Week 1: Function of several variables 1/16

Tuần 1: Hàm nhiều biến số

 Week 1: Function of several variables 2/16

Không gian Rn và khái niệm khoảng cách

*) Với 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 ∗ , ký hiệu 𝑅 & để chỉ tập hợp tất cả bộ 𝑛 số thực (𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ) và 𝑅 &
được gọi là không gian thực 𝒏 chiều. Khi bộ số thực (𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ) được đặt tên
là 𝑃 thì ta viết 𝑃(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ) gọi là một điểm trong không gian 𝑅 & .

*) Cho 2 điểm 𝑃(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ), 𝑄(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ) ∈ 𝑅 & , khoảng cách giữa 𝑃 và 𝑄 ký
hiệu là 𝑑(𝑃, 𝑄) được định nghĩa:

𝑑(𝑃, 𝑄) = 𝑥) − 𝑦) + + 𝑥+ − 𝑦+ + + ⋯ + 𝑥& − 𝑦& +

Khoảng cách này thỏa mãn bất đẳng thức tam giác: 𝑑 𝑃, 𝑄 ≤ 𝑑 𝑃, 𝑅 + 𝑑 𝑅, 𝑄

*) Điểm 𝑃(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ) còn được viết dưới dạng 𝑥 = (𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ). Khi đó với 𝑥 =
(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … , 𝑥& ) và 𝑦 = (𝑦) , 𝑦+ , … , 𝑦& ), khoảng cách giữa 𝑥, 𝑦 là:

𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑥) − 𝑦) + + 𝑥+ − 𝑦+ + + ⋯ + 𝑥& − 𝑦& +

 Week 1: Function of several variables 3/16

Hàm hai biến số

Ví dụ:

Ø Nhiệt độ 𝑇 trên bề mặt của trái đất phụ thuộc vào vị trí, nghĩa là kinh độ 𝑥 và vĩ
độ 𝑦. Ta nói 𝑇 là hàm số của hai biến số 𝑥, 𝑦, ký hiệu là 𝑇(𝑥,𝑦)
Ø Thể tích của hình trụ 𝑉 phụ thuộc vào bán kính 𝑟 và chiều cao ℎ: 𝑉 𝑟, ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 + ℎ

Định nghĩa:

Một hàm số 𝑓 của hai biến số là một quy tắc tương ứng với mỗi cặp phần tử (𝑥, 𝑦)
của tập hợp 𝐷 với một và chỉ một phần tử 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 . Tập 𝐷 gọi là tập xác định của
hàm số

• Hàm một biến: 𝑥 và 𝑓 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

• Hàm hai biến: (𝑥, 𝑦) và 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 => 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
• Hàm 𝑛 biến: (𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … . , 𝑥& ) và 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … . , 𝑥& ) => 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑥+ , … . , 𝑥& )
 of real numbers !x, y" in a setComputer
D a uniqueprograms are
real numb
Week 1: Function of several variables 4/16th
D is the domain of f andsuch programs,
its range is thetraces
set of in
valu
Hàm hai biến số $
# f !x, y" !x, y" ! D% . values of k and parts of the
Figure 10 shows compu
especially good picture of
• Hàm hai biến: (𝑥, 𝑦) và 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 => 𝑧 We = 𝑓(𝑥,
often𝑦)write z ! f !x, y" to make explicit the value
!x, y". The variables x andzy are independent variables
[Compare this with the notation y ! f !x" for functions o
z A function of two variables is just a function whose d
y
range is a subset of !. One way of visualizing such a fun
f(x, y)
gram (see Figure 1), where the domain D is represented
(x, y) range is a set of numbers on a real line, shown as a z-axis
the temperature at a point !x, y" in a flat metal plate with
0
0 x z-axis as a thermometer displaying the recorded temper
D (a, b) f(a, b) If a function f is given by a formula and no domain i
understood to be the set of all pairs !x, y" for which the
real number. y
x
FIGURE 1 EXAMPLE 1 For each of the following functions, evalua
domain. (a) f(x, y)=(≈+3¥)e _≈_¥

s x " y " 1z
(a) f !x, y" ! (b) f !x, y"
• Hàm 3 biến thì sao? Hàm 𝑛 biến? x# 1
SOLUTION
s3 " 2 " 1
(a) f !3, 2" ! !
 Figure 3.)
Week 1: Function of several variables 5/16
Not all functions can be represented by explicit formulas. The function in the next exam-
Hàm hai biếnverbally
ple is described số and by numerical estimates of its values.

