDERS AND LORRAINE E. HEATH............................................................................................................. 12
O4. DATING DEATH: FORENSIC TAPHONOMY AND THE POST MORTEM INTERVAL, CHRISTOPHER J. ROGERS, WERA M.
SCHMERER, MICHAEL P. WHITEHEAD, RAUL SUTTON .......................................................................................... 13
O5. INTRODUCING REFLECTIVE PRACTICE TO FIRST YEAR FORENSIC SCIENCE STUDENTS, KEITH STURROCK ..................... 14
O6. A NEW APPROACH TO TEACHING A LEVEL 3 FORENSIC SCIENCE MODULE, ANDREW REID..................................... 15
O7. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ORO AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPER UNDER DIFFERENT LIQUID CONDITIONS, MICHAEL A.
WOOD AND TIM JAMES.................................................................................................................................. 16
O8. GLASS ANALYSIS USING THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AND X-RAY MICROANALYSER, STEPHEN LING ......... 17
O9. MAPPING 3-D VIRTUAL WORLDS ONTO PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING FOR FORENSICS, OLIVIA CORCORAN, STEPHANIE
HENDERSON-BEGG AND ROSE HEANEY ............................................................................................................. 18
O10. BLENDED LEARNING IN FORENSIC PATHOLOGY – THE WAY FORWARD?, JOHN CASSELLA AND SALLY CASSELLA......... 19
O11. ‘REACHING THE PARTS THAT OTHER FORENSIC EDUCATORS DON’T REACH’, CAROLE MCCARTNEY, JOHN CASSELLA
AND PAUL CHIN ............................................................................................................................................ 20
i
O12. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR THE COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF PRISONER’S FOOTWEAR
IMPRESSIONS: A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT WITH CLEVELAND POLICE, HELEN TIDY AND LAURA WADE........................... 21
O13. STUDIES IN GUN SHOT RESIDUE ANALYSIS AND THE ETCHING OF FINGERPRINTS ON METAL SURFACES, LISA C. REID,
JOHN BOND, MATTHEW J. ALMOND AND STUART BLACK...................................................................................... 22
O14. FROM HONOURS PROJECT TO PUBLISHED PAPER: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ETCHING PASTE, GRAHAM WIGHTMAN
................................................................................................................................................................. 23
O15. ACPO FUTURE FORENSICS: STRATEGY AND INNOVATION, JULIE MENNELL....................................................... 24
POSTER PRESENTATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 25
P1. SMALL PARTICLE REAGENT USE IN VEHICLE EXAMINATION, TINA BRUNT............................................................ 25

P2. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF PEN INKS USING VARIOUS MICROSCOPIC, CHEMOMETRIC AND NANOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES,
PAUL BURNETT ............................................................................................................................................. 26
P3.THE GENERATION OF HYDROXYL RADICALS USING NATURAL MINERALS, HIGH PRESSURE WATER AND ACOUSTIC
CAVITATION, LAUREN BUTLER ......................................................................................................................... 27
P4. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATED CLANDESTINE GRAVE CONTENTS TO ASSIST SEARCH TEAMS IN THE DETECTION OF
CLANDESTINE BURIALS, JOHN CASSELLA, JAMIE PRINGLE AND JOHN JERVIS .............................................................. 28
P5. THE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC GUNSHOT RESIDUES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY AND HIGH
PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-ULTRA VIOLET DETECTION, OLIVER DALBY, DAVID BUTLER AND JASON BIRKETT
................................................................................................................................................................. 30
P6. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BIRDS OF PREY – PEREGRINE FALCON AND GOSHAWK, MODUPE ESUBIYI............................. 31
P7. AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ACQUISITION OF FINGERPRINTS FROM FOOD, SARAH FERGUSON ............................... 32
P8. THE EFFECT OF BURIAL ON THE BEHAVIOUR AND DEVELOPMENT OF BLOWFLY LARVAE, HELEN GROVER AND ALAN
GUNN ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
P9. DNA ANALYSIS OF WILDLIFE, LAUREN JONES ............................................................................................... 34
P10. ENTOMOTOXICOLOGY – HPLC DETERMINATION OF AMITRIPTYLINE AND NORTRIPTYLINE IN LARVAE, STEPHANNIE
VARAIDZO KING AND SHIRLEY BAYNE ................................................................................................................ 35
P11. VISUALISATION OF FINGERPRINTS ON DARK FABRICS USING SILVER VACUUM METAL DEPOSITION, SUSAN KNIGHTING
................................................................................................................................................................. 36
P12. DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID AND HIGHLY SENSITIVE METHOD FOR RELIABLE GENDER DETERMINATION, JARI LOUHELAINEN,
TAPIWA MARAWANYIKA AND SUZZANNE MCCOLL .............................................................................................. 37
P13. REGENERATION OF AGED FINGERPRINTS USING THE “SUPERGLUE” TECHNIQUE, CARLY R. NIXON, MATTHEW J.
ALMOND AND JOHN BOND ............................................................................................................................. 38
P14. THE VISUALISATION OF FINGERPRINTS ON METALS, DENISE O’CONNOR .......................................................... 39
P15. OPTIMISATION OF THE ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION APPARATUS (ESDA) TECHNIQUE, STACEY PEACE AND KIRSTIE
ROBINSON ................................................................................................................................................... 40
P16. A STUDY INTO PAINT COMPOSITION AFTER FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS TO ESTABLISH THE ORIGIN, KELLY ROBERTS,
MATTHEW ALMOND AND JOHN BOND .............................................................................................................. 41
P17. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF COUNTERFEIT ALCOHOL, GARY ROBSON ......................................................... 42
ii
P18. SEX DETERMINATION FROM PARANASAL SINUSES AMONG EGYPTIANS (EL-SHARKIA GOVERNORATE): COMPUTERIZED
TOMOGRAPHY STUDY, WAFAA F. HUSSEIN ,MIE SAMEER GOMAA, MONA O. ABO ELEZZ, ASHRAF S.HEGAB AND DALIA A.
SELIM ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
P19. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SYSTEMATIC ASYMMETRY OF FINGERPRINTS COMPARING LEFT AND RIGHT HANDEDNESS,
JEMIMA SHORT AND VENETIA A. SAUNDERS ....................................................................................................... 44
P20. UTILISING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA MARKERS TO IDENTIFY INSECTS FOR FORENSIC APPLICATIONS: AN INVESTIGATION
INTO HOW THE PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF INSECT TISSUE CAN AFFECT MTDNA YIELD, ALICE THOMPSON, L.
TINWORTH AND C. SMITH............................................................................................................................... 45
P21. THE POTENTIAL DISCRIMINATORY VALUE OF EAR PRINTS AS FORENSIC EVIDENCE, NICOLA WINFIELD .................... 46
AUTHOR INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... 47
iii
PROGRAMME
30th June 2009
10.00 - 11.00 Conference Registration & Refreshments

11.00 - 11.10 Conference Welcome
11.10 - 12.10 Keynote 1
Scenes of crime officer training: is there a potential role for Universities within the system?
Colin Crawley
Chief training officer with Merseyside Police
12.10 - 12.50 Parallel sessions
O1 The role of photography in the learning, teaching and O3 Evaluating the potential application of microbial DNA profiling to
assessment of human identification forensic soil comparisons
David Bryson, University of Derby Venetia A. Saunders, Liverpool John Moores University, and Lorraine E.
Heath, Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory
O2 The Hulton Abbey Skeletal Digitisation Project O4 Dating Death: Forensic Taphonomy and the Post Mortem Interval
John Cassella, Staffordshire University, Mary Lewis, University Christopher J. Rogers, Wera M. Schmerer, Michael P. Whitehead and
of Reading, Roger Brown, Staffordshire University and Paul Raul Sutton, University of Wolverhampton
Lucking, Staffordshire University
12.50 - 13.50 Lunch
13.50 - 15.00 Parallel Workshops
W1 Fingerprint W2 Laughter – a good teaching W3 Use of electron microscopy for W4 Using the Forensic Casework
Identification: “Can you put aid? forensic analysis of Gunshot Project material in teaching and
your finger on it?” Janice M Kennedy, residue assessment
Philip Gilhooley, Liverpool University of the West of Paul Gibbons Andrew Morrison and Dave
John Moores University Scotland Liverpool John Moores University Barclay, Robert Gordon University
1

O5 Introducing Reflective Practice to First Year Forensic O7 A comparison between ORO and Physical Developer under different
Science Students liquid conditions
Keith Sturrock, University of Abertay Dundee Michael Wood and Tim James, University of Teesside
O6 A New Approach to Teaching a Level 3 Forensic Science O8 Glass Analysis using the Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray
Module Microanalyser
Andrew Reid, Coventry University Stephen Ling, University of Glamorgan
15.40 - 16.00 Refreshments
16.00 - 17.00 RSC keynote – Public lecture
17.00 - 18.30 Poster session, refreshments, networking time and prize giving
19.30 Evening meal at Holiday Inn
1st July 2009
09.00 - 09.30 Conference Registration

O9 Mapping 3-D virtual worlds onto problem-based O12 The Development of an Effective Method for the Collection
learning for forensics and Storage of Prisoner’s Footwear Impressions: A Collaborative
Olivia Corcoran, Stephanie Henderson-Begg and Rose Project with Cleveland Police
Heaney, University of East London Helen Tidy and Laura Wade, University of Teesside
O10 Blended Learning in Forensic Pathology – the way O13 Studies in Gun Shot Residue Analysis and The Etching of
forward? Fingerprints on Metal Surfaces
John Cassella, Staffordshire University and Sally Cassella, Lisa C. Reid, Matthew J. Almond, and Stuart Black, University of
University of Derby Reading, and John Bond, Northamptonshire Police
O11 Reaching the Parts that Other Forensic Educators O14 From Honours Project to Published Paper: the Development
Don’t Reach of an Etching Paste
Carole McCartney, University of Leeds, John Cassella, Graham Wightman, University of Abertay
Staffordshire University, Paul Chin, Physical Sciences
Centre
2
10.30 - 11.00 Refreshments

