A research proposal on:

NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, ZINC AND BORON MANAGEMENT

EFFECT ON GROWTH PARAMETERS AND YIELD OF SPRING HYBRID MAIZE
VARIETY NUTAN (KANCHAN 101) IN FIELD CONDITION AT BAGDULLA,
PYUTHAN
Principal researcher: Avinash kafle
Mobile no: 9847427673
Email address: kafleavinash@gmail.com
Major advisor: Asst.prof. Rajandra Regmi
Department of entomology
Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU)
Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
Project location: Bagdulla,Pyuthan
Responsible organization: Agriculture and forestry university
Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
Starting date: March 6, 2021
Type of project: Research
Sector: Agronomy
Commodity: MAIZE
Budget:30,500

The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overallobjective of the study was to assess the effect of zinc assoil and foliar application on

The overall
the growth and yield ofmaize

objective of the study was to assess the

effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize

Table of Contents
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................2
Introduction
1.1Background…………………………………………………………………………………3
1.2 Statement of problem..............................................................................................................4
1.3 Justification of the study………………………………………………………………4
1.4 Objectives................................................................................................................................5
1.4.1 General Objective.........................................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Specific Objectives........................................................................................................................5
1.5 Limitation of the study............................................................................................................5
2.Literaturereview…………………………………………………………………………….5
3.Conceptual framework..............................................................................................................6
4.Research site................................................................................................................................7
5.Researchdesign…………………………………………………………………………………8
6. General cultural practices......................................................................................................10
6.1) Sources of fertilizers…………………………………………………………………….10
6.2) General recommended dose……………………………………………………………10
6.3Fertilizer time application………………………………………………………………….10
6.4) Irrigation schedule………………………………………………………………………10
6.5) Weeding and earthing up…………………………………………………………………10
7) Data collection................................................................................................................................11
 Plant height(cm)....................................................................................................................11
 Leaf area index (LAI) of each sample plant…………………………………………11
 Number of grains in each cob…………………………………………………………11
 Thousand grain weight……………………………………………………………….11
 Number of cobs in each sample plant…………………………………………………11
 Yield in each plot……………………………………………………………………….11
 Shelling percentage…………………………………………………………………….11
8. Data analysis:...........................................................................................................................12
9. Expected outcome....................................................................................................................12
10. Beneficiaries...........................................................................................................................12
11.Gantt chart (work schedule):
……………………………………………………………….12
12.Budget summary:....................................................................................................................13
ANOVA table:..............................................................................................................................16
List of acronyms and abbreviations...........................................................................................16
Executive Summary
The research will be conducted at Bagdulla, pyuthan, under PMAMP, Rice zone Pyuthan.
Despite considerable population of this district are engaged in the maize farming still the
productivity of this district is lowest among the district of province 5, productivity lags behind
the national average productivity. This research will focus on recommended application of NPK
fertilizer along with the application of micro nutrition zinc and boron which are very consider
very crucial for the maize productivity in order to attain maximum production of spring maize.
After 3 years of collaborative research with farmers, national partners KISAN, CSISA has
identified Nutan (Kanchan, 101), to be among the five promising hybrid for spring (Terai, foot
hill) and summer (hill) (CSISA-NP2015)(Kandel, 2021).Interaction of recommended dose of
NPK, farmer practice, zinc, boron and plant population on biometric, phenological and yield
attributing characteristics will be focused. For the field experiment we will follow RCBD design
with 4 replication and 5 treatment and recommended management practice will be followed.
Treatment will be 150, N kg/ha & crop geometry will be 60cm*20 cm(R-R*P-P). ½ dose of
nitrogen will be applied at basal stage, ¼ will be at knee high stage and ¼ at tasselling stage.
Phosphorus, potassium zinc and boron will be applied at basal. The observed data will be
analysed by using R-stat software. After the completion of research, farmer will be able to
choose appropriate combination of fertilizer for maximum production.