EXAMPLE 2 In regions with severe winter weather, the wind-chill index is often used to
describe the apparent severity of the cold. This index W is a subjective temperature that
depends on the actual temperature T and the wind speed v. So W is a function of T and v,
and we can write W ! f "T, v#. Table 1 records values of W compiled by the National
Weather Service of the US and the Meteorological Service of Canada.

TABLE 1 Wind-chill index as a function of air temperature and wind speed

Wind speed (km/ h)

v 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80
T
5 4 3 2 1 1 0 !1 !1 !2 !2 !3
0 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !6 !7 !8 !9 !9 !10
Actual temperature (°C)

!5 !7 !9 !11 !12 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !16 !17

!10 !13 !15 !17 !18 !19 !20 !21 !22 !23 !23 !24
!15 !19 !21 !23 !24 !25 !26 !27 !29 !30 !30 !31
!20 !24 !27 !29 !30 !32 !33 !34 !35 !36 !37 !38
!25 !30 !33 !35 !37 !38 !39 !41 !42 !43 !44 !45
!30 !36 !39 !41 !43 !44 !46 !48 !49 !50 !51 !52
r-
!35 !41 !45 !48 !49 !51 !52 !54 !56 !57 !58 !60
!40 !47 !51 !54 !56 !57 !59 !61 !63 !64 !65 !67
 The production function 1 has subsequently been used in many settings,1905 ranging
143 125 149
The production functionWeek1 has subsequently
1: Function been used in many settings, ranging
from individual firms to global economics. It of
hasseveral
becomevariables
known as the1906 152
Cobb-Douglas 134 6/16
163
production function. Its domain is $!L, K" % L ! 0, K ! 0& because L 1907
from individual firms to global economics. It has become known as the Cobb-Douglas 151 140 176
and K represent
production
Hàm
labor and
function.
haicapital
biến số are
and %
Its domain is $!L, K" L ! 0, K ! 0& because L1908
therefore never negative.
and K represent
1909
126
155
123
143
185
198
labor and capital and are therefore never negative.
1910 159 147 208
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain and range of t!x, y" ! s9 " x 2 " y 2 . 1911 153 148 216
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain and range of t!x, y" ! s9 " x 2 " y 2 .
1912 177 155 226
SOLUTION The domain of t is
SOLUTION The domain of t is 1913 184 156 236

% % 1914
D ! $!x, y" 9 " x 22 " y 22 ! 0& ! $!x, y" x 22 # y 22 $ 9&
169 152 244

% %
D ! $!x, y" 9 " x " y ! 0& ! $!x, y" x # y $1915 9&
1916
189
225
156
183
266
298
which is the disk with center !0, 0" and radius 3. (See Figure 4.) The range of t is
which is the disk with center !0, 0" and radius 3. (See Figure 4.) The range of t is
1917 227 198 335
1918 223 201 366
$ %
z z ! s9 " x 2 " y 2 , !x, y" ! D &
$ %
z z ! s9 " x " y , !x, y" ! D
2 2 & 1919
1920
218
231
196
194
387
407
Since z is a positive square root, z ! 0. Also, because 9 " x " y $ 91921
2 2
, we have179 146 417
Since z is a positive square root, z ! 0. Also, because 9 " x " y $ 1922
2 2
9, we have240 161 431
s9 " x 2 " y 2 $ 3
So the range is s9 " x 2 " y 2 $ 3 y
So the range is $z % 0 $ z $ 3& ! '0, 3( ≈+¥=9
%
$z 0 $ z $ 3& ! '0, 3(
Graphs
Graphs
Another way of visualizing the behavior of a function of two variables is to consider its
)} _3 3 x
)}
graph.
Another way of visualizing the behavior of a function of two variables is to consider its
graph.
Definition If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph of f
3
 So the range is
which is the disk with
7/16ce
Week
%
$z1: 0Function
$ z $ of3& several
! '0, 3(variables
HàmGraphs
hai biến số _3 3 x
Another way of visualizing the behavior of a function of two variables is tozconsider
Since its squa
is a positive
Biểu diễn hàm hai biến số bằng đồ thị
graph.