11.00 - 11.30 O15 ACPO future forensics: strategy and innovation
Julie Mennell, Northumbria University
11.30 - 12.30 Parallel Workshops
W1 Fingerprint W2 Laughter – a good W3 Use of electron microscopy W4 Using the Forensic
Identification: “Can you teaching aid? for forensic analysis of Gunshot Casework Project material in
put your finger on it?” Janice M Kennedy, residue teaching and assessment
Philip Gilhooley, Liverpool University of the West of Paul Gibbons Andrew Morrison and Dave
John Moores University Scotland Liverpool John Moores Barclay, Robert Gordon
University University
12.30 - 13.30 Lunch
13.30 - 14.30 Keynote 2
Fingerprint Development and Imaging – Fundamental Research to Operational Implementation
STEVE BLEAY
Home Office Scientific Development Branch
14.30 - 15.00 Close of conference
3
KEYNOTE BIOGRAPHIES
Colin Crawley, Chief training officer with Merseyside Police
Colin has worked for Merseyside Police for over 20 years and is heavily involved in the
instigation of forensic awareness training for Police recruits as well as more detailed training and
competency testing for Scenes of crime officers.
STEVE BLEAY, Home Office Scientific Development Branch

Steve Bleay graduated from the University of Bath in 1988 with a BSc in Materials Science, and
remained at the University of Bath carrying out postgraduate research in electron microscopy of
glass, glass-ceramic and metal-matrix composite materials until 1993. He was awarded a PhD for
an investigation of the microstructure and micromechanics of the interface in glass-ceramic
matrix composites in 1991. He joined the Defence Research Agency (later QinetiQ) in 1993 and
spent 10 years in the Composites and later the Multifunctional Materials groups, primarily
investigating the incorporation of ‘smart’ and ‘stealth’ properties into composite materials and
structures. Dr Bleay joined HOSDB in May 2003 and has worked on a variety of projects including
novel VMD techniques, recovery of fingerprints from arson scenes, development and production
of the IRIS workstation, and digital imaging of fingerprints and footwear. More recently he has
carried out work on fingerprint detection and imaging outside the visible spectrum. Dr Bleay is a
Chartered Engineer and a Professional Member of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and
Mining.
4
KEYNOTES
K1. Scenes of Crime Officer Training: is there a Potential Role for Universities
within the System?
COLIN CRAWLEY
Chief training officer with Merseyside Police
In this talk he will discuss the issues around such training including the ongoing debate of the
exact nature any of this training should take and the potential role of universities within the
system.
K2. Fingerprint Development and Imaging – Fundamental Research to

Operational Implementation
STEVE BLEAY
Home Office Scientific Development Branch
The Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) have been carrying out research and
development of fingerprint development and imaging techniques for over 35 years, and produce
the best practice guide the ‘Manual of Fingerprint Development Techniques’ used by all UK
police forces and many other organisations worldwide. The aim of the talk is to discuss some
considerations related to fingerprint research and the work behind identifying the most
effective development techniques and sequential processing routes. The talk will discuss the
factors that can affect the development and imaging of fingerprints, including reference to the
chemistry of the fingerprint, the nature of the surface it is deposited on, and the environment it
is exposed to. A methodology for experimental work is presented, beginning with fundamental
experiments on individual fingerprint constituents and culminating in full operational trials in
police force laboratories. Some case studies from recent research projects will be used to
illustrate how the methodology can be applied.
5
PARALLEL WORKSHOPS
W1. Fingerprint Identification: “Can you put your finger on it?”
PHILIP GILHOOLEY
School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University
p.gilhooley@ljmu.ac.uk
Fingerprint Theory:
For over a hundred years the identification of a person by their finger, palmar impressions, has
been accepted as the most positive and reliable means of personal identification. This is based
on the following principles:
Uniqueness – Each person’s fingerprints, Palmprints and footprints are different
Persistence – They are fully formed by the 16th week of pregnancy, never change and are
with you until decomposition sets in after death.
The workshop will be in 2 parts:
Part 1: “A Whorlwind Tour”

The early pioneers in the history of fingerprints
The National automated fingerprint Identification system (Ident. 1)
How fingerprints are analysed, compared and identified
Part 2: Practical exercises

You will be presented with examples of the different patterns fingerprints fall into and,
based on those examples; you will attempt to denote the patterns on some unclassified
fingerprints
You will be presented with a chart showing ridge characteristics; you will be asked to mark
some characteristics on an unmarked enlargement of a fingerprint
You will make some comparisons of marks from crime scenes against suspects and make
decisions on identification versus non-identification.
My professional experience:
Fellow of the Fingerprint Society
Lecturer in Forensic Science at Liverpool John Moores University
Forty five years operational Police experience in Forensic Science
Head of Fingerprint Bureau, Merseyside Police
Lead Assessor and member of the National Incident Investigation panel of the Council for
the Registration of Forensic Practitioners
External assessor for the National Training Centre for Scientific Support
Fingerprint expert included on the National Register for Fingerprint Experts
Presented expert fingerprint evidence to courts in this Country and abroad, including many
high profile murder and terrorist cases.
6
W2. Laughter – a good teaching aid?

JANICE M KENNEDY
School of Engineering & Science, University of the West of Scotland
janice.kennedy@uws.ac.uk
This workshop uses surprise and humour to engage participants with the (somewhat dull!) skills
of evidence sketching and description.
In the course of this 60 minute workshop, participants (up to 20) will each sketch and describe a
piece of evidence. They will then have to attempt to correctly identify their evidence from a
collection of similar pieces of evidence.
Once this has been achieved, participants will exchange descriptions etc and will then have to
try to locate another piece of evidence based on someone else’s sketch and description.
This workshop causes participants to reflect on the nature of descriptive writing and sketching,
and on how easy it is to NOT say exactly what you think you’ve said.
The workshop is based on a laboratory exercise which, in addition to engendering the reflective
skills outlined, is also designed to engage students with the topic at an early stage of their
academic careers.
7
W3. Use of Electron Microscopy for Forensic Analysis of Gunshot Residue

PAUL GIBBONS
Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University.
P.R.Gibbons@ljmu.ac.uk
Electron microscopy is a widely used technique in forensic science. Applications run from the
very biological samples such as Fly eggs and pollen grains through to more material and
chemistry based analysis such as Paint, fibres and gunshot residue. As well as the magnification
and resolving power of the microscope, the ability to use x-ray analysis to obtain elemental
information is of vital importance and environmental SEM also offers the benefit of non-
destructive testing with the sample remaining in the same state as when collected in many
cases. This workshop will look at the use of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive
x-ray analysis in forensic science focusing on Gunshot residue analysis.
8
W4. Using the Forensic Casework Project Material in Teaching and Assessment
DAVID BARCLAY AND ANDREW MORRISSON
School of Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 1FR
dave.barclay@mirsap.myzen.co.uk, a.morrisson@rgu.ac.uk
For the teaching of forensic science, the use of case studies derived from real casework material
allows students to explore a ‘real’ scenario from the crime scene to the court, reinforcing
technical aspects e.g. crime scene procedures, laboratory protocols and standard tests, and
highlighting the importance of the underlying science as well as the role of the expert witness in
investigations. In so doing, the students can see the relevance of their discipline to the many
strands of the overall investigation, and apply prior knowledge to problem solving.
A suite of cases has been prepared from real scenarios including pathology reports, scene
photographs and video, CSI and witness statements, lab submission forms and scientific results,
investigative decision logs,– in fact all the material necessary to interpret and assess the
scientific aspects of a case, and make investigative decisions.
The software ‘Return to Scene’ or R2S, has been used to handle the data and publish. However,
the published outputs are stand alone files either as R2S executable files which will run on any
PC or as PDF files with essentially the same functionality.
This workshop will demonstrate the various cases that have been assembled and allow
discussion as to how they may be used for teaching and assessment.
Financial support for the Forensic Casework Project by the HEA Physical Sciences Centre and the
Robert Gordon University is acknowledged.
9
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
O1. The Role of Photography in the Learning, Teaching and Assessment of
Human Identification
DAVID BRYSON
University of Derby, Markeaton Street, Derby, DE22 3AW
D.Bryson@derby.ac.uk
Photography has an important role to play in Forensic Science for both staff and students not
just for crime scene investigations but also to support learning, teaching and assessment. In the
3rd year module 'Techniques in Human Identification' we have increasingly used photography to
support learning through the creation of learning objects, its use in class as part of assessment
as students create portfolios of practical work and the addition of quality images rather than
scans to teaching presentations, handouts and laboratory guides.
The advantages to using photography include:
Students can photograph bones, skeletons, parts of bones they want to help with bone
identification, ageing, sexing and metric analysis using the cameras provided, their own
cameras or mobile phones.
Helps those students are not good at illustrating bones, so photographs can printed out and
then labelled with reference to an anatomy text.
Photographs taken can become part of a collection of images available in an online gallery
or database. Since starting to teach this module we have taken photographs of students
ears now we have a collection of over 140 pairs which can be used for more detailed
analysis.
Appreciation of human variation; photographs are taken from a range of anatomical
material so variations can be clearly demonstrated. Many anatomy texts only show one
rather than multiple examples.
The creation of handouts and laboratory guides to techniques with photographs rather than
diagrams, or just text, adds another level of sophistication as finished products.
Photographs have helped us overcome the limited quantity of skeletal material available for
examination. The next stage is to try and obtain access to photograph other skeletal collections
so we can broaden the range of material our students can view for example characteristic
features of different racial types and pathological conditions.
10
O2. The Hulton Abbey Skeletal Digitisation Project

