CE-228: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II

MODULE-1
INTRODUCTION, STRESS AT A POINT

PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR

CONTENTS
• Course Outlines
• Mechanics of Solids-I at a Glance
• Combined Stresses

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Course Information:
• Course Title: Mechanics of Solids-II
• Course Code: CE – 228
• Course Duration: One Semester
• Credit Units: 03 Credit Hrs. (Contact Hrs. 03)
• Level: 4th Semester (2nd Year)
• Medium of Instruction: English
• Prerequisites: Mechanics of Solids-I (CE-225)
• Equivalent Courses: Not Applicable

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Course Aims:
• To enable students, analyze complex state of stress in solid bodies.
• To introduce concepts of inelastic behavior of beams, stability and material failure.
• The students will be able to analyze and evaluate strength & stability of structural members.

• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

CLO Taxonomy
Description PLO
No. Domain
1 Discuss the theory of elasticity and plasticity C2 1
Apply mechanics of materials to beams under the generalized
2 C3 1
loadings and theory of plasticity
Analyze the stresses and strains due to combined effect of all
3 type of forces, unsymmetrical bending, thin and thick wall C4 2
cylinders, curved beams and columns

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs): Course learning outcomes will be achieved through a
combination of the following teaching strategies.
• Classroom discussions
• Solved examples in the classroom
• Class assignments
• Quizzes
• Homework assignments
• Mid-term examination
• Final comprehensive examination

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Weekly Schedule (Before Mid Term)

Week Topic Covered CLO Activities

Introduction to the course, MOS-I at a glance, Stress at a point, Combined
1 1,2 Assig No.1
stresses
2 Analysis of eccentrically loaded short prismatic member, Kern/core of a section 1,2
3 Unsymmetrical bending 1,2 Quiz No.1
4 Stress transformation: Analytical method 1,3
5 Stress transformation: Mohr’s circle 1,3 Assig No.2
6 Strain Transformation, 1,3
7 Relationship between elastic constants, Theories of Failure, 1,3 Quiz No.2
8 Mid Term Examination

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Weekly Schedule (Before Mid Term)

Week Topic Covered CLO Activities

9 Shear stress distribution in unsymmetrical beams, Shear flow, Shear center 1,2
10 Thin and thick wall cylinders 1,2 Assig No.3
11 Analysis of columns. short, intermediate and long columns, slenderness ratio 1,3
Rankine-Gordon formula for intermediate columns, Eccentrically loaded
12 1,3 Quiz No.3
columns
13 Analysis of curved beams 1,3
14 Inelastic behavior of beams in flexure, Shape factor of a section 1,2 Assig No.4
15 Analysis of beams on elastic foundation, 1,2
16 Concentration of stresses 1,2 Quiz No.4
17 Preparation Week 1,2
18 Final Term Exam

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COURSE OUTLINES
• Grading Criteria
• Quizzes: 15%
• Assignment: 15%
• Mid Term Exam: 20%
• Final Term Exam: 50%

• Recommended Books and References

• Andrew Pytel and Ferdinand L. Singer, Strength of Materials, 4th edition
• Hibbler, R. C., Mechanics of Materials, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition, 2004.
• E.P. Popov, Mechanics of materials

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Stress:
• When a force is applied on a body, internal resistance (restoring force) is induced with in the body. This internal
resistance per unit area is known as stress.
• While pressure is the external force per unit area.
• The stress produced in a body may be Uniform (simple stress) or Nonuniform

• Types of Stresses:
• Stress may be broadly classified as Normal Stress and Shearing Stress or Shear Stress

• Normal Stress:
• The stress produced by an internal force acting perpendicular to the resisting area is known as normal stress.
Examples of normal stress are: axial stresses (tension and compression), flexural stress, bearing stress, thermal
stress, etc.

• Shear Stress:
• The stress produced by an internal force acting parallel to the resisting area is known as shear stress. Examples
are direct shear stress, torsional stress, beam shear stress, punching shear stress, thermal stress

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Cartesian coordinate system: In the analysis:
• x-axis is taken along axis of the member
• y-axis is taken any axis parallel to the x-section
• z-axis is taken perpendicular to y-axis. Direction of z-axis is
decided based on right hand rule “if you rotate fingers of your
right hand from x to y, your thumb will point the z-axis”

• Forces acting at a section:

• Axial Force, Px
• Torque, Tx
• Bending Moment about y-axis, My
• Shear along y-axis,Vy
• Bending Moment about z-axis, Mz
• Shear along z-axis, Vz

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Forces acting at a section:
• Normal stresses are produced due to Px, My and Mz
• Shear stresses are produced due to Tx,Vy and Vz

• Axis stress: σ = Px/A

• where Px is the axial force and A is the cross sectional area

• Bending (flexural) stress: σ = - (Mz/Iz)y and σ = - (My/Iy)z

• Where Mz and My are the bending moments about z-axis and y-axis respectively,
• Iz and Iy are the 2nd moment of area (moment of inertia) of the section about z-
axis and y-axis respectively.
• y and z are distance from neutral axes along y-axis and z-axis respectively
• As per assumption, y and z shall be the principle axes of the section. Principle axes
are two orthogonal centriodal axis about which the product of inertia is zero and
moment of inertia is maximum about one axis and minimum about the other.