After 3 years of collaborative research

with
farmers, national partners KISAN,
CSISA has identi-
fied Rajkumar, Nutan (Kanchan, 101),
Bio, 9220,
Pioneer 3785 and TX 369 to be five
promising hybrid
for spring (Terai) and summer (hill)
(CSISA-NP
2015).
After 3 years of collaborative research
with
farmers, national partners KISAN,
CSISA has identi-
fied Rajkumar, Nutan (Kanchan, 101),
Bio, 9220,
Pioneer 3785 and TX 369 to be five
promising hybrid
for spring (Terai) and summer (hill)
(CSISA-NP
2015)

Introduction
1.1 Background
Maize (Zea mays) is a cereal crop and it is called as “queen of cereals” and “non-tillering
plant”((PDF) EFFECT OF ZINC AND BORON ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea
Mays L.), n.d.) Maize is an important cereal crop grown throughout the world for its grain and
greenfodder. It is used as food for human and feed for animals. Place of origin of maize is
uncertain but is consider to be in high lands of Peru, Bolivia and Equador. In Nepal, Maize is the
second most important staple crop after rice in terms of area and production (Kandel et al. 2017;
Kandel et al. 2018a, b; MOAD 2017/18). At present, the maize sown area in Nepal is 954,158 ha
with a total production of 2,555,847 metric tons and productivity of 2.67 t ha-1(MOAD
2017/18). It contributes about 25.02% of total cereal production,6.88% in Agriculture Gross
Domestic Product (AGDP) and 3.15% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Pandey and Basnet
2018; MOAD 2014/15). Hybrid maize covers about 10% of total maize production in terai and
mid hills (Adhikari 2018). It is diploid with chromosome number 2n=20. Corn belongs to the
grass family and is a cross-pollinated, monoecious plant in which the male and female flowers
are located in different inflorescences on the same stalk. The pH should be between 6.5 to 7.5
Crop is very sensitive to water logging. Excess moisture in the initial stages is harmful to crop.
Hence arrangements must be made to remove excess water up to knee high stage Water stress at
flowering and seed formation stages reduces the yield of crop. Maize throughout the season take
up nitrogen so, nitrogen is needed throughout crop growth and liable for leaching, split
application of nitrogen is recommended. Like nitrogen, phosphorus is taken up by maize
throughout the season. As the element availability, absorption and utilization is slow and being
less prone to leaching, all phosphorus is applied at the time of sowing as basal dose. As there is
negligible amount of leaching and most of uptake is completed early, entire potassium is to be
applied as basal dose cultivation of new plant types, leveling of fields and light texture of the soil
leads to zinc deficiency thus results in poor grain yields. Zinc deficiency symptoms described as
'White bud' in maize Basal application of zinc sulphate at 15-20 kg/ha. Stem Borer: Chilo
partellus The young larvae first feed on the leaves, making a few shot holes and then bore their
way downwards through the central whorl as it opens 1st Foliar application of Endosulfan 0.1%
15 days after sowing is recommended.((No Title), n.d.).If papery windows are seen in the
seedling stage, extensive defoliation ,scraping and if faecal matter of the army worn is seen in the
plant then 5SG @0.4gm/lit of water Emamectin benzoate or Spinosad 45SC @0.3ml/lit of water
is use as spray application.(Fall Armyworm Control Methods and Symptoms | Agri Farming,
n.d.) Fertilizer plays an important role in increasing the maize yield and their contribution is 40-
50 percent. Among the limiting factors, proper level and ratio of nitrogen, phosphorous and
potassium are of prime importance. Nutan (Kanchan, 101), variety is hybrid considered good for
kharif and zaid season. (Asghar et al,2010)

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cereal crop

and it is called as
“queen ofcereals” and “non-tillering
plant”
 
.
1.2 Statement of problem
Pyuthan is one of the leading District in maize cultivation but still there is maximum
yield gap.
Area in hector, production in metric ton, yield in metric ton per hector

District Area production

yield

Pyuthan 1,354 25,172 2.22

Source: (MOALD, 2020)
Though Pyuthan district has good area of maize cultivation still the yield in metric ton per ha is
lowest among the district of province 5.

1.3 Justification of the study

There was large variation in maize productivity ranging from a minimum of 0.36 t/ha to a
maximum of 5.13 t/ha in the different agro-ecologies within the mid hills. The average yield of
local maize in the mid-hill agro-ecologies was reported to be from 1.35 t/ha to 2.36 t/ha and that
of Hybrid maize to be from 3.23 to 5 t/ha Labor use rates were as high as 295 man’s days per ha
in the western mid hill. Lack of knowledge of improved crop management practices including
spacing, fertilization, and choice of variety are other problems .only a few farmers used
fertilizers in their maizefields, those using them did not use them in a balanced way. ((PDF)
Maize in Nepal: Production Systems, Constraints and Priorities for Research | Roberta
Gerpacio and Joel Ransom - Academia.Edu, n.d.).Almost no farmer used zinc and boron as
micronutrition in their field. So, this research is conducted to fulfill the yield gap due to lack of
nutrition.Through calculation of benefit cost ratio (BC) between labor operation and machine
operation this research help in the technology adoption.