JOHN CASSELLA1, MARY LEWIS2, ROGER BROWN3 AND PAUL LUCKING4
1
Department of Forensic Science, Faculty of Science, Staffordshire University
2
Department of Archaeology, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of
Reading
3
Faculty of Arts, Media and Design, Staffordshire University
4
Entertainment Technology, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Technology, Staffordshire
University
J.P.Cassella@staffs.ac.uk
[This project is funded by the Higher Education Academy and JISC]
Skeletal material although reasonably robust, deteriorates with handling often damaging
important archaeological specimens. In addition, the educational value of these human remains
is often limited to the institution in which they are held.
The aim of this project was to produce a digitised resource from rare skeletal material recovered
from Hulton Abbey in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. These resources can be actively used for
forensic science and for archaeology teaching. They may equally be adopted by other
organisations and institutions in a variety of subjects due to the interdisciplinary nature of the
program illustrating the enormous potential of these digitised resources. The high quality
images can be used for research in biological anthropology, palaeopathology and forensic
anthropology, but also has historical applications as well as providing teaching aids in
photographic studies, computing and e-learning technologies. Digital cataloguing also allows for
comparative examination of the skeletal material, allowing specimens of academic importance
to be utilised by undergraduates, postgraduates and indeed academics at all levels.
This presentation illustrates the process of image capture of the skeletal material and the
subsequent software development in order to produce a package which will be useful to diverse
group of users at differing academic levels. The software will also be available to view. There is
clearly an opportunity to develop this project further as a useful resource and to have the added
value of preserving existing skeletal material that may be very delicate and friable.
11
O3. Evaluating the Potential Application of Microbial DNA Profiling to Forensic

Soil Comparisons
VENETIA A. SAUNDERS1 AND LORRAINE E. HEATH2
1
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3
3AF
2
Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory, Cheney, Washington, 99004 USA
v.a.saunders@ljmu.ac.uk
Soil can be used as trace evidence in forensic investigations, with the potential to link a suspect
to a crime scene. In many forensic cases where soil comparisons would be considered, a crime
would have been committed in a known location (for example a field) and a suspect(s)
apprehended, who was found to have soil on items such as clothes, footwear and implements. It
would then be useful to compare these soil samples with control samples recovered from the
scene in order to determine the extent of any soil ‘match’ and indicate whether the suspect’s
samples could have originated from that location.
Traditionally forensic investigations have relied largely upon the physical and chemical
properties of soil. However, other approaches based on biological characteristics, such as the
presence of microbial communities in the soil, may provide complementary data. Of the various
DNA profiling techniques used to study the diversity of soil microorganisms, Terminal Restriction
Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis may be a suitable method for forensic soil
comparisons, since it utilises fluorescence chemistry as is used for human DNA profiling in
forensic laboratories.
This paper will present the results of a pilot study that aimed to assess the feasibility of using
bacterial DNA profiling to differentiate between soil samples. Samples collected from three
different locations with different ecological characteristics, an uncultivated field, a forest and
sand dunes, were compared by TRFLP analysis. Variation within and between these different
ecosystems, including the extent of small-scale spatial variation, was explored. The implications
of this research for forensic examination of soil evidence will be discussed.
12
O4. Dating Death: Forensic Taphonomy and the Post Mortem Interval
CHRISTOPHER J. ROGERS, WERA M. SCHMERER, MICHAEL P. WHITEHEAD, RAUL SUTTON
Research Centre in Applied Sciences (RCAS), Department of Forensic and Molecular Science,
University of Wolverhampton
Christopher.rogers2@wlv.ac.uk
Within the forensic arena it is widely understood that as the post mortem interval (PMI)
increases the level of accuracy for methods used to determine the PMI decrease. In the later
stages of the decomposition process such intervals may only be estimated based on the visual
appearance of the body and the investigator’s own personal experiences.
This research aimed to document changes to hair, cartilage and bone based on macroscopic,
microscopic, molecular and microbiological analysis. Focus was on a wide variety of phenomena,
from the appearance of post mortem crystals through to the determination of fungal
successions and changes to tissue microstructure. Bone and cartilage was harvested from
porcine subjects to act as human analogues whilst the hair came from a human source. The
samples were interred, simulating shallow graves of forensic significance. Burial for specific time
periods allowed documentation of post mortem changes, the time ranged from weeks to
months depending on the sample. This timeframe is of great interest to numerous forensic
personnel including forensic pathologists, anthropologists and archaeologists.
Hair samples demonstrated progressive degradation as time elapsed, beginning with fungal
colonisation, followed by stripping of cortical scales. Further important features included the
formation of holes, believed to be resultant of fungal tunnelling. Fungal activity also increased
with time.
The cartilage also exhibited gradual degradation as time elapsed. There was an obvious colour
and texture change over time, followed by gradual destruction of the tissue. Chondrocyte nuclei
disappeared as the post mortem interval increased. The formation of crystals on the cartilage
surface occurred at approximately 3 weeks and persisted until approximately 6 weeks post
mortem. SEM-EDX analysis proved these crystals contain C, N, O, Mg and P as dominant
elements.
The bone sections at two and three months post mortem exhibited Zygomycotal fungal growth
on persisting bone marrow. There was a colour change to the cortical bone which was probably
caused by interaction with the soil matrix. Analysis with a Stereomicroscope sometimes
illustrated erosions to the cortical bone particularly at 5 months post mortem.
13
O5. Introducing Reflective Practice to First Year Forensic Science Students

KEITH STURROCK
School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee, Baxter Building, Bell Street,
Dundee
k.sturrock@abertay.ac.uk
PDP is introduced as a linked strand in a module that incorporates the themes of research
literacy, scientific communication skills, PDP and reflective practice, all overarched and
contextualised by the introduction of Forensic Science case studies. Students are assigned a
forensic science topic which they use as a focus for the research literacy and scientific
communication skills they develop. This is assessed by written work and a poster presentation
and defence. Student engagement with reflective practice is evaluated by a questionnaire
designed to explore their journey towards the completion of specific targets set for them early
in the semester and related to the content of the module. This is followed in the second
semester with a module that includes the introduction of team working activities and a group
presentation. The students also produce written work that is returned to them with detailed
feedback, on which they reflect for the purpose of future improvement. This work is all based
on a number of forensic science case studies that are introduced briefly and the students are
expected to explore these cases in detail independently. In another module a series of
laboratory based forensic skill exercises, in evidence examination techniques (microscopy,
presumptive testing and TLC for example), are carried out. This is in part to give the students an
opportunity to practice and develop the laboratory notebook keeping skills introduced earlier.
Students are encouraged to reflect upon these techniques and the importance of their rigorous
application to evidence examination and interpretation.
14
O6. A New Approach to Teaching a Level 3 Forensic Science Module

ANDREW REID
Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB
aa4815@coventry.ac.uk
Forensic science requires the practitioner to demonstrate both a high degree of knowledge and
understanding of their subject (that is, to represent themselves as an Expert in their field) and
also to be highly competent in the practical handling, examination, recovery and analysis of
items of evidential significance (courts require all work to be carried out by, or directly
supervised by, the reporting scientist).
During the summer of 2008, the Forensic modules at Coventry University were revised for the
above courses to make them more applied. The approach adopted for Levels 1 & 2 is common
to many other HEI’s and involves a combination of lectures, workshops, tutorials and
discussions.
This paper examines the problem based learning (PBL) approach employed by Coventry
University for Level 3 forensic teaching. Module 316BMS – Advanced Forensic Science builds on
what the students have learned in their previous years. In this module, students are provided
with a simulated MG21 form (Submission of Work for Scientific Examination) which details the
issues in the case and outlines the points to prove and the authorised items for examination.
Students employ realistic forms and procedures to conduct a full forensic investigation
consisting of:
a) development of a forensic strategy for the case

b) conducting a forensic examination of their selected item(s)
c) recovering forensic traces from “seeded” items - including labelling & storage
d) devising an analytical strategy for their recovered evidence
e) interpretation of “the results” from their analyses
f) creation of an “expert witness evidential statement”
g) delivery of expert witness evidence in a simulated court
held at Coventry Magistrates Court
The module mark is composed of 30% Item Examination (parts b & c, practical), 40% Statement
(part f, written) and 30% courtroom delivery (part g, oral). This paper addresses the practical
issues associated with this PBL approach and reviews the advantages and disadvantages
associated with this approach.
15
O7. A Comparison between ORO and Physical Developer under Different Liquid
Conditions
MICHAEL A. WOOD AND TIM JAMES
School of Science and Technology, The University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA
mike_180385@hotmail.com, Tim.James@tees.ac.uk
In the process of fingerprint development Physical Developer has been largely the method of
choice on porous surfaces after coming into contact with wet environments. It is only recently
that a new technique has been identified which could replace this standard technique. This
study aims to build on previous research and expand knowledge regarding the technique. The
study built on previous research and compared Physical Developer to Oil Red O, testing both on
four paper types, while being placed in three different water types and an accelerant for various
amounts of time. Marks were placed with both heavily ‘loaded’ sebaceous fingers and ‘normal’
un-washed fingers. Results show that Oil Red O consistently produced clearer more detailed
marks from the ‘loaded’ fingers, but neither technique proved to work better on the ‘normal’
marks. Neither technique developed any prints from the accelerant.
16
O8. Glass Analysis using the Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray
Microanalyser
STEPHEN LING
Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, University of Glamorgan
sjling@glam.ac.uk
Glass evidence may be associated with breaking and entering, in which case it is necessary to
associate a fragment with a particular pane of widow glass. In connection with violent crime, the
type or origin of the fragment may be required. The Forensic Science Service (FSS) have used the
scanning electron microscope to determine elemental compositions. The capability of a Leo high
vacuum scanning electron microscope in conjunction with an Oxford Instruments INCA energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) was examined. This equipment is similar to that used by the
FSS.
Sodium is an important constituent of glass, and is known to migrate under the influence of an
electron beam A small database of around 50 samples was analysed under conditions devised to
minimize sodium migration, yet still collect statistically significant X-ray counts. Fragments,
typically 0.1 to 0.2mm diameter, were set in a mould of conducting resin and polished to a 1
micron finish before being coated with carbon. The EDS microanalyser was calibrated using a
standard provided by the Society of Glass Technology. Sodium, magnesium, aluminium and
silicon were calibrated against the standard, and other elements were analysed against the
internal standards. Oxygen was calculated by stoichiometry and the results were normalised. By
performing repeat analyses the variability of analysis was established. The variation of analysis
within a single fragment of glass and within the same type of glass were compared. Variation
between different fragments of window glass, which is known to be made under strict quality
control and therefore presents a difficult test, exceeded those within the same fragment. This
confirmed the potential to associate questioned and control samples. The ability to characterise
an unknown fragment of glass is achievable by comparison to the database samples.
17
O9. Mapping 3-D Virtual Worlds onto Problem-Based Learning for Forensics
OLIVIA CORCORAN, STEPHANIE HENDERSON-BEGG AND ROSE HEANEY
School of Health and Bioscience, University of East London
o.corcoran@uel.ac.uk
Large practical classes, constraints on physical environments and competing demands on staff
time often conspire to give students only one opportunity to practise a laboratory skill or a given
crime scenario. In addition, considerable financial constraints are associated with running large
molecular biology practical’s with expensive reagents.
To address these real-life problems, we appraised existing virtual provision of problem-based