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MOS-I AT A GLANCE
• Torsional Stress: τ = Tx ρ/J
• Where Tx is the torque about x axis, J is the polar moment of inertia
about x-axis and ρ is the radial distance from the x-axis.

• Shearing Stress: τxy = (Vy Qz) / (Iz bz) τxz = (Vz Qy) / (Iy by)
• Where Vy and Vz are shear forces along y-axis and z-axis respectively
• Qz and Qy are the first moments of area about z-axis (Σ (Ay)) and y-axis
(Σ (Az)) respectively
• Iz and Iy are moment of Inertia about z-NA and y-NA respectively and
• bz and by are widths of the beam along z-axis and y-axis respectively.

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GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
• Area, 𝐴 = ‫𝐴𝑑 ׬‬

• First Moment of Area, 𝑄𝑧 = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬σ 𝐴𝑦ത 𝑄𝑦 = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑧 ׬‬σ 𝐴𝑧ҧ

• Moment of Inertia, 𝐼𝑧 = ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 𝐼𝑦 = ‫ 𝑧 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴

• Polar Moment of Inertia 𝐼𝑥 = ‫𝜌 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = ‫ 𝑧 ׬‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐼𝑧

• Product of Inertia, 𝐼𝑦𝑧 = ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑧𝑦 ׬‬σ 𝐴𝑦ത𝑧ҧ

• Centriodal Axes: 𝑦ത = σ 𝐴𝑦 / σ 𝐴 𝑧ҧ = σ 𝐴𝑧 / σ 𝐴
• For composite section:
2 2
𝐼𝑧 = σ 𝐼𝑧ҧ + 𝐴 𝑌 𝐼𝑦 = σ 𝐼𝑦ത + 𝐴 𝑍 𝐼𝑦𝑧 = 𝐼𝑦𝑧 + 𝐴𝑌𝑍
• Principal axes are two orthogonal centriodal axis about which the product
of inertia is zero and moment of inertia is maximum about one axis and
minimum about the other

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GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Example:
Calculate Geometric Properties of the given angle section.
A = 60 x 10 + 10 x 70 = 1300 mm2.
𝑦ത = σ 𝐴𝑦 / σ 𝐴 = (600 x 5 + 700 x 45) / (1300) = 26.54 mm
𝑧ҧ = σ 𝐴𝑧 / σ 𝐴 = (600 x 30 + 700 x 5) / (1300) = 16.54 mm
𝐼𝑧 = σ 𝐼𝑧ҧ + 𝐴 𝑌 2 = 60x103/12 + 600x(26.54 –5)2+10x703/12 + 700 (45-
26.54)2 = 807,756 mm4.
𝐼𝑦 = σ 𝐼𝑦ത + 𝐴 𝑍 2 = 10 x 603/12+600 (30-16.54)2 + 70x103/12 + 700 (16.54 –
5)2 = 387,756 mm4.
𝐼𝑦𝑧 = 𝐼𝑦𝑧 + 𝐴𝑌𝑍 = 0 + 600 (26.54-5)(16.54-30) + 0 + 700 (45-26.54)(5-16.54)
= 323,077 mm4.
𝐼𝑥 = ‫𝜌 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐼𝑧 =387,756 + 807,756 = 1,195,512 mm4.

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COMBINED STRESS
• On a particular plan, normal stress and shear stress do not interact with each other.
• The normal stress produced in x-direction by axial force (𝑃𝑥 ), bending moment
about z-axis (𝑀𝑧 ) and bending moment about y-axis (𝑀𝑦 ) can be combined using
principle of superposition to get expression for combined normal stress.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 + − 𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦
• The shear stress produced due to 𝑉𝑦 (𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) and due to 𝑉𝑧 (𝜏𝑥𝑧 ) may be combined
with shear stress produced due to torque (𝜏𝑥𝑦 and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 ).
𝑉𝑦 𝑄𝑧 𝑇𝑥 𝜌
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = +
𝐼𝑧 𝑏𝑧 𝐽
𝑉𝑧 𝑄𝑦 𝑇𝑥 𝜌
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = +
𝐼𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝐽
Where 𝜏𝑥𝑦 is the shear stress on x-plane in y-direction and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 is the shear stress
on x-plane in z-direction.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR

PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 902: Compare maximum stress in bent rod 1/2“
square, where the load P is 1/2“ off center as shown in figure,
with maximum stress if the rod were straight and the load
applied axially. This problem illustrate why the lateral
deflection in column is so dangerous.
Solution: From the FBD of bent bar:
Px = -P and Mz = -P x 1/2 = -P/2
Geometric properties are:
A = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 in2.
Iz = (1/2)(1/2)3/12 = 1/192 in4.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 −𝑃 −𝑃/2
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 = + − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 1/4 1/192
𝜎𝑥 = −4𝑃 + 96𝑃𝑦
This is called fiber stress equation.