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
 To study the production performance of Kanchan variety of maize under different
nutrition application.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

 To assess the effect of NPK, zinc and boron as soil application in the growth and yield of
the maize.
 To assess the dose of micro nutrition zine and boron in hybrid maize at Pyuthan.

1.5 Limitation of the study

There are few problems with the research regarding material collection and performance of the
cultivar according to the climate. Some limitations are as follows.

 Not availability of suitable research literature on Kanchan maize variety in this location.
  Seed is drill by corn seed driller which may cause some error in spacing.
 Adverse climate may cause poor germination.

2. Literature review
Zn plays avery important role in plant metabolism by
influencing the activities of hydrogenase andcarbonic
anhydrase and stabilization of ribosomal proteins (2).
Amongst crops, maize shows the high sensitivity to Zn
deficiency for its physiological requirements. Zinc
activates the plant enzymes by carbohydrate metabolism,
maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes, protein
synthesis and regulation of auxin synthesis (3). It is
essential for the synthesis of auxin because Znhelps in
tryptophan production, which is a precursor of Indole-
3-acetic acid (IAA). Zinc has apronounced effect on the
important processes of plants like photosynthesis,
protection againstreactive oxygen species, nitrogen
metabolism, carbonic anhydrase activity, chlorophyll
synthesisand resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses (4)
Zn plays avery important role in plant metabolism by
influencing the activities of hydrogenase andcarbonic
anhydrase and stabilization of ribosomal proteins (2).
Amongst crops, maize shows the high sensitivity to Zn
deficiency for its physiological requirements. Zinc
activates the plant enzymes by carbohydrate metabolism,
maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes, protein
synthesis and regulation of auxin synthesis (3). It is
essential for the synthesis of auxin because Znhelps in
tryptophan production, which is a precursor of Indole-
3-acetic acid (IAA). Zinc has apronounced effect on the
important processes of plants like photosynthesis,
protection againstreactive oxygen species, nitrogen
metabolism, carbonic anhydrase activity, chlorophyll
synthesisand resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses (4)
Zn plays a very important role in plant metabolism by influencing the activities of hydrogenase
and carbonic anhydrase and stabilization of ribosomal proteins. Amongst crops, maize shows the
high sensitivity to Zn deficiency for its physiological requirements. Zinc activates the plant
enzymes by carbohydrate metabolism, maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes, protein
synthesis and regulation of auxin synthesis. It is essential for the synthesis of auxin because Zn
helps in tryptophan production, which is a precursor of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Zinc has a
pronounced effect on the important processes of plants like photosynthesis, protection against
reactive oxygen species, nitrogen metabolism, carbonic anhydrase activity, chlorophyll synthesis
and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Boron deficiency is more extensive than any other
plant micro nutrient deficiency. Boron deficiency caused sterility in maize, in sufficient levels of
available boron in soil reduce crop yield, impair grain quality, and increase the susceptibility of
crops to diseases. Boron is considered as an essential element for plant growth and development,
sexual reproduction in plant is more sensitive to B deficiency. Boron deficiency inhibits root
elongation through limiting of cell enlargement and enlargement and cell division in the growth
zone of root tips and that in severe boron deficiency cases, root growth is ceases due to the death
of root tip. Similarly, in B and Zn deficient soils, their combined soil application significantly
increased the plant height, root length, leaf area index, shoot and root dry weight and chlorophyll
content. Though the role of micronutrients, like Zn and B, application in improving maize
performance is well documented; however very little is known about the effect of combined
application of B and Zn through different methods on maize performance grown. Therefore, this
field study is designed to evaluate the role of Zn and Bas soil application and soil application of
Zn and B is most suitable method for maize fertilization. Moreover, the soil application of Zn
and B in combination performed better and fetched high returns from maize crop.((PDF)
EFFECT OF ZINC AND BORON ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea Mays L.),
n.d.)The application of different doses of N.P.K has a significant role in the growth and yield of
maize. There is significant different in the height of the plant, diameter of stem, wideness, length
of leaf as well as cob number.(Bature, n.d.) Regarding the time of application of nitrogen
significantly higher number of grains per cob was obtained in application of N as ½ at basal +
¼ at 25 DAS + ¼ at 45 DAS.(Begam et al., 2018). In developing countries among top 10
leading life risking factors zinc deficiency ranks at 5th. In plants, deficiency of zinc not only
decreases the quality but also the yield of crop. Khourgami and Fard, (2012) by using different
zinc levels found that seed yield 1000-grain weight and harvest index were higher in case of zinc
applied treatments.
Variety Grain type Type of Duration Yield/ Stem Suitable
corn (Days) (mt.) ha borer Area
infestation
Nutan Yellow Round 90-92 6.7-8 Less Terai, inner
(Kanchan orange cylindrical terai, river
101) basin,
valley
Source:(Gfs { 8fo / L, 2019)