learning (PBL) with multimedia and virtual world (VW) technologies such as Second Life® (SL). In
recent years the integration of immersive 3D environments such as SL has gained momentum
across diverse subject areas in HE. However, it is unclear how effective these learning
technologies are and what expertise is needed for developing new resources. The School of
Health and Bioscience at University of East London (UEL) is one of the first UK Universities to
develop SL incorporating crime scene to lab. Based on our appraisal of existing virtual forensic
resources, the E-learning Group (academic bioscience staff and learning technologists) designed
and constructed a virtual conference room, crime scenario and DNA lab. Virtual experiments in
the lab are carried out on evidence recovered from the crime scene and currently include the
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis experiments. These 3D environments are
embedded into the Level 2 Biological evidence module and take students through briefing,
approaching the scene, recovering evidence and documentation. Samples recovered are then
analysed in the virtual lab.
Data including student learning outcomes, feedback and the staff and student experience were
evaluated using established qualitative and quantitative instruments. Results show that the 3D
immersive environment clearly has potential to overcome constraints of physical environment
spaces in a cost-effective manner for enhanced student learning. Our preliminary work indicates
opportunities for further development through employer-focused and collaborative
partnerships.
18
O10. Blended Learning in Forensic Pathology – the way forward?

JOHN CASSELLA1 AND SALLY CASSELLA2
1
Department of Forensic Science, Faculty of Science, Staffordshire University, Mellor Building,
College Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DE
2
Faculty of Education, Health and Sciences, University of Derby
J.P.Cassella@staffs.ac.uk
The rise in the public interest in Forensic Science, essentially due the media, has seen a
continual rise in the numbers of undergraduate and postgraduate forensic science courses and
student applications in the UK. This continues to be pedagogically challenging to academic
science departments, due to increasing student numbers and also in part to the criticism of
course content and real-life applicability; criticism that comes mainly from its own industry.
University forensic science departments require staff bases which bring traditional academics,
together with forensic practitioners, who are involved in some way, with the development and
delivery of forensic science.
From the pedagogic perspective, teaching forensic science can be problematic. Finding
sufficient, realistic and informative scenarios for undergraduate teaching is a challenge. This
challenge is compounded when teaching the topic of forensic pathology. Gaining access to post
mortem facilities, images and the details associated with forensic pathology that give the
teaching content its necessary context, is essential for robust teaching and learning.
With these considerations in mind, a structure of blended learning would initially appear to be
an appropriate methodology, following the widely used medical model. Using a combination of
video (mp4) and audio (mp3) coupled with more traditional laboratory and teamwork exercises,
the topic of forensic pathology has been taught to final year undergraduate forensic science
students. All work presented was either audio or video recorded to facilitate self-reflection or
group reflection. The opportunity to allow students to be autonomous learners in their own
time, using technologies that they are familiar and comfortable with, would appear to have
been successful from student feedback obtained. However, an interesting outcome of this work
was that many students reported a preference for a more traditional face-to-face approach and
that the use of technology, may be in some instances, be perceived by them to be a hindrance
to their learning.
This is an interesting finding when considering the role of virtual learning environments (VLE)
for some subjects/topics. The concept that VLE is a solution to the problem of 21st Century
delivery and assessment may not be valid in all situations. This is more of an issue now, than
ever before, compounded by the fact that material can be spread across a number of platforms
and sites which academia is struggling to keep up.
19
O11. ‘Reaching the Parts that Other Forensic Educators Don’t Reach’
CAROLE MCCARTNEY 1, JOHN CASSELLA2 AND PAUL CHIN3
1
School of Law, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT
2
College Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DE
3
Physical Sciences Centre, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX
C.I.McCartney@leeds.ac.uk
Forensic science has been called “an integral part of the criminal justice system” and yet few law
graduates and professionals entering or working in the system possess an educational
background that transcends entrenched disciplinary boundaries between the ‘law’ and ‘science’.
Some problems stem from early educational decisions, but these can then be exacerbated by
restrictive University course structures. The results manifest themselves during the criminal
process, where there can be a ‘dialogue of the deaf’, when scientists, police and legal
professionals have to work collaboratively. In previous papers we have detailed how forensic
science and law academics collaborated to introduce an element of forensic science into the law
curriculum (‘When science doesn’t meet the law’, FORREST 2008). This project has proven to be
a catalyst for a series of inter-related projects, all with the aim of ‘lowering the drawbridges’
between the legal academy and the forensic science academy. Results from a national survey
which laid the basis for a workshop considering the creation of ‘bespoke’ legal education for
forensic science students as well as improving legal education will be discussed and the
outcomes to date considered.
Future directions include international collaborations and sharing of ‘best practice’. There are
also important opportunities to seize upon the enthusiasm for all things ‘forensic’ in science
education in schools, the quality of which remains patchy. With scientific illiteracy an ongoing
concern, there is a role here for forensic science academics. Additionally, there is continued
demand for professional education of those working within the legal system. Academics should
also be working with employers and regulators to ensure that improvements to forensic science
education are not externally imposed. The long term aim would be to see the education of
school pupils, forensic science students and law students and legal professionals as all
constituents of a forensic education ‘empire’. Only then can we start to have an impact upon
important policy issues, as well as the media representations and the public understanding of
forensic science.
20
O12. The Development of an Effective Method for the Collection and Storage of
Prisoner’s Footwear Impressions: A Collaborative Project with Cleveland Police
HELEN TIDY AND LAURA WADE
University of Teesside
H.Tidy@tees.ac.uk, laura_m_wade@yahoo.co.uk
Due to the January 2006 legislative amendments made to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act
[PACE, 1984], Police Forces are beginning to realise the importance of footwear impression
evidence, and it’s role in generating intelligence information. Cleveland Police were looking to
develop a method for the collection of prisoner’s footwear impressions as they were taken into
custody. It was necessary to investigate current custody suite procedures, and design a system
for quick and effective recovery, which could also be incorporated into an electronic database
system.
An evaluation of current custody procedures was conducted, as well as a review of the

regulations governing the collection of detainee’s footwear impressions. Research into methods
of footwear impression collection was carried out, and the results were evaluated by Cleveland
Polices’ footwear technician. Cleveland Police are now going to routinely recover prisoner’s
footwear impressions at the Middlehaven custody suite using a Printscan™ system. This trial will
run for six weeks, and the results will determine if the system can be applied force-wide.
A method for handling the collected data was also designed, through the creation of an
electronic database system. The ‘Footwear Intelligence Database Operations’ *FIDO+ system
stores and searches both images of the prisoner’s footwear and recovered test impressions, and
was designed for use by Cleveland Polices’ footwear technician. The database also has the
potential t be extended for the integration of crime scene marks. Evaluations of the database
have yielded positive results, with an average user rating of 4 out of 5.
21
O13. Studies in Gun Shot Residue Analysis and the Etching of Fingerprints on
Metal Surfaces
LISA C. REID1, JOHN BOND2, MATTHEW J. ALMOND1 AND STUART BLACK
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Reading
2
Northamptonshire Police
3
Department of Archaeology, University of Reading
l.c.reid@rdg.ac.uk, m.j.almond@rdg.ac.uk
Research has focused on two distinct areas of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis – the Comparison
of Two GSR Collection Techniques and an examination into Combining Organic and Inorganic
GSR Analysis. A third, related area, examines the reaction of Fingerprints On Metal Surfaces.
An investigation into the collection efficiency of two commonly used GSR collection techniques –
carbon coated adhesive aluminium stubs and alcohol moistened swabs- was carried out and
showed a statistically significant difference between the two techniques, with stubs showing a
greater collection efficiency than swabs1.
The second area of investigation has combined inorganic (particulate) and organic (propellant)
analysis in order to obtain information regarding the manufacturer of the ammunition. The work
has involved the analysis of lead isotope ratios of ammunitions from different manufacturers
and will also involve propellant analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with a
Pendant Mercury Drop Electrode (HPLC-PMDE) and Gas Chromatography-Thermal Energy
Analyser (GC-TEA).
The third area of research has focussed on the effect of fingerprint sweat deposits on metal
surfaces. It has already been shown that corrosion occurs due to the chloride ion present in
sweat and this corrosion has been exploited in order to enhance fingerprints left on spent
cartridge cases2. The current research has shown that a higher sodium chloride concentration
creates a more aggressive reaction on the metal surface and higher temperatures further
increase the reaction rate. Further research will look at the electrochemical reactions occurring
at the surface.
References
Reid, L.C., Chana, K.K., Bond, J.W., Almond, M.J., Black, S., Stubs versus Swabs? A Comparison of
Gunshot Residue Collection Techniques, J. Forensic Sci., in press
Bond, J.W., Visualisation of Latent Fingerprint Corrosion of Metallic Surfaces; J. Forensic Sci.;
2008; 53(4); 812-822
22
O14. From Honours Project to Published Paper: the Development of an Etching

Paste
GRAHAM WIGHTMAN
University of Abertay
G.Wightman@abertay.ac.uk
Current pedagogic themes are the development graduate attributes in our students, and linking
research to teaching and the honours project is key area for integrating these into our degree
studies. This presentation explores how one particular undergraduate project resulted in a
refereed paper.
The original concept was to produce a paste rather than a liquid etchant for indented marks in
metals, since this would be more usable in the field or on non-planar shapes, and several
options were suggested to the student. Since this was a speculative development the project
also included a more basic study of underlying metal deformation to ensure the student had
adequate data to report. Although not originally anticipated, once the project was complete the
results were able to be further interpreted and led to the development of a model of the limit
for recovering the erased marks. The first set of trials with the paste also produced better
results than etching with Fry's reagent.
The student obtained a very good grade for her project, and on completion we began to
investigate the possibility of disseminating the development through publishing. As an academic
it was possible to review the student's data and produce a more comprehensive interpretation.
One joint paper was written presenting a model for the amount of metal needing to be removed
before recovery is no longer possible. The second joint paper offered an explanation for the
improved etching and suggested chromatographic separation as a cause. It is suggested that
there is potential for wider adaptation of the paste to give enhanced etching for other
metallurgical examinations.
The student was very pleased with having two publications in her name and is now teaching
chemistry. One student practical has also been modified to include the paste alongside Fry's
reagent and is used to encourage students to think where their own honours project may lead.
23
O15. ACPO Future Forensics: Strategy and Innovation

