• The mean 𝑥ҧ for a sample consisting of n observation is:

σ𝑥
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛
• The median is the middle number in group of numbers arranged in sequential order. In a
set of numbers, half will be greater than the median and half will be less than the
median.
1. Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 6, 8, 19, 14, 4, 11, 15

2. Find the mean and median of the following set of numbers: 5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15, 13
 ➢is a special form of average deviation from the mean.
➢is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean of the
distribution.
➢is considered as the most reliable measure of variability.
➢is affected by the individual values or items in the distribution.
σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑛

σ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥)2 σ 𝑓𝑥 2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = σ𝑓
or σ𝑓
− 𝑥ҧ 2
The data for temperature of City A is shown below. Find the standard deviation.

Time Temperature of City A

0000 25
0400 24
0800 26
1200 33
1600 31
2000 29
 σ𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ =
x 𝒙𝟐 𝑛
168
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ =
25 625 6
σ𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ =
24 576 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ = 28
26 676
33 1089 𝑆𝐷 =
σ 𝑥2
− 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑛
31 961
29 841 4768
𝑆𝐷 = − 282
6
෍ 𝑥 = 168 ෍ 𝑥 2 = 4768 𝑆𝐷 = 3.27 (𝑡𝑜 3 𝑠. 𝑓. )
 σ𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ =
x ഥ
𝒙−𝒙 ഥ
𝒙−𝒙 𝟐 𝑛
168
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ =
25 -3 9 6
σ𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ =
24 -4 16 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ = 28
26 -2 4
σ 𝒙−𝒙ഥ 𝟐
33 5 25 𝑆𝐷 =
𝑛
31 3 9
29 1 1 𝟔𝟒
𝑆𝐷 =
6
෍ 𝑥 = 168 ഥ =0
෍𝒙 − 𝒙 ഥ
෍ 𝒙−𝒙 𝟐 = 64 𝑆𝐷 = 3.27 (𝑡𝑜 3 𝑠. 𝑓. )
 The distribution of marks scored by students for a class quiz is shown in the table below.

Marks 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of 5 7 6 4 9 6 6
Students
 The table shows the number of grammatical errors made by Kate in eight English essays submitted this
semester. Find the standard deviation of the number of errors made. Show your working clearly.

Easy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number
Number 6 9 15 26 10 14 21 3
of Errors
• The mean for grouped data is found as follows:
σ 𝑓𝑥
𝑥ҧ =
σ𝑓
The frequency distribution of the prices of items sold as a supermarket in $ is as shown. Determine the
mean value of the prices.

Class Frequency
1-5 8
6-10 6
11-15 4
16-20 2
21-25 4
26-30 6
31-35 2
The table shows the calculations for finding the mean:
Class Frequency Class midpoint (x) fx σ 𝑓𝑥
1-5 8 3 24 𝑥ҧ =
σ𝑓
6-10 6 8 48 486
11-15 4 13 52 𝑥ҧ =
32
16-20 2 18 36
𝑥ҧ = $15.19
21-25 4 23 92
26-30 6 28 168
31-35 2 33 66

෍ 𝑓 = 32 ෍ 𝑓𝑥 = 486
 ➢is a special form of average deviation from the mean.
➢is the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean of the
distribution.
➢is considered as the most reliable measure of variability.
➢is affected by the individual values or items in the distribution.
σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑛

σ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥)2 σ 𝑓𝑥 2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = σ𝑓
or σ𝑓
− 𝑥ҧ 2
100 Grade 10 students, each from School A and School B, were asked for the amount of time
they spent watching television each week. The results are given in the table below.

School A
i. Find an estimate of the mean and
Number of hours Number of Students standard deviations of the number
10 < 𝑥 ≤ 15 3 of hours spent watching television
15 < 𝑥 ≤ 20 12 by the 100 students from School A,
20 < 𝑥 ≤ 25 19 showing your working clearly.
ii. Compare and comment briefly on
25 < 𝑥 ≤ 30 36
the results of the two schools.
30 < 𝑥 ≤ 35 22
35 < 𝑥 ≤ 40 8
Number of hours Frequency Mid-value (x) fx 𝒇𝒙𝟐
σ 𝑓𝑥
10 < 𝑥 ≤ 15 3 12.5 37.5 468.75 𝑥ҧ =
σ𝑓
2680
15 < 𝑥 ≤ 20 12 17.5 210 3675 𝑥ҧ =
100
𝑥ҧ = 26.8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
20 < 𝑥 ≤ 25 19 22.5 427.5 9618.75

σ 𝑓𝑥 2
25 < 𝑥 ≤ 30 36 27.5 990 27225 𝑆𝐷 = − 𝑥ҧ 2
σ𝑓

30 < 𝑥 ≤ 35 22 32.5 715 23237.5 75 475

𝑆𝐷 = − 26.82
100
35 < 𝑥 ≤ 40 8 37.5 300 11250 𝑆𝐷 = 6.04 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 (𝑡𝑜 3 𝑠. 𝑓. )

Sum ෍ 𝑓 = 100 ෍ 𝑓𝑥 = 2680 ෍ 𝒇𝒙𝟐 = 75 475

 100 students, each from Class A and Class B took the same examination. Information on the
examination results is shown in the tables below.
CLASS A
Marks 0<𝑥≤4 4<𝑥≤8 8 < 𝑥 ≤ 12 12 < 𝑥 ≤ 16 16 < 𝑥 ≤ 20
Frequency 3 8 14 2 3
CLASS B
Mean 9.7
Standard Deviation 3.1
a. For Class A, find an estimate of
i. the mean mark,
ii. the standard deviation, showing your working clearly.
b. Compare and comment briefly on the results for the two classes.
 Number of hours Frequency Mid-value (x) fx 𝒇𝒙𝟐
σ 𝑓𝑥
0<𝑥≤4 3 𝑥ҧ =
σ𝑓
4<𝑥≤8 8

8 < 𝑥 ≤ 12 14

σ 𝑓𝑥 2
12 < 𝑥 ≤ 16 2 𝑆𝐷 = − 𝑥ҧ 2
σ𝑓

16 < 𝑥 ≤ 20 3

Sum ෍𝑓 = ෍ 𝑓𝑥 = ෍ 𝒇𝒙𝟐 =
Number of hours Mid-value (x) Frequency

10 < 𝑥 ≤ 15 12.5 3

15 < 𝑥 ≤ 20 17.5 12

20 < 𝑥 ≤ 25 22.5 19

25 < 𝑥 ≤ 30 27.5 36

30 < 𝑥 ≤ 35 32.5 22

35 < 𝑥 ≤ 40 37.5 8