Definition If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph of f

FIGURE So the range is
is the set of all points !x, y, z" in !43 such that z ! f !x, y" and !x, y" is in D.
9-≈-¥
Domain of g(x, y)=œ„„„„„„„„„

y Just as the graph of a function f of one variable is a curve C with equation y ! f !x", so
Graphs
z
the graph of a function f of two variables is a surface S with equation z ! f !x, y". We can
visualize the graph S of f as lying directly above or below{ x,its (x, y)} D Another
y, fdomain way (see
in the xy-plane of visualizi
Figure 5). S graph.

Definition If f is a fu
ights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

is the set of all points

sed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
f(x, y)
0
D y Just as the graph of a f
x (x, y, 0)
the graph of a function f
visualize the graph S of f
FIGURE 5 Figure 5).
 Week 1: Function of several variables 8/16
x
Hàm hai biến số
FIGURE 6
Vẽ đồ thị hàm số: z = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 6 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 => 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, mặt phẳng

Vẽ đồ thị hàm số: 𝑧 = 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 + − 𝑦 + => 𝑥 + + 𝑦 + + 𝑧 + = 9, 𝑧 ≥ 0, nửa mặt

cầu trên (nửa mặt cầu dưới là 𝑧 = ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 9 − 𝑥 + − 𝑦 + )
SECT

z
EXAMPLE 5 Sketch the graph of the fun
(0, 0, 6) z
(0, 0, of
SOLUTION The graph 3) f has the equat
which represents a plane. To graph the p
y ! z ! 0 in the equation, we get x ! 2
0
and the z-intercept is 6. This
(0, 3, helps
0) us sk
(0, 3, 0) octant (3,
in0,Figure
0) 6. y
(2, 0, 0) y x
The function in Example 5 is a specia
x FIGURE 7
f !x, y"
FIGURE 6
Graph of g(x, y)=œ„„„„„„„„„
9-≈-¥
 Computer programs are readily available for graphing functions of two variables. In most
Week 1: Function
such programs, ofthe
traces in several variables
vertical planes 9/16
x ! k and y ! k are drawn for equally spaced
values of k and parts of the graph are eliminated using hidden line removal.
Figure 10 shows computer-generated graphs of several functions. Notice that we get an
Hàm hai biến số especially good picture of a function when rotation is used to give views from different

z z
Một số ví dụ khác:

x
y
x

(a) f(x, y)=(≈+3¥)e _≈_¥ (b) f(x, y)=(≈+3¥)e _≈_¥

z
z

x y

x y

sin x  sin y
(c) f(x, y)=sin x+sin y (d) f(x, y)=
xy
 Level Curves Week 1: Function of several variables 10/16
Definition The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with
So far we have two methods equations
for visualizing
f !x, y" ! kfunctions: arrow (in
, where k is a constant diagrams and
the range of f ). graphs. A third
Hàm
method,hai biến số
borrowed from mapmakers, is a contour map on which points of constant elevation
are joined to form contour lines, or level curves.
A level curve f !x, y" ! k is the set of all points in the domain of f at which f takes on
Đường mức: a given value k. In other words, it shows where the graph of f has height k.
You can see from Figure 11 the relation between level curves and horizontal traces. The
level curves f !x, y" ! k are just the traces of the graph of f in the horizontal plane
Definition The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with
z ! k projected down to the xy-plane. So if you draw the level curves of a function and
equations f !x, y" ! k, where
visualizekthem
is abeing
constant
lifted up(in the
to the range
surface ofindicated
at the f ). height, then you can mentally
piece together a picture of the graph. The surface is steep where the level curves are close
together. It is somewhat flatter where they are farther apart.
Ví dụ: các đường mức mô tả độ cao của ngọn núi
z
A level curve f !x, y" ! k is the set of all points in the domain of f at which f takes on
45

40
a given value k. In other words, it shows where the graph of f has height k.