JULIE MENNELL
Northumbria University
julie.mennell@northumbria.ac.uk
This paper seeks to set the scene for a Future Forensics strategy, to maximise the future use,
impact and direction of forensic science in the context of government drivers, police priorities,
market issues, public concerns, emerging quality issues and the introduction of the Forensic
Regulator. In doing so it will also address the importance of collaboration and making
improvements in efficiency and effectiveness, in what is likely to be a zero growth environment.
It is crucial that in determining how forensic science can be used in the future that the focus is
on its intelligent and effective use, whilst not losing sight of opportunities to use it much more
proactively, particularly in responding to changing police priorities and new challenges. Forensic
science is an incredibly powerful tool and resource in supporting crime detection, prevention
and reduction and the successful administration of justice and there is considerable potential for
its scope to be broadened, but this needs to be done on the basis of clear identifiable benefits
and against clear priorities.
A number of specific, general and wider recommendations will be made, in relation to the use of
forensic science within policing, the forensic community and the wider CJS, and in addition, a
number of key strands will emerge, particularly in the context of maximising existing resource.
These centre on: the need to ensure that there is an integrated approach to delivering and
developing future forensic science to best effect (e.g. personnel, strategy and partnerships etc.),
particularly to avoid ‘silo’ thinking in relation to the use and direction of resource; and the
importance of strategic partnerships: and in both of these areas, the need to look within and
across, the police service, forensic science community and wider CJS.
24
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
P1. Small Particle Reagent Use in Vehicle Examination
TINA BRUNT
School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University
tina_brunt@hotmail.com
There are numerous fingerprinting techniques currently used in forensic science today, but small
particle reagent (SPR) is unique in its ability to develop latent fingerprints on wet surfaces. This
project focuses on the use of three types of SPR (white, dark and fluorescent) on vehicles, in
particular it’s effectiveness on different colour vehicle parts and how well they develop latent
fingerprints in various weather conditions over different periods of time.
The experimentation was carried out using seven different colour car parts on which latent
fingerprints were laid by a selected donor. Fingerprints were developed on the car parts by each
type of SPR, and the levels of detail in the fingerprints were analysed. For the next part of the
experiment fingerprints were laid on the car parts and they were left outside. The car parts
were chosen at random between day 2 and 17 for latent print development. The type of SPR
chosen to develop the prints was the one that produced optimal results for that colour car in the
initial experiment.
Analysis of fingerprints in the first part of the experiment revealed that the dark SPR was most
successful on the white, blue and black car parts, and fluorescent SPR was the most successful
on the silver, red, gold and green car parts. The white SPR was on the whole unsuccessful, due
to the particles in the reagent sticking to the car surface as well as the latent fingerprint residue.
I concluded that when developing latent fingerprints on vehicles with SPR, the type of SPR
should be carefully chosen depending on the colour of the vehicle to achieve maximum contrast.
Good contrast is important during the development process in order to quickly identify where
latent prints are situated so the area can be developed thoroughly to ensure good clarity and
detail in the fingerprints.
Qualitative analysis of fingerprints in the second part of the experiment showed that the
amount of detail developed in the fingerprints decreased the longer the car part was left
outside. I concluded that to obtain maximum detail and clarity in fingerprints they need to be
developed within 6 days of being outside.
This work highlights the value and abilities of SPR, which can aid with the difficult task of
developing wet and weathered fingerprints that occur in the instance of vehicle crime.
25
P2. The Differentiation of Pen Inks Using Various Microscopic, Chemometric and
Nanoscopic Techniques
PAUL BURNETT
School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee ,Bell Street ,Dundee, DD1 1HG
S.PEACE @ABERTAY .AC.UK, J .FRASER@ABERTAY .AC.UK
The aim of this study was to evaluate the discriminating power of four different techniques
when analysing red, blue, green and black pens bought in the Dundee area. These four
techniques were; low powered microscopy, thin-layer chromatography, UV spectroscopy and
FTIR microscopy. The results showed a lot of variation between the discriminating power across
different colours for the same techniques and overall across different techniques. FTIR
microscopy gave results with the best figures for discriminating power over all four colours. In all
but one colour set 100% differentiation could be made with this technique. For the other
techniques the order of best discrimination was found to be TLC>UV>Microscopy. Overall it was
found that with a combination of all of these techniques every pen sample was able to be
differentiated. The second aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of atomic force
microscopy as a new means by which to differentiate between pen inks. Due to time restraints
not all samples were able to be run using this technique. It was decided that a small collection of
pairs would be selected for analysis using this technique. These were chosen on the basis that
they were unable to be differentiated with other techniques used. Two different types of
medium were used, paper and glass. The results obtain show only preliminary data however
initial assessment indicates that all sets could be differentiated on a qualitative and quantitative
basis.
26
P3.The Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals using Natural Minerals, High Pressure

Water and Acoustic Cavitation
LAUREN BUTLER
School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee ,Bell Street ,Dundee, DD1 1HG
S.PEACE @ABERTAY .AC .UK, J.FRASER@ABERTAY .AC.UK
The generation of HO radicals by hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation in water was monitored
by their reaction with terephthalic acid to produce fluorescent 2-hydroxyterephthalate anions.
The fluorescence was converted to concentration by means of a calibration line of 2-HTA. The
effect of the parameter of generation method, ultrasonic probe position, terephthalic acid
concentration and the effects of additives such as solid iron, air, ironstone, iron powder,
powdered green glass, magnetite and sodium bicarbonate were investigated. It has been
established that the use of a high pressure jet washer was able to produce HO radicals by
means of hydrodynamic cavitation. Although it was also found that the high pressure jet washer
was not robust enough to handle the requirements of the experimental procedures. It was also
established that the ultrasonic probe position was found to produce optimal results when
position 3cm of the bottom of the beaker. It has been observed that from the additive the
powdered green glass produces the greatest amount of 2-HTA by acoustic cavitation. The study
has discovered that powdered glass has the greatest potential for being an effective additive
within acoustic cavitation that intensifies that HO radical production in water.
27
P4. Analysis of Simulated Clandestine Grave Contents to Assist Search Teams in

the Detection of Clandestine Burials
JOHN CASSELLA1, JAMIE PRINGLE2 AND JOHN JERVIS
1
College Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 2DE
2
School of Physical Sciences & Geography, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG
j.p.cassella@staffs.ac.uk, j.k.pringle@esci.keele.ac.uk
Recent studies have reported that cadaver decomposition products have an important role in
the detection of clandestine burials when utilising geophysical methods (refer to: Jervis et al
presentation at this conference); they also have a use in ‘time since death’ determinations (Vaas
et al, 1992). Elevated conductivity, pH and certain element concentration levels have been
observed in surface waters downstream of cemeteries (Matias et al. 2004). Initial work has also
been undertaken to develop soil water chemical tests in an attempt to provide gravesite
indicators (Carter, 2008).
In this study, simulated clandestine burials were created in a semi-rural environment using
domestic pig cadavers as human proxys (due to the UK 2004 Human Tissue Act preventing the
use of human tissue). Two ‘graves’, ~2 m x ~0.5 m were hand-excavated to ~0.5m below ground
level (bgl). One grave was backfilled with excavated material to act as an ‘empty grave’. The
second grave was filled with the ~75 Kg, 1.5 m-long pig carcass, before backfilling and replacing
overlying grass sods. Vertically oriented, water lysemeters were placed in both graves and in a
‘control’ position well away from the ‘graves’ to collect ‘empty’, ‘grave’ and ‘background’ soil-
water respectively. Lysate samples were extracted on a fortnightly basis for 6 months post-
burial and stored frozen for subsequent batch analysis. Collection is ongoing at monthly
intervals. The nearby University campus weather station allowed for comparative
measurements of rainfall, surface and 0.5m bgl temperature readings over the survey period.
Field investigations and, laboratory biochemical analyses have been undertaken to offer
complimentary data. Samples have been analysed for conductivity and pH, and Merckoquant™
‘field test kits’ have been used to offer semi-quantitatively determination of the presence of
specific elements of interest. Conductivity measurements of the ‘grave’ showed linear increases
over time period of the study and it was found be 50 times as conductive as background
readings after 6 months. The ‘empty’ grave demonstrated similar readings to background. A
more complex pattern was found for the pH values, the grave showed an initial decrease up to 3
months post-burial, before increasing continually up to six months post-burial; the ‘empty’ and
control grave pH levels were more variable. Potassium ion concentrations from the grave
showed increasing values when compared to background. Phosphate levels initially decreased
up to week 6 and were then consistently lower than background values. Nitrate and Sulphate
levels did not demonstrate elevated grave values in this study.
28
ICP-OES analysis of the lysate showed increasing potassium, sodium and magnesium values
‘post-burial’, with other element ions showing a variable signature. Complex data from the FTIR
trace element spectral analysis and GC-OES analysis is still ongoing.
References
Jervis J., Pringle J.P., Tuckwell G.T. & Cassella J.P. 2008. Electrical resistivity surveys over several
simulated graves in Staffordshire, UK. Abstract to be presented at the Geological Society of
London Forensic Geoscience Group Meeting, 17th December, London.
Carter D.O., Yellowlees D & Tibbett M. 2008. Using ninhydrin to detect gravesoil. Journal of
Forensic Sciences 53(2), 397-400.
Matias M.J., et al. (2004) An investigation into the use of geophysical methods in the study of
aquifer contamination by graveyards. Near Surface Geophysics, 2, 131- 136.
Vass A.A., Bass W.M., Wolt J.D., Foss JE & Ammons J.T. 1992. Time since death determinations
of human cadavers using soil solution. Journal of Forensic Sciences 37(5), 1236-1253.
29
P5. The Analysis of Organic Gunshot Residues by Gas Chromatography/Mass

Spectrometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet
Detection
OLIVER DALBY, DAVID BUTLER AND JASON BIRKETT
School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS
N0201896@ntu.ac.uk, David.butler@ntu.ac.uk, Jason.Birkett@ntu.ac.uk
Methodologies for the analysis of organic components of gunshot residue (OGSR) based on
HPLC-UV and GC/MS systems have been developed. To date the separation of over 30
compounds of interest has been assessed across the two systems.
The use of fast photography systems at NTU has shown the expulsion of relatively large
quantities of unburned and partially burned propellant powder particles from firearms during
discharge. Organic particles have been shown to come in contact with both the firer and the
surrounding environment.
Solvent extracts taken from unburned propellant powers from a number of different
ammunition types (9mm, 5.56 and 7.62 calibres) have been analysed. Preliminary results show
that the potential for discrimination between ammunition types, based on unburned propellants
exists. Such differences may be potentially useful where unburned particles are collected.
Swab samples collected from the hands of Nottinghamshire armed Police officers (following
training exercises) and spent cartridge cases (from the training session) were analysed. Results
showed some potential for differentiation between extracts from cartridge cases. Further
method development and validation work is currently ongoing.
30
P6. Genetic Analysis of Birds of Prey – Peregrine Falcon and Goshawk

MODUPE ESUBIYI
Nottingham Trent University
N0166944@ntu.ac.uk
In the UK Birds of Prey are protected by law thereby preventing them from being stolen or
killed. The use of radio satellite tracking programmes monitors their movement therefore
allowing for further protection. Within the Nottinghamshire area these tracking programmes are
not used. Poaching is as a consequence rife in this area, as eggs, chicks and adults can be sold
onto collectors/enthusiasts who are willing to pay large sums of money. They are also being
killed by the pigeon racing community. The Peregrine Falcon and Goshawk are monitored by
ringing their feet which has a unique number identifier. Although this method is useful, it does
not fully provide the protection that these birds require. The use of genetics provides a superior
tracking system where relatedness of offspring and parentage can be determined. This method
of identification has proved successful in the UK in the form of the National DNA Database
where cross referencing of suspect samples can uncover criminal cases. Genetic analysis can
therefore provide highly discriminating forensic evidence which can be subsequently used in
criminal proceedings (Dawnay et al, 2009).
This project aimed to develop genetic identification methods for the individual characterisation
of a number of Peregrine Falcon and Goshawk samples. Genetic markers used for identification
involved Sex Determination, Microsatellites and Mitochondrial analysis by Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR). It can be difficult to get to these birds, so the use of non invasive methods for
DNA extraction was an advantage over drawing blood. This was achieved by extracting DNA
from feathers using a simplified method. It proved to be effective for the Peregrine samples, but
Goshawk samples were more difficult, although DNA was seen when RAPD analysis was
performed.
Results showed that identification using genetic analysis can be accomplished. Further work
required would involve precise tailoring of each analytical technique in order to provide
optimum results for each species.
31
P7. An Investigation into the Acquisition of Fingerprints from Food

SARAH FERGUSON
School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay, Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee, DD1 1HG
S.PEACE @ABERTAY .AC.UK, J .FRASER@ABERTAY .AC.UK
Fingerprints are the most common form of physical evidence found at crime scenes. They can
be found on a variety of surfaces and the type of fingerprint deposited will vary depending on
the surface. The aims of this study were to investigate which latent fingerprint development
techniques would yield the most successful results from food surfaces (apple, banana, tomato,
cucumber, onion, potato and egg shell); and also to investigate if it is possible to identify a
plastic print deposited on a food surface (butter and chocolate). Five techniques were
investigated for the development of latent fingerprints; small particle reagent, black magnetic
powder, physical developer, ninhydrin and superglue fuming. The results obtained have shown
that small particle reagent was the most successful technique, closely followed by black
magnetic powder; the majority of prints obtained from these two processes were of very high
quality. Superglue proved to be very successful on the egg surface, however, on other
substrates, superglue fuming yielded very poor results. Physical developer yielded poor results
on all substrates. The most unsuccessful technique for developing prints on such surfaces was
ninhydrin as this process yielded no results. Fine flour particles were used to further develop the
plastic prints. The results obtained show that butter was the most successful for producing
prints which were of high quality. Chocolate did not yield good results.
32
P8. The Effect of Burial on the Behaviour and Development of Blowfly Larvae
HELEN GROVER AND ALAN GUNN
Faculty of Science, John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF
h.l.grover@2005.ljmu.ac.uk, a.gunn@ljmu.ac.uk
Although adult blowflies are often said not to be able to colonise buried bodies, their larvae are
sometimes found upon them. It is usually assumed that these larvae result from eggs laid upon
the body before it was buried. It is not known how burial affects the behaviour and
development of blowfly larvae although this information is important if they are to be used to
calculate the post-mortem interval. To answer these questions, ox liver was allowed to be
colonised by blowflies and then buried in John Innes Number 2 compost in clear sided plastic
containers at a depth of either 5 cm or 25 cm. Control samples were left unburied on the surface
o
and the test and control samples were maintained at either 10 or 25 C. The liver was buried
when the blowflies were either at the egg, or the first or third larval instar stage of
development. In a second experiment, post-feeding larvae and pupae were buried at different
depths. Results indicated that blowflies were able to complete their entire larval stage
underground and that this was not affected by the depth of burial. Post-feeding larvae tended
to migrate away from their food and pupated close to the soil surface. The deeper that pupae
were buried, the longer it took for the adult flies to emerge at the surface although adult flies
were capable of burrowing up through 22 cm of soil.
33
P9. DNA Analysis of Wildlife

LAUREN JONES
School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University
N0152164@ntu.ac.uk
The aim of this project is to create an isothermic sex determination test that can be carried out
on wild animals whilst in the field. It is necessary to do this in order to accelerate the
amplification time of the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template; additionally it would provide an
easier method for DNA analysis that could be performed without the use of laboratory facilities.
Furthermore, results must be obtained as soon as possible in forensic wildlife cases as an
animal’s life may be at risk.
The methods included the use of FTA cards to collect, store and extract the DNA samples. PCR
used to amplify samples, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis used to separate DNA fragments and the
Ultra-Violet Gel Documentation Device was used to view the results. Additionally, the H3 PCR
product was purified and sequenced.
The Amelogenin primers, used for the sex determination, did not produce two strong, clear
bands (amplification of the X allele and the Y allele respectively) for every male sample analysed
that could be repeated. The results therefore indicated that most of the samples were female as
only one band (amplification of the X allele only) was present in the samples. This is incorrect as
the absence of the Y allele does not verify the sample to be female, but imply that the analysis
failed to produce the Y allele as a result of technical difficulties. Therefore, it can only be
suggested that the results of the sex determination show false indications that all the samples
are female, due to the amplification of only the X allele and absence of the Y allele, that may be
caused by technical problems. The results from this project suggest that the Amelogenin primers
used for the sex determination of hippopotamus are defective.
Although the aim of the project was not achieved due to technical difficulties, significant
successes were obtained with the majority of the objectives of the project along with the
successful amplification of DNA from different hippopotamus samples and the successful
sequencing of the hippo 3 sample. Additionally, an optimum annealing temperature and
extension time was discovered for the Amelogenin primers. The washing and rinsing of the FTA
card for discarding unwanted cellular materials was increased, and two FTA disc per samples
was discovered to give stronger and more reliable results.
The reason for the experiment to only produce one band for the male samples is still unknown.
It is thought that one of the primers did not anneal to the target area, the reason for this could
be that the primers were not specific enough, they were damaged, ‘out of date’ or there was a
rear mutation in all of the samples. It could also be that the X and Y bands were so close
together that they appeared as one band. Further research in this area is highly recommended.
34
P10. Entomotoxicology – HPLC Determination of Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline

in Larvae
STEPHANNIE VARAIDZO KING AND SHIRLEY BAYNE
School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside
F6083113@tees.ac.uk
This project researches amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels in carrion feeding insects. Meat
samples were spiked with different concentrations of amitriptyline to simulate death by
suicide/overdose. The main aim of the project is to determine whether there was a link between
the concentrations found on the meat samples and the concentrations found in the larvae.
The use of solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
were used to identify whether the antidepressants were present in the insects and to quantify
the amount of analyte present. It was found that the limit of detection for reference standards
using HPLC was 1µg/ml and using LC-MS the limit was 1ng/ml. The limit of the SPE extraction
was determined to be 10ng/ml during preliminary investigations and the extraction efficiency
for each of the compounds of interest is still under investigation.
To date analysis of the entomological samples has shown that, amitriptyline and nortriptyline
were not detected at a quantifiable level. However on most samples both amitriptyline and
nortriptyline were detected using mass spectrometry.
35
P11. Visualisation of Fingerprints on Dark Fabrics using Silver Vacuum Metal

