NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ALGEBRA
ASSINGMENT # 02
SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Muhammad Ishaq SUMITTED BY: Muhammad Waqar Ahmad Khan
DEGREE: MS MATHEMATICS Date: 19/11/2020

1) Prove that quotient group of a cyclic group is cyclic.

G
Proof: As we know that quotient group is defined as = aH : a  G . Since G is cyclic so G = a i.e for any
H
x  G implies x = a m .
G
is cyclic, so we actually need to show that xH = ( aH ) for some m and aH .(where 𝐻 is
m
Now to show that
H
normal subgroup and every cyclic is abelian and abelian group has normal subgroup)

G
So Let xH  . Since is cyclic so x = a m , then
H

xH = a m H = ( a.a....a ) .H = aH .aH .....aH = ( aH )  xH = ( aH )

m m

G G G
Since xH is some arbitrary element of and we get that = aH . Hence is cyclic
H H H
G
2) Let H G and = aH : a  G be a quotient group 𝑮, then show that O ( aH ) | O ( a ) for
H
any a  G .
G G
Proof: Let H G and = aH : a  G be a quotient group 𝐺. Let aH  and a  G .
H H

Suppose O ( aH ) = n and O ( a ) = m . We will have to show that O ( aH ) | O ( a ) i.e 𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑚. Since

O ( a ) = m , then 𝑚 is the smallest positive integer such that a m = e .

G
So ( aH ) = a m H = eH = H  " H " is the identity element in . Hence O ( aH )  m .
m

H
So 𝑛 < 𝑚 applying division algorithm to 𝑚 and 𝑛 gives 𝑚 = 𝑛𝑞 + 𝑟, 𝑞 > 0 and 0 ≤ 𝑛 < 𝑛. Now
q
( aH ) = H  ( aH ) = H  ( aH ) . ( aH ) = H  ( aH )  . ( aH ) = H
m nq + r nq r n r
 

Since ( aH ) = H as O ( aH ) = n . So  ( aH ) = H . If 𝑟 < 𝑛 then O ( aH ) = r , since 𝑛 is the smallest

n r

positive integer such that ( aH ) = H . Hence a contradiction so 𝑟 must be 0.

n
  m = nq + (0)  m = nq  n divides m  O ( aH ) | O ( a ) . Hence proved

G
3) If 𝑮 is abelian then show that is also abelian where 𝑯 is normal subgroup.
H

G
Proof: Let 𝐺 be a abelian group and = aH : a  G be a quotient group where 𝐻 is normal subgroup to
H
G G
prove is abelian we need to show that for any two elements of i.e aH , bH
H H

( aH )( bH ) = ( ab ) H = ( ba ) H = (bH )( aH )
G G
To prove this, let aH , bH  so by the definition of multiplication in
H H

( aH )( bH ) = ( ab ) H ........(*) where ab  G

Since ab  G and 𝐺 is abelian so ba  G so (∗) becomes

( aH )( bH ) = ( ab ) H = ( ba ) H = (bH )( aH )
G
Hence is abelian group.
H

G
4) If 𝑮 is a group such that is cyclic then show that 𝑮 is abelian.
Z (G )

G
Proof: Assume that is cyclic where Z ( G ) =  z  G | g  G, zg = gz to prove that 𝐺 is abelian.
Z (G )

Since
G
Z (G )
is cyclic it is generated by gZ ( G ) (single element), so
G
Z (G )
= gZ ( G ) = ( gZ (G )) : k   .
k

(
As gZ ( G ) ) = gZ ( G ) .gZ ( G ) ....gZ ( G ) = ( g.g.g.......g ) .Z ( G ) = g k Z ( G ) : k  
k

G
Let aZ ( G ) , bZ ( G )  where a, b  G , then aZ ( G ) = g m Z ( G ) and bZ ( G ) = g n Z ( G ) for some
Z (G )
integers 𝑚 and 𝑛. Hence there exists z1 , z2  Z ( G ) such that a = g m z1 and b = g n z2 . To prove 𝐺 is abelian we
need to show that 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎.

Now ab = g m z1.g n z2 Since z1 , z2  Z ( G ) so they commute with every element of g , so

ab = g m g n z1 z2 = g m+n z1z2 = g n+m z2 z1 = g n g m z2 z1 = g n z2 g m z1 = ba  ab = ba

Hence 𝐺 is abelian group.