00
You can see from Figure 11 the relation between level curves and horizontal traces. The
level curves f !x, y" ! k are just the traces of the graph of f in the horizontal plane

45
00
z ! k projected down to the xy-plane. So if you draw the level curves of a function and
visualize them being lifted up to the surface at the indicated height, then you can 50
00
mentally
piece together a picture of the graph. The surface is steep where the level curves are close
LONESOME MTN.
together. It is0 somewhat flatter where they are farther apart. A

55
B

00
x y

50

40
k=45

00

00
450
k=40 k
k=35 Cree
0
k=30 me
eso
k=25 Lon
f(x, y)=20 k=20
 and 80. We estimate that Week 1: Function
f !1, of # 73 variables
3"several 11/16
f !1, 3" # 73
Hàm hai we
Similarly, biến số that
estimate f !4, 5" # 56
Similarly, we estimate that f !4, 5" # 56

EXAMPLE 10 Sketch the level curves of the function f !x, y" ! 6 ! 3x ! 2y for the
EXAMPLE 10 Sketch the level curves of the function f !x, y" ! 6 ! 3x ! 2y for the
values k ! !6, 0, 6, 12.
values k ! !6, 0, 6, 12.
SOLUTION The level curves are
SOLUTION The level curves are
3x!!2y2y!!k k
66!!3x oror ""
3x3x 2y 2y "!
" !k !k 6"
!! 6" 0! 0
3
This is aa family
This is familyofoflines
lineswith slope!!
withslope 3 . The four particular level curves with
2 . 2The four particular level curves with
! !6
kk ! !6,, 00,, 66,,and
and12 are3x3x""2y2y!!1212!!
12are 0, 03x ""
, 3x !!
2y 2y 6 !6 0!, 3x
0, " "!
3x 2y 2y0! 0, and
, and
3x " 2y2y " " 66 ! !00. .They
Theyare
aresketched
sketchedininFigure
Figure 15.15.
TheThe level
level curves
curves are are equally
equally spaced
spaced
parallel lines because
parallel lines becausethethegraph
graphofoff is
f isa plane
a plane (see
(see Figure
Figure 6). 6).

y y

0 x
0 x
k=
k=

k=

k=

15
k _6
k=

k=

k0

15
=

=
12

of
_6
12

of
2y
2y
 Week 1: Function of several variables 12/16

Hàm hai biến số SECTION 14.1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 909

SECTION 14.1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 909

v vEXAMPLE 11 Sketch the level curves of the function

EXAMPLE 11 Sketch the level curves of the function

t!x,t!x, !!
y" y" s9s!
9!x 2x!!y
2
2 y 2
for kk!!0,0,1,1,2,
for 2,33
SOLUTION TheThe
SOLUTION level curves
level areare
curves

s9s!
9! y 2 y!
x 2 x!2 ! 2 k
!k oror x x2 2""yy2 2!!99! 2
! kk 2

ThisThis
is aisfamily
a family of concentric
of concentric circles
circles center!0,
withcenter
with !0,0"0"and radiuss
andradius s99 !
! kk22 . The cases
cases
k !k0! , 10, ,21,,32,are
3 are shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 16.16. Trytotovisualize
Try visualizethesetheselevel
levelcurves
curves lifted
lifted up to
formform a surface
a surface andand compare
compare with
with thethe graphofoft t(a(ahemisphere)
graph hemisphere)in inFigure
Figure 7.
7. (See TEC
TEC
Visual
Visual 14.1A.)
14.1A.)
y y k=3
k=3
k=2
k=2
k=1
k=1
k=0
k=0