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 902:
For NA, stress is zero, i.e.
𝜎 = 0 ⇒ −4𝑃 + 96𝑃𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑁𝐴 = +1/24“
Therefore NA is shifted upward by 1/24” from centriodal axis.
Stresses at top and bottom fibers are:
𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = −4𝑃 + 96𝑃 +1/4 = +20𝑃
𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = −4𝑃 + 96𝑃 −1/4 = −28𝑃
Therefore maximum stress in bent bar is:
𝜎𝑀𝑎𝑥 = −28𝑃
For straight bar: 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑥 /𝐴 = −𝑃/(1/4) = −4𝑃
Therefore ratio of stresses in bent bar to straight bar is:
𝜎𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 /𝜎𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = −28𝑃/−4𝑃 = 7
So very high stress is induced in a bar due to slight bent.

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 904: To avoid interference, a link in a machine is designed so that its cross sectional area is
reduced one half at section A-B as shown in figure. If the thickness of the link is 50 mm, compute the
maximum force that can be applied if the maximum normal stress on section A-B is limited to 80 MPa.
Solution: From the FBD of the link:
𝑃𝑥 = -P and 𝑀𝑧 = -P x 20 = -20P
Geometric properties of the section are:
𝐴 = 50 x 40 = 2,000 mm2.
𝐼𝑧 = (50)(40)3/12 = 266,667 mm4.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 −𝑃 −20𝑃
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 = + − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 2,000 266,667
𝜎𝑥 = 0.0005𝑃 −1 + 0.15𝑦
This is called fiber stress equation.
For NA, 0.0005𝑃 −1 + 0.15𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = +6.67 𝑚𝑚

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 904:
For stress in top and bottom fibers
𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 0.0005𝑃 −1 + 0.15 +20 = +0.001𝑃
𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = 0.0005𝑃 −1 + 0.15 −20 = −0.002𝑃
Therefore, the maximum stress is at bottom fiber
𝜎𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.002𝑃
Comparing this stress with the limiting value of 80 MPa:
0.002𝑃 = 80 ⇒ 𝑃 = 40,000 𝑁
𝑃 = 40 𝑘𝑁

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 906: For the 2-in by 6-in wooden beam shown in figure, determine the normal stress at A and B.
Are these the points of maximum normal stress? If not, where are they located and what are their values.
Solution: Geometric properties of the section are:
𝐴 = 2 x 6 = 12 in2.
𝐼𝑧 = (2)(6)3/12 = 36 in4.
At section A-B
𝑃𝑥 = 0 and 𝑀𝑧 = +9108 lb-in
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +9108
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 =0+ − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 36
𝜎𝑥 = −253𝑦
At top 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = −253 3 = −759 𝑝𝑠𝑖
At Bottom 𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = −253 −3 = +759 𝑝𝑠𝑖
The stresses at section A-B are not the maximum because the
moment under load is greater than the moment at A-B.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR

PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 906:
At section just to the right of point load,
𝑃𝑥 = 0 and 𝑀𝑧 = +12,144 lb-in
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +12,144
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 =0+ − 𝑦 = −337𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 36
At top 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = −337 3 = −1011 𝑝𝑠𝑖

At Bottom 𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = −337 −3 = +1011 𝑝𝑠𝑖

At section just to the left of point load:
𝑃𝑥 = +1932 and 𝑀𝑧 = +6360 lb-in
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 +1932 +6360
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑦 = + − 𝑦 = 161 − 177𝑦
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 12 36
At top 𝜎𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 161 − 177 +3 = −370 𝑝𝑠𝑖

At Bottom 𝜎𝐵𝑜𝑡 = 161 − 177 −3 = +692 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Therefore the maximum stresses are at section just to the right of point load

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PROBLEMS: COMBINED STRESS
Problem 911: A concrete dam has the profile shown in figure. If the density of concrete is 2400 kg/m3 and
that of water is 1000 kg/m3, determine the maximum stress on section m-n if the depth of water behind the
dam is h = 15m.
Solution:Various load applied on dams are:
𝑊1 = 𝛾𝑉 = 2400𝑥9.81 3𝑥20𝑥1 /1000 = 1412.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑊2 = 𝛾𝑉 = 2400𝑥9.81 6𝑥20𝑥1/2 /1000 = 1412.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ2 /2 = 1000𝑥9.81 15 2 /2 = 1103.6 𝑘𝑁

From equilibrium conditions:

𝑃𝑥 = − 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = − 1412.6 + 1412.6 = −2825.2
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑃𝑥5 − 𝑊1 𝑥3 + 𝑊2 𝑥2 = 1103.6𝑥5 − 1412.6𝑥3 + 1412.6𝑥2 = 4105.4 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Geometric properties of the section are:

𝐴 = 9 x 1 = 9 m2. 𝐼𝑧 = (1)(9)3/12 = 60.75 m4.
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑦 −2825.3 4105.4
𝜎𝑥 = + − 𝑧 = + − 𝑧 = −313.92 − 67.58𝑧
𝐴 𝐼𝑦 9 60.75

At point m and n
𝜎𝑚 = −313.92 − 67.58 +4.5 = −618.03 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑛 = −313.92 − 67.58 −4.5 = −9.81 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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