Deposition
SUSAN KNIGHTING
Silver VMD is a relatively new technique employed for the enhancement of latent fingerprints
deposited on problematic surfaces. Unlike with the traditional gold/zinc metals used in VMD
where both metals must be evaporated, silver offers a much simpler operation.
The process involves the thermal evaporation of a specific quantity of silver metal within a
vacuum chamber, resulting in the deposition of a uniform metal layer on the sample being
treated. The sample must be examined and documented immediately after removal from the
chamber in order to prevent any detail being lost as oxidation of the metal occurs.
In this study, fifteen donors of varying ages and both sexes were asked to deposit fingerprints on
four different fabrics via two methods; pressing and grabbing. These were left to age for 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 28+ days after which they were treated with silver VMD.
The project was mainly aimed at investigating the effect of fabric type, donor, print age and
method of fingerprint deposition on the quality of the enhanced prints.
The satin and polyester synthetic materials proved the most successful fabric types, polyester
often producing excellent ridge detail. In fact, polyester was the only material to ever show any
ridge detail, however, the other materials often showed where prints had been deposited
(“empty” prints), hence highlighting areas for potential DNA testing. Polycotton was less
successful than satin since it produced a fewer number of “empty” prints whilst cotton gave the
poorest results.
Different donors were also shown to significantly affect the results obtained. It was suggested
that this may have been the result of variations in the pressures applied during the collection
method as well as the different levels of sweat produced by individuals.
Print age and method of print deposition did not influence the results greatly. However, it was
observed that additional areas of detail could develop on the sample some time after VMD
treatment. Although the press action proved more successful overall, the grab often produced
equally good results.
Producing an image of the enhanced fingerprints against the weave of the dark fabric proved
the most problematic task throughout the entire study.
36
P12. Development of rapid and highly sensitive method for reliable gender
determination
JARI LOUHELAINEN, TAPIWA MARAWANYIKA AND SUZZANNE MCCOLL
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool,
L3 3AF
S.M.Mccoll@ljmu.ac.uk
The amelogenin gene-based gender determination has become indispensable in forensic

casework. The analysis is based on PCR amplification of the homologous part of the X-Y
amelogenin gene with a single primer pair, which generates different length products from the X
and Y chromosomes. However, it has been demonstrated that in some cases the commercial kits
fail to show any X-chromosome specific product.
We developed an assay, which allows the sex determination of human DNA samples by
quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR), using fluorescent on-line detection of the
amplicons. The design is based on the 2008 release of the Human Genome (Ensembl release 51,
Wellcome Sanger Center, Hinxton, UK). The assay was constructed to take account for all known
deletions, polymorphisms, mutation and transcript variants. Thus, this analysis system should
give reliable results even with unusual amelogenin gene copies, rarely present in normal human
population.
Since the qRT-PCR is highly sensitive, the assay can produce readable results at much lower
thresholds than the conventional PCR based methods. The final results are very easy to
interpret, as both X and Y chromosomes produce a distinctive and specific peak. In our
preliminary study, 26 samples of variable origin were tested and in 100% of the cases we were
able to determine the gender correctly. In addition, mixed gender, or contaminated samples can
be analysed as well.
References
Shadrach B, Commane M, Hren C, Warshawsky I. (2004) A rare mutation in the primer binding
region of the amelogenin gene can interfere with gender identification. J Mol Diagn.
Nov;6(4):401-5.
Steinlechner M, Berger B, Niederstätter H, Parson W (2002) Rare failures in the amelogenin sex
test. Int J Legal Med 116:117–120
37
P13. Regeneration of Aged Fingerprints Using the “Superglue” Technique

CARLY R. NIXON1, MATTHEW J. ALMOND1 AND JOHN BOND2
1
2
carlynixon@yahoo.co.uk, m.j.almond@reading.ac.uk
The superglue method for the detection of fingerprints is a widely used and successful technique
for forensic analysis. However, success is limited to fingerprints that are two weeks or less in
age. The aim of this MSc project is to look at aged fingerprints using the superglue method and a
range of dyes. Fingerprints were placed onto non-porous black PVC pond liner with an area of
approximately 12cm2 split into a 5 by 8 grid. The sample evidence was then left to degrade for
several months. This is the current state of the project i.e. that the fingerprints are being left to
age. Various methods will be used to regenerate the fingerprints and to study the effect of
ageing. A range of different solvents and reagents will be used and the superglue technique will
then be employed. One major aim of the work is to study the use of different dyes to enhance
the fingerprints produced by the superglue method. This will enable an evaluation of particular
dyes in their suitability for aged fingerprints based on a study of the chemical processes
involved.
38
P14. The Visualisation of Fingerprints on Metals

DENISE O’CONNOR
Fingerprints are known to be found on many different objects such as paper, plastics and glass;
however, it has been shown in previous scientific work that fingerprint deposits have a corrosive
effect upon certain types of metal surfaces due to the salt material that is present within the
composition of fingerprint residue. The visualisation of the fingerprint is made possible due to
the heating up of the metal using set temperature ranges, accelerating the corrosion process.
This paper aims to investigate this theory using three different types of metals, which are brass,
stainless steel and aluminium, and two sets of temperature ranges. Each metal is subjected to
heating using a furnace instead of an open flame as per previous work. The results of the
investigation did show that the use of a furnace is highly successful as a method to heat up the
metals producing a good visualisation of fingerprints in many cases. It was also seen that some
metals corrode more excessively than others at higher temperature ranges, with the best overall
result being the brass metal and the poorest being aluminium.
39
P15. Optimisation of the Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) Technique

STACEY PEACE AND KIRSTIE ROBINSON
S.PEACE @ABERTAY .AC.UK
The Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) produced by Foster+Freeman (F+F) is a long

established technique for the visualisation of indented writing in the field of document
examination.
Literature has reported various attempts to optimise the results gained from the ESDA. The
various conditions used include altering the size of the beads used to carry the toner powder
and the humidification of the paper. This study aimed to bring the variables together to produce
consistent optimum results. The study also looked at whether it was possible to recover
indentations from wet documents.
Beal (2000) investigated the affect of size on the results and achieved optimum results with a
glass bead size of 0.177- 0.297mm. This was replicated in this study by use of beads with varying
diameters and it was found that Beal’s results could not be replicated and that the beads
provided by F+F (0.45-0.50mm) produced the clearest results.
ESDA relies on the paper having a slight moisture content to produce results. Humidification of
no more than 5 minutes is recommended by F+F. In this study, paper was left in the F+F
humidifier for periods of time ranging from 1 minute to 20 hours and found that the
recommended 5 minutes produced the optimum results.
Documents were also placed in an oven for varying lengths of time. It was discovered that
indentations could be recovered on these dried out documents once it has been subjected to
humidification.
It is accepted that ESDA does not work on documents which have once been wet but little
research has been carried out in to this. Documents were soaked in water for varying lengths of
time and dried out in a number of ways. It was found that indentations cannot be recovered
from previously wet documents, due to water soaking in to the paper fibres and “plumping”
them out, thereby destroying the indentations.
In conclusion, the authors believe that optimum conditions for the ESDA are dependent on
individual laboratory conditions and that F+F recommend the most reproducible conditions.
40
P16. A Study into Paint Composition after Fires and Explosions to Establish the
Origin
KELLY ROBERTS1, MATTHEW ALMOND1 AND JOHN BOND2
1
2
k.roberts@student.reading.ac.uk, m.j.almond@reading.ac.uk
The aim of this MSc project is to look at paint composition before and after exposure to extreme
temperatures. With the analysis concentrating on Raman, IR and XRF techniques, and looking
towards forensic applications in arson and explosion cases, with the use of portable detectors,
with a view to pin-pointing the origin of the fire or explosion. I hope to find a significant
difference in paint composition as the sample is exposed to different levels of heat and
therefore will be able to distinguish between paint which was at the origin, i.e. the hottest part,
and paint which was further away.
41
P17. Analysis and Assessment of Counterfeit Alcohol

GARY ROBSON
Science & Technology, University of Teesside
f6117197@tees.ac.uk
To protect the public and to disrupt criminal activities occurring in the drinks industry, it is
important to assess alcoholic beverages in terms of detection of counterfeits. In this work, three
authentic vodkas were used to assess the illicit nature of a sample of counterfeit alcohol seized
by local trading standards offices.
This was achieved by determining the alcohol content and analysing the chemical matrix of both
the counterfeit and authentic vodka samples. The alcoholic content of both the counterfeit and
authentic vodka samples were measured via specific gravity and the results showed that the
authentic vodka samples closely resembled the alcohol content indicated on their labels (vodka
1: 37.6% v/v, vodka 2: 37.8% v/v and vodka 3: 39.6% v/v (actual value quoted on the bottle for
vodka 1 & 2 is 37.5% v/v and for vodka 3 is 40% v/v)), but this was not the case for the for
counterfeit vodka as it was found to contain 37.6% v/v and not the 40% v/v indicated on the
bottle.
GC – FID and HS – GCMS were used to analyse the chemical matrix of both the counterfeit and
authentic vodka samples. The chromatograms obtained from GC – FID and HS – GCMS for the
counterfeit vodka contained a peak that was not present on the chromatograms of the
authentic vodka samples. This peak was subsequently confirmed by GC-FID and HS-GCMS as
being tert – butanol (2-methyl-2-propanol) using a reference material.
The assessment concluded that the counterfeit vodka sample did not contain the indicated
volume (40% v/v) of alcohol and that it had been adulterated with 2-methyl -2-propanol.
42
P18. Sex Determination from Paranasal Sinuses among Egyptians (El-Sharkia

governorate): Computerized Tomography Study
WAFAA F. HUSSEIN1 ,MIE SAMEER GOMAA1, MONA O. ABO ELEZZ2, ASHRAF S.HEGAB3 AND DALIA
A. SELIM
1
Department of forensic Medicine and Toxicology ,2 Department of Radiology, 3 Department of
anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
dr_das2006@yahoo.com
Background: Sex determination from skeletal remains forms an important component in the
identification process. Sex has long been determined from skull and pelvis. Recently the
osteometery of paranasal sinuses have been applied in the identification procedures.
Aim of the work : study aimed to investigate whether osteometeric dimensions of paranasal
sinuses could be used for determination of sex.
Patients and Methods: The study was carried out on computerized tomography images of
paranasal sinuses of 120 Egyptian adults (65 males and 55 females) in Zagazig University
Hospitals. Three measurement of each sinus were determined from these scans (width, length,
and volume).
Results: the results showed that paranasal sinuses (except sphenoid) were statistically larger in
males. Maxillary, ethmoid and frontal measurements can identify sex with 80.5% accuracy using
their nine variables. While discriminating function -after applying each sinus three variables-
showed accuracies of 80% for maxillary, 77.5% for ethmoid and 75.3% for frontal sinus.
Conclusion and recommendations: It was concluded that CT scans of paranasal sinuses (except
sphenoid) may be useful to support sex determination.
43
P19. An Investigation of the Systematic Asymmetry of Fingerprints Comparing