0 (3, 0) x
0 (3, 0) x

16
 _3y _3y
f(x, y)= Week f(x, y)=
f "x,1:y,Function
z# ! ln"zof%several variables
(d) 13/16
≈+¥+1 y#≈+¥+1
" xy sin z
Hàm ba biến số
SOLUTION The expression for f "x, y, z# is defined as long as z % y ! 0, so the domain of
Functions of Three or More Variables
f is
A function of three variables, f , is a rule that assigns to each ordered triple !x, y, z" in a
D ! !"x,denoted
domain D ! ! 3 a unique real number ! 3 f !x,z !
y, z# ! by y, z"
y%. For instance, the temperature $
T at a point on the surface of the earth depends on the longitude x and latitude y of the point
and
Thisonisthe time t, so we
a half-space could write
consisting ! f !x,that
of allT points y, t"lie
. above the plane z ! y.

It’s very difficult to visualize a function f of three variables by its graph, since that would
lie in
ights Reserved. Maya notfour-dimensional
be copied, scanned, or duplicated, space.
in whole or inHowever, werights,
part. Due to electronic dosomegain some
third party contentinsight intofromf theby
may be suppressed examining
eBook and/or eChapter(s).its
sed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
level surfaces, which are the surfaces with equations f "x, y, z# ! k, where k is a constant.
If the point "x, y, z# moves along a level surface, the value of f "x, y, z# remains fixed.

=9 EXAMPLE 15 Find the level surfaces of the function

=4
f "x, y, z# ! x 2 " y 2 " z 2

SOLUTION The level surfaces are x 2 " y 2 " z 2 ! k, where k # 0. These form a family
of concentric spheres with radius sk . (See Figure 20.) Thus, as "x, y, z# varies over any
sphere with center O, the value of f "x, y, z# remains fixed.

Functions of any number of variables can be considered. A function of n variables is a

 lie in a four-dimensional space.
WeekHowever, weofdoseveral
1: Function gain some insight into
variables f is f by examining its14/16
level surfaces, which are the surfaces with equations f "x, y, z# ! k, where k is a constant.
Hàm
If the số "x, y,
pointcủa baz# và nhiều
moves alongbiến sốsurface, the value of f "x, y, z# remains fixed.
a level

=9
=9 EXAMPLE 15
EXAMPLE 15 Find the level surfaces of the function
This is a half-space consis
=4
=4
"x, y,
ff "x, z# !
y, z# ! xx 22 " " zz22
" yy 22 " It’s very difficult to visua
lie in a four-dimensional sp
SOLUTION The
SOLUTION The level
level surfaces
surfaces are 2
are xx 2 " 2
" zz2 !
" yy 2 " 2
! kk,, where # 00.. level
where kk # Thesesurfaces,
These form aa family
form family
which are th
of concentric
of concentric spheres
spheres with radius s
with radius skk .. (See
(See Figure
Figure 20.)
20.) Thus,
Thus, as "x,Ify,
as "x, z# varies
y,the
z# varies over
point "x,
over any
z# moves
y, any
sphere with
sphere with center
center OO,, the
the value
value of "x, y,
of ff "x, z# remains
y, z# remains fixed.
fixed.