3.Conceptual framework
 socio-economic
factors
1.combine farming
2.Lack of labour
3.Not welling to
combine the land
Technology
1.spring season Problems
hybrid maize . 1.low moisture
2.corn seed drill maize 2.germination
machine . Production 3.incidence of
diseases and pests
4.budget

Outcomes
1.Better yield of
crop
2.nutrition effect
in production
3.Better quality
4.technology
adoption

4.Research site
The research site selected is Bagdulla4, Pyuthan municipality Lumbini province located at
28̊.13488N latitude 82̊.903957E longitude mid hill Nepal. The field is located at 832m above sea
level. The site is selected because PMAMP rice zone Pyuthan along with Pyuthan municipality is
providing full subsidy in the plantation of maize under combine farming project of Nepal
government Around 30hac of land is joint for this program. The projected research site is with
ithis land.

5. Research design
The experiment is planned to be conducted in one factorial RCBC with five different macro and
micro nutrition
Treatment
fertilizer as a
treatment Rep 1 A D B E C and four

Rep2 D E C A B

Rep3 E C D B A

Rep 4 C A E B D

replications.

5m
 3m

Where:
Treatment A=farmer practice
Treatment B= recommended dose of NPK
Treatment C=recommended dose of NPK and zinc
Treatment D= recommended dose of NPK and boron
Treatment E= recommended dose of NPK, zinc and boron
Area of each plot =5×3m2
Outside border =0.5m
Border between each plot=0.3m
 Treatment A
This is the farmer practices which is determined through corn seed drill machine operator as over
60 farmers are planting spring maize combinedly in over 20 hectors of land in Pyuthan, Bagdulla
area. According to him the machine is drilling DAP at the rate of 110 kg per ha along with maize
seed. Thus, this research is using farmer practice as a treatment with DAP 110kg per ha as a
basal dose which give 50kg per ha phosphorus and 20kg per ha nitrogen. Similarly, after survey
among this farmer this research is using 60kg per ha nitrogen at the knee height stage of maize.
 Treatment B
This research is using treatment b as the recommended dose of NPK published by NARC in
Krishi dairy 2077. The doses are 150kg per ha N,60kg per ha p and 40kg per ha k with 3 split
doses of N 50% at basal dose 25% at knee height stage and remaining 25% at tasseling stage
while total p and k is using as a basal dose. (Gfs { 8fo / L, 2019)
 Treatment C
For the treatment C the research is using recommended dose of NPK with zinc at the rate of
15kg/ha as a basal dose. Hariset al. (2007) concluded that application ofZnSO4 as soil
incorporation has increased the grain yield by 26% in maize across a wide range of environment
of production. It increased the zinc contents in maize plant by 2258mg/kg.((PDF) Role of Zinc
Sulphate for Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek) Yield
Improvement: A Review | Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research ISSN 2521-0092 -
Academia.Edu, n.d.)

 Treatment D
Maize has been previously considered to have a relatively low boron (B) requirement compared
with other cereals (Marten and Westermann 1991). How-ever, based
on field responses to B application, B deficiency has been reported in maize across five
continents (Bell and Dell 2008;Shorrocks 1997). For example, maize yield increases of 10%
were reported in  Zimbabwe, up to 26% in India (Shorrocks and Blaza 1973), more than 10% in
Switzerland (cited by Mozafar 1987) and by 9% in China (Li and Liang 1997).((PDF) Boron
Deficiency in Maize | Benjavan Rerkasem and Bernie Dell - Academia.Edu, n.d.) Boron plays a
key role in cell wall formation and stability, maintenance of structural and functional integrity of
biological membranes, movement of sugar or energy into growing parts of plants, and pollination
and seed set. Adequate B is also required for effective nitrogen fixation and nodulation in legume
crops. Boron deficiency commonly results in empty pollen grains, poor pollen vitality and a
reduced number of flowers per plant. Low B supply can also stunt root growth(Importance of
Boron in Plant Growth | Mosaic Crop Nutrition, n.d.)Considering all its important this research
is using 2kg/ha boron as a treatment basal dose.
 Treatment E
For maximum grain yield maize crop should be sown by supplying recommended dose of NPK
(150:75:75 kg ha-1 ) along with ZnSO4 20 kg ha-1 , and borax 5 kg ha-1 (Borase et al., 2018)
(Shori et al., 2019). In Pyuthan condition, people are recently involved on combine maize
farming. This treatment will give certain information of the impact of using zinc, boron and
recommended NPK dose after its completion. Recommended doses of NPK with recommended
split dose of N, zinc 15kg/ha and boron 2kg/ha as a basal dose is use as a treatment.