Left and Right Handedness
JEMIMA SHORT AND VENETIA A. SAUNDERS
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3
3AF
v.a.saunders@ljmu.ac.uk
Fingerprints are unique individual characteristics which are determined by the pattern and
characteristics of epidermal ridges that occur on the tips of the fingers. The probability of the
existence of two identical fingerprint patterns is extremely small. Differences have been
reported in epidermal ridge density between males and females. The aim of this study was to
determine whether any such differences exist in the fingerprints of left- and right-handed
individuals. To this end both ridge density and fingerprint pattern type of left-handed and right-
handed individuals were examined. The study focused on 60 subjects, representing 15 left-
handed females, 15 left-handed males, 15 right-handed females and 15 right-handed males, all
subjects were over the age of 18. For each individual there were ten prints (representing all ten
fingers). There appeared to be little significant association between handedness and fingerprint
pattern as determined by visually classifying each fingerprint into the pattern types right loop,
left loop, arch, tented arch and whorl. However, left-handed individuals were more likely to
have the twinned loop pattern than right-handed individuals. Results also showed that right-
handed individuals have a significantly higher ridge density, determined by counting ridges that
occur within a defined space, than left-handed individuals. In addition, when the left- and right-
handed categories were subdivided to take gender into account, right-handed females tended
to have a significantly higher ridge density than left-handed females, likewise right-handed
males showed a significantly higher ridge density than left-handed males.
44
P20. Utilising Mitochondrial DNA Markers to Identify Insects for Forensic

Applications: An Investigation into how the Preservation and Storage of Insect
Tissue can Affect mtDNA Yield
ALICE THOMPSON, L. TINWORTH AND C. SMITH
Department of Molecular and Applied Biosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of
Westminster, London, W1W 6UW
alice.thompson@my.westminster.ac.uk
The accurate identification of insect species found at crime scenes is essential in forensic
entomology for establishing crucial links between suspects, victims and locations. Current
techniques are morphologically based; however, a lack of keys available for the identification of
eggs and larvae is impeding the potential the field of entomology has to offer to criminal
investigation. As a means of targeting the issue, DNA-barcoding techniques have been suggested
as a valid alternative, as it is considered that there is sufficient species-species variation to
facilitate identification. This study has examined the use of the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1
region (COI) of the mitochondrial genome for use as an identification marker.
Blow fly larvae were obtained from a local fishing supplier and stored in the laboratory using
several preservation techniques and storage temperatures, including varying concentrations of
ethanol, in order to study the effects on DNA yield and subsequent PCR analysis. DNA was
extracted from the stored larvae using a standard DNAzol protocol (Invitrogen) and PCR carried
out using a set of universal primers covering a 403bp region of the mitochondrial COI gene.
Subsequent gel electrophoresis showed a PCR product of the expected size and this was
subsequently sequenced.
These results indicate that the preservation conditions of larvae affect the quantity of DNA that
can be extracted; live freezing and ethanol preservation were found to give the best DNA yields
and most reproducible PCR products. This information may assist entomologists collecting
specimens in the field.
Molecular approaches offer substantial benefits to forensic entomology and crime scene
investigation. The amplification of the mitochondrial COI region described here indicates a
simplified means of molecular identification, potentially increasing the accessibility of
entomology beyond taxonomic experts in the field.
45
P21. The Potential Discriminatory Value of Ear Prints as Forensic Evidence

NICOLA WINFIELD
Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University
Nicola.f.winfield@student.mmu.ac.uk
Crime scene investigation is an ever-evolving environment in which science must progress in

order to match criminals to crime scenes. Fingerprints and DNA have been used successfully for
such a period of time that it is hard to find another source of possible identification. Ear print
evidence is a forensic tool very much in its infancy, however, the results obtained in this
investigation show that there are features and measurements within the ear that could provide
means for positive identification. Samples were taken from donors and their ears were analysed
digitally and visually. Since there is currently no nationally accepted method for either the
collection of ear prints or the development of ear prints, steps were followed to ensure that the
right method was used. By producing data in tables and in graphs, patterns and correlations can
be seen. The conclusions drawn from the data produced in this investigation are basic, in order
to produce more conclusive evidence, the research would need to be completed on a much
larger scale, taking prints from a broad range of donors however, there is enough data to
conclude that there is a place for ear prints as forensic evidence.
46
AUTHOR INDEX
Abo Elezz, Mona .......................................................43 King, Stephannie Tephanvaraidzo ........................... 35
Almond, Matthew ........................................ 22, 38, 41 Knighting, Susan ...................................................... 36
Barclay, David .............................................................9 Lewis, Mary .............................................................. 11
Bayne, Shirley ...........................................................35 Ling, Stephen ........................................................... 17
Birkett, Jason ............................................................30 Louhelainen, Jari ...................................................... 37
Black, Stuart .............................................................22 Lucking, Paul ............................................................ 11
Bleay, Steve ................................................................5 Marawanyika, Tapiwa ............................................. 37
Bond, John .................................................... 22, 38, 41 McCartney, Carole ................................................... 20
Brown, Roger ............................................................11 McColl, Suzzanne ..................................................... 37
Brunt, Tina ................................................................25 Mennell, Julie........................................................... 24
Bryson, David............................................................10 Morrisson, Andrew .................................................... 9
Burnett, Paul ............................................................26 Nicola Winfield, Nicola ............................................ 46
Butler, David .............................................................30 Nixon, Carly .............................................................. 38
Butler, Lauren ...........................................................27 O’Connor, Denise ..................................................... 39
Cassella, John ......................................... 11, 19, 20, 28 Peace, Stacey ........................................................... 40
Cassella, Sally ............................................................19 Pringle, Jamie ........................................................... 28
Chin, Paul ..................................................................20 Reid, Andrew ........................................................... 15
Corcoran, Olivia ........................................................18 Reid, Lisa .................................................................. 22
Crawley, Colin .............................................................5 Roberts, Kelly ........................................................... 41
Dalby, Oliver .............................................................30 Robinson, Kirstie ...................................................... 40
Esubiyi, Modupe .......................................................31 Robson, Gary ........................................................... 42
Ferguson, Sarah ........................................................32 Rogers, Christopher ................................................. 13
Gibbons, Paul..............................................................8 Saunders, Venetia .............................................. 12, 44
Gilhooley, Philip .........................................................6 Schmerer, Wera ....................................................... 13
Gomaa, Mie Sameer .................................................43 Selim, Dalia .............................................................. 43
Grover, Helen ...........................................................33 Short, Jemima .......................................................... 44
Gunn, Alan ................................................................33 Smith, C. ................................................................... 45
Heaney, Rose ............................................................18 Sturrock, keith ......................................................... 14
Heath, lorraine .........................................................12 Sutton, Raul ............................................................. 13
Hegab, Ashraf ...........................................................43 Thompson, Alice ...................................................... 45
Henderson-Begg, Stephanie .....................................18 Tidy, Helen ............................................................... 21
Hussein, Wafaa .........................................................43 Tinworth, L. .............................................................. 45
James, Tim ................................................................16 Wade, Laura ............................................................. 21
Jervis, John ...............................................................28 Whitehead, Michael ................................................ 13
Jones, Lauren ............................................................34 Wightman, Graham ................................................. 23
Kennedy, Janice ..........................................................7 Wood, Michael ........................................................ 16
47
48

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Proceedings of the 5th National FORREST

Published by the Forensic Institute

KEYNOTE BIOGRAPHIES ........................................................................................................................... 4

COLIN CRAWLEY, CHIEF TRAINING OFFICER WITH MERSEYSIDE POLICE ....................................................................... 4

PARALLEL WORKSHOPS ........................................................................................................................... 6

ORAL PRESENTATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 10

POSTER PRESENTATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 25

P1. SMALL PARTICLE REAGENT USE IN VEHICLE EXAMINATION, TINA BRUNT............................................................ 25

AUTHOR INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... 47

10.00 - 11.00 Conference Registration & Refreshments

15.00 - 15.40 Parallel sessions

1st July 2009

09.00 - 09.30 Conference Registration

10.30 - 11.00 Refreshments

STEVE BLEAY, Home Office Scientific Development Branch

K2. Fingerprint Development and Imaging – Fundamental Research to

The workshop will be in 2 parts:

Part 1: “A Whorlwind Tour”

Part 2: Practical exercises

W2. Laughter – a good teaching aid?

W3. Use of Electron Microscopy for Forensic Analysis of Gunshot Residue

The advantages to using photography include:

O2. The Hulton Abbey Skeletal Digitisation Project

[This project is funded by the Higher Education Academy and JISC]

O3. Evaluating the Potential Application of Microbial DNA Profiling to Forensic

O5. Introducing Reflective Practice to First Year Forensic Science Students

O6. A New Approach to Teaching a Level 3 Forensic Science Module

a) development of a forensic strategy for the case

To address these real-life problems, we appraised existing virtual provision of problem-based

O10. Blended Learning in Forensic Pathology – the way forward?

An evaluation of current custody procedures was conducted, as well as a review of the

O14. From Honours Project to Published Paper: the Development of an Etching

O15. ACPO Future Forensics: Strategy and Innovation

P3.The Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals using Natural Minerals, High Pressure

P4. Analysis of Simulated Clandestine Grave Contents to Assist Search Teams in

P5. The Analysis of Organic Gunshot Residues by Gas Chromatography/Mass

P6. Genetic Analysis of Birds of Prey – Peregrine Falcon and Goshawk

P7. An Investigation into the Acquisition of Fingerprints from Food

P9. DNA Analysis of Wildlife

P10. Entomotoxicology – HPLC Determination of Amitriptyline and Nortriptyline

P11. Visualisation of Fingerprints on Dark Fabrics using Silver Vacuum Metal

The amelogenin gene-based gender determination has become indispensable in forensic

P13. Regeneration of Aged Fingerprints Using the “Superglue” Technique

P14. The Visualisation of Fingerprints on Metals

P15. Optimisation of the Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) Technique

The Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) produced by Foster+Freeman (F+F) is a long

P17. Analysis and Assessment of Counterfeit Alcohol

P18. Sex Determination from Paranasal Sinuses among Egyptians (El-Sharkia

P19. An Investigation of the Systematic Asymmetry of Fingerprints Comparing

P20. Utilising Mitochondrial DNA Markers to Identify Insects for Forensic

P21. The Potential Discriminatory Value of Ear Prints as Forensic Evidence

Crime scene investigation is an ever-evolving environment in which science must progress in

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