z ≈+¥+z@=9 EXAMPLE 15 Find the leve

Functions of
Functions of anyany number number of of variables
variables can can be considered.
be considered. A A function
function of of n n vari
variables
ables is is aa
rule that
that assigns
assigns aa number number zz ! "x11,, xx22,, .. .. .. ,, xxnn ## to
! ff "x ≈+¥+z@=4
to an
an n-tuple "x11,, xx22,, .. .. .. ,, xxnn ## of
-tuple "x of real
real num-
num-
rule n
=1 bers. We
bers. We denote
denote by by ! !nn thethe set
set of
of all
all such
such n-tuples.
n-tuples. For For example,
example, if if aa company
company uses uses nn different
different
=1
ingredients in
ingredients in making
making aa food food product,
product, ccii is is thethe cost cost perper unit
unit of
of the
the ith
ith ingredient,
ingredient, and and xxii units
units
of the
of the ith
ith ingredient
ingredient are are used,
used, then
then the
the total
total cost cost C C of
of the
the ingredients
ingredients SOLUTION
is aa function
is function The of
level
of the surfac
the nn
variables xx11,, xx22,, .. .. .. ,, xxnn::
variables of concentric spheres with
sphere with center O, the v
33 C!
C "x11,, xx22,, .. .. .. ,, xxnn ## !
! ff "x ! cc11 xx11 " " $$y$$ $$ "
" cc22 xx22 " " ccnn xxnn
x Functions of any numbe
The function f is a real-valued function whose domain
The function f is a real-valued function whose domain is a subset of ! . Some is a subsetrule of ! n
that assigns
n . Some times
times a number
we
we z
will use
will use vector
vector notation
notation to to write
write such such functions
functions more more compactly: If
≈+¥+z@=1
compactly: ! && xxWe
If xxbers.
! 1, x 2denote
, x n ' ,!
, .. .. .. ,, xxby
, ' ,
n
we
we the se
1 2 n
 f concentric spheres with radius sk . (See Figure 20.) Thus, as "x, y, z# varies over an
Week "x,y y,"z#zofremains
ofx1:fFunction several variables
2 2 2
phereSOLUTION The level
with center surfaces
O, the value are " ! k, where k # 0. These form a family 15/16
fixed.
of concentric spheres with radius sk . (See Figure 20.) Thus, as "x, y, z# varies over any
Hàm
spherenhiều biếnO,số
with center the value of f "x, y, z# remains fixed.
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ule thatFunctions
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ith ingredient, and x i u
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ariables x 1, xx2 ,, .x. ,. .,. x. ,n :x :
variables 1 2 n