6. General cultural practices

6.1) Sources of fertilizers
Urea, DAP and MOP, zinc sulphate and Borax.

6.2) General recommended dose

 RDF for nitrogen for hybrid maize is 150 kg/ha (Krishi diary,2076)
 The recommended dose of 60 kg P 2O5/ha and 40 kg K2O/ha will be applied as basal in all
plots at the time of seed sowing (Krishi Diary,2076)
 The recommended dose of FYM @ 10 ton/ ha will be applied 15 days before sowing of
seeds. (Krishi Diary,2076)
 15kg/ha of zinc is used as basal application.
  For boron 2kg/ha is used as basal dose.
6.3) Fertilizer time application
 ½ dose of N will be applied as basal dose.
 ¼ dose of N will be side dressed at knee high stage
 Remaining ¼ will be applied at tasselling stage.
 Full dose of Phosphorus Potassium, zinc and boron will be applied as basal dose.

6.4) Irrigation schedule

While irrigating field, ridges will be made around each plot. So, chances of nutrient mixing
among different treatment will be minimised.

 First irrigation will be applied 3 days after seed sowing.

 Second irrigation will be given at knee high stage
 Third irrigation will be given at tasselling stage

6.5) Weeding and earthing up

 First weeding will be done at 20 days after sowing (DAS)
 Second weeding will be done at 40 days

7) Data collection
 Plant height(cm)
Plant height will be taken at 30 DAS,45DAS and 60 DAS with measuring tape of
randomly selected five plants.
 Leaf area index (LAI) of each sample plant
Leaf area will be measured from five randomly selected plants from each plot at 30DAS ,
45DAS,60DAS and at maturity. Then LAI is calculated as:
Leaf Area= Length x Breadth x 0.78
And, LAI = Leaf Area / Ground Area
 Number of grains in each cob
For this weight of the individual cob is taken and after the grain is detached from the cob
the weight of the cob is taken to get the weight of the grain.
 Thousand grain weight
Samples will be selected from each treatment and will be weighed thousand grains by
weighing machine.
  Number of cobs in each sample plant
 Yield in each plot
 Shelling percentage
It is the ratio of grain to ear and expressed in percentage. Five randomly selected ears will
be weighed with grains. All grain will be shelled out and weight of the grain will be taken
and the shelling percentage will be calculated as:
Shelling percentage= grain yield(kg)/cob yield(kg)×100
 Economic analysis
For economic analysis B:C ratio will be calculated by the formula
B:C ratio= gross return/cost of cultivation
For gross return, economic yield i.e grain and stalk will be converted into RS/ha on the
basis of local market price.
For cost of cultivation, local charge for different agro input viz. labor, fertilizer, herbicide
machine and other necessary input will be calculated.

8. Data analysis:
All the recorded data will be arranged systematically treatment-wise under three replications on
the basis of various observed parameters. A simple correlation and regression will be established
among the selected parameters with reference to Gomez and Gomez, 1984.The treatments were
randomized by creating random table in EXCEL.
Different statistical tools as R studio and EXCEL will be used for the analysis of variance and
other data analysis.

9. Expected outcome
 Able in decrease the yield gap.
 Know the role of micronutrition zine and boron in maize.
 Combine effect of zinc, boron and recommended NPK in growth parameter and yield.

10. Beneficiaries
 People of Bagdulla, Pyuthan as this research will give the yield date of maize using
different nutrition treatment.
 Secondary-Academicians, NARC, researchers, NGOs and INGOs involved in related
investigation and study.
 Tertiary- policy makers and PMAMP involved in the policy formulation in order to use
this information as the source of progress report for further increase production of maize.
.