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The function f is a real-valued function whose domain is a subset. of
The function f is a real-valued function whose domain is a subset of ! Some
! ntimes
. Some wetimes
will use vector notation to write such functions more compactly: If x ! & x 1, x 2 , . . . , x n ' , we
ill use vector notation to write such functions more compactly: If x ! & x 1, function
often write f "x# in place of f "x 1, x 2 , . . . , x n #. With this notation we can rewrite the
x2, . . . , xn ' ,
write fin"x#
ften defined in place
Equation of f "x 1, x 2 , . . . , x n #. With this notation we can rewrite the func
3 as
efined in Equation 3 as
f "x# ! c " x
f "x# ! c " x
where c ! & c1, c2 , . . . , cn ' and c " x denotes the dot product of the vectors c and x in Vn .
In view of the one-to-one correspondence between points "x 1, x 2 , . . . , x n# in ! n and their
c ! & cvectors
hereposition . , c& xn 1', xand
1, c2 , .x. ! c " x denotes the dot product of the vectors c and x in
2 , . . . , x n ' in Vn , we have three ways of looking at a function f
of ! n : correspondence between points "x 1, x 2 , . . . , x n# in ! and t
n
In defined
view ofonthe one-to-one
a subset
 Relative humidity (%) (b) Describe in words the meaning of the question “For what
(c) Describe in words the meaning of the question “For what Table 1 for a few values of T and v.
Week 1: Function of several
valuevariables
of5.v is
A !!20, vfor
fmodel " !the!30 ?” Then
surface answer
area of athe 16/16
question.
human bod
value hof T is20f !T, 20"
30! !49 40?” Then50answer60the question.
70 (c) Describe in words the meaning of the question “For what
T 7. function
The wave heights h in the open sea depend o
(d) What is the meaning of the function W ! f !!5, v"?
Actual temperature (°F)
value of T is f !T, 20" ! !49 ?” Then answer the question.
BàiDescribe
tập
80 the77behavior 78 of this79function.
81 82 83 (d) What is theof the wind and
meaning of the !thef !length
S functionw, h"
W!
of time twthat
! f0.1091
!!5, v"?
0.425the
h 0.72
blowing at that speed. Values of the function
(e) What85
is the meaning
82
of
84
the function
86
W
88
! f !T,
90
50" ? 93
Describe the behavior of this function.
recorded
(e) What is thewhere w isof
meaning
inthefeetfunction
in Table
theweight (in 4.! f !T, 50"h?is the h
W pounds),
Describe the behavior of this function.
Describe the (a)behavior
and What isofthe
S is measuredthisvalue of f !40,
in square
function. 15"? What is
feet.
90 87 90 93 96 100 106
2. The temperature-humidity index I (or humidex, for short) is the (a) Whatf !160,
(b) Find is the 70"
meaning of the function
and interpret it. h!
perceived 2. The temperature-humidity index I (or humidex, for short) is the
95 air temperature
93 96 when101 the actual
107 temperature
114 is124
T and the behavior
(b) What is your of own this function.
surface area?
perceived air temperature when the actual temperature is T and
the relative humidity is h, so we can write I ! f !T, h". The fol- (c) What is the meaning of the function h !
the relative humidity is h, so we can write I ! f !T, h". The fol-
table of 99
lowing100 values 104
of I is an110excerpt120
from a132 144
table compiled 6. The thewind-chill
behaviorindex of thisW function.
discussed in Exampl
lowing table of values of I is an excerpt from a table compiled
by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. modeled by the following function:
by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.
TABLE 4
(a) TABLE
What 3 value
is the of f !95,
Apparent 70"? What
temperature as aisfunction
its meaning? W!T, v" ! 13.12 # 0.6215T ! 11.37v 0.16 #
TABLE 3 Apparent temperature Duration
as a function
(hours)
(b) For what value ofof h is f !90,and
temperature h" ! 100?
humidity of temperature and humidity
T is f !T,humidity
50" ! 88 Check t to see
5 how 10closely 15this model
20 agrees
30 w
(c) For what value of Relative ?
(%) √ Relative humidity (%)
(d) What are the meanings of the functions I ! f !80, h" Table 1 for a few values of T and v.
h 20 10 30 2 40 2 50 2 60 2 70 2
and hI ! f !100,
20 h"?30 Compare 40the behavior
50 of60these two
70 T
T 7. The wave heights h in the open sea depend o

Actual temperature (°F)

functions of h.
Actual temperature (°F)

Wi nd speed (knots)
80 77 the
of 78 4
15 wind the 4length
and79 81 5 82 5t that
of time 5 w
83 the
80 77 78 79 81 82 83
3. A manufacturer has modeled its yearly production function P blowing at that speed.
85 82 20 84 5 86 7 Values
88 8 of 90the
8 function
93 9
(the monetary
85 value of84
82 its entire
86production
88 in millions
90 of
93 recorded in feet in Table 4.
dollars) as a Cobb-Douglas function 90 87 30
(a) What90is 9the 93
value !40,100
13 of96f16 15"17 106 18
? What is i
90 87 90 93 96 100 106
P!L, K" ! 1.47L 0.65K 0.35 (b) What96is the101
93 40 meaning of the function h !
95 14 21 107 25 114 28 124 31
95 93 96 101 107 114 124 the behavior of this function.
where L is the number of labor hours (in thousands) and K is 100 99
(c) 50 104is the110
What 120of the
132 144 h !
19 meaning29 36 function
40 45
the invested
100 capital
99 (in
104millions
110of dollars).
120 Find132P!120,
14420" the behavior of this function.
and interpret it. 60 24 37 47 54 62
(a) What is the value of f !95, 70"? WhatTABLE
is its meaning?
4
4. Verify for the Cobb-Douglas production function (b) For what value of h is f !90, h" ! 100?
(a) What is the value of f !95, 70"? What is its meaning? (c) For what8.value
A company
of T is f makes three
!T, 50" ! 88?sizes (hours)
Duration of cardboard b
(b) For what valueP!L, f !90,
of hKis" ! h" !
1.01L 0.75100
K 0.25? medium, and large. It costs $2.50 to make a