11.Gantt chart (work schedule):

S.N Activities Magh falgun chaitra Baisakh Jestha Ashad

1 Review of literature

2 Field visit and

problem
identification
3 Site selection and
input collection
4 Field preparation
and seed sowing

5 Intercultural
operation
6 Data collection from
the experiment

7 Data analysis and

report writing
8 Presentation

12.Budget summary:

S.N. PARTICULARS ESTIMATED COST

1 Land rent 3,000
2 Land preparation and layout 2,000
3 Seed and seed sowing 1,000
4 Irrigation 2,000
5 Fertilizer 1,000
6 Earthing up 2,000
7 Pesticides 1,500
6 Weeding 3,000
7 Harvesting 4,000
8 Transportation 4,000
9 Report preparation and documentation 5,000
10 Subtotal 28,500
11 Contingency (10%) 2,000
12 Total 30,500

The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize
accountable for the yield and quality of
maize. The overall
objective of the study was to assess the
effect of zinc as
soil and foliar application on the growth
and yield of
maize.

Boron deficiency is more

extensive then the any other plant micro nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that, boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to diseases.
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that, boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to diseases.
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that, boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that, boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to diseases

Boron deficiency is more

extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases
Boron deficiency is more
extensive then the any other plant micro
nutrient
deficiency (12). (13) reported that,
boron deficiency
caused sterility in maize, in sufficient
levels of available
boron soil reduce crop yield, impair
grain quality, and
increase the susceptibility of crops to
diseases

(No Title). (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2021, from http://www.ikisan.com/up-maize-history.html

(PDF) Boron deficiency in maize | Benjavan Rerkasem and Bernie Dell - Academia.edu. (n.d.).
Retrieved April 16, 2021, from
https://www.academia.edu/28520600/Boron_deficiency_in_maize
(PDF) EFFECT OF ZINC AND BORON ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.).
(n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2021, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338392731_EFFECT_OF_ZINC_AND_BORON
_ON_GROWTH_AND_YIELD_OF_MAIZE_Zea_mays_L
(PDF) Maize in Nepal: Production systems, constraints and priorities for research | Roberta
Gerpacio and Joel Ransom - Academia.edu. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2021, from
https://www.academia.edu/18355843/Maize_in_Nepal_Production_systems_constraints_an
d_priorities_for_research
(PDF) Role of Zinc Sulphate for Maize (Zea mays L.) and Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
yield improvement: A review | Bulletin of Biological and Allied Sciences Research ISSN
2521-0092 - Academia.edu. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2021, from
https://www.academia.edu/32404796/Role_of_Zinc_Sulphate_for_Maize_Zea_mays_L_an
d_Mungbean_Vigna_radiata_L_Wilczek_yield_improvement_A_review
Bature, J. (n.d.). Effects of Different rate of NPK Fertilizer on Maize Yield and Growth in
Jalingo. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from
https://www.academia.edu/29990971/Effects_of_Different_rate_of_NPK_Fertilizer_on_Ma
ize_Yield_and_Growth_in_Jalingo
Begam, A., Ray, M., Roy, D. C., & Adhikary, S. (2018). PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID
MAIZE (Zea mays L.) IN DIFFERENT LEVELS AND TIME OF NITROGEN
APPLICATION IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS OF EASTERN INDIA. Journal of
Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 6(6), 929–935.
https://doi.org/10.18006/2018.6(6).929.935
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2021, from https://www.agrifarming.in/fall-armyworm-control-methods-and-symptoms
gfs { 8fo / L. (2019). 768–782.
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Kandel, B. P. (2021). Status, prospect and problems of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in Nepal: a
brief review. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 68(1), 1–10.
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ANOVA table:
Source of Degree of Sum of Square Mean sum of Fcal value Ftab value
Variance freedom(df) Square

Replication r-1=3 5% 1%

Treatment a-1=4

Error(a) (r-1) (a-1) =12

Total ra-1=19

List of acronyms and abbreviations

PMAMP : Prime-minister agriculture modernization project

LEE : Learning entrepreneur experiences
% : Percentage
°C : Degree Celsius
AFU : Agriculture and Forestry University
OM : Organic Matter
Kg : kilogram
Ha : Hectare
MASL : Meter Above Sea Level
N : Nitrogen
P : Phosphorus
K : Potassium
FY : Fiscal Year
MT : Metric Ton
FYM : Farm Yard Manure
CV : Coefficient of Variance
df : Degree of freedom
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
MoAD : Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development
MOP : Muriate of Potash
RCBD : Randomized Complete Block Design
NPK : Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
T : Treatment
M