A research proposal on:

ASSESSMENT ON GROWTH PARAMETERS AND YIELD OF SPRING RICE

(ORYZAE SATIVA) GENOTYPES WITH METHODS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION
IN FIELD CONDITION AT PYUTHAN
Principal researcher: Avinash kafle
Mobile no: 9847427673
Email address: kafleavinash@gmail.com
Major advisor: Asst.prof. Rajandra Regmi
Department of entomology
Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU)
Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
Project location: Bijuwar,Pyuthan
Responsible organization: Agriculture and forestry university
Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
Starting date: March 6, 2021
Type of project: Research
Sector: Agronomy
Commodity: Rice
Budget:30,500
Table of Contents
Executive summary....................................................................................................................4
1.Introduction.............................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Statement of problem...........................................................................................................6
1.3 Justification of the study......................................................................................................6
1.4 Objectives..............................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 General Objective.........................................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Specific Objectives........................................................................................................................7
1.5 Limitation of the study........................................................................................................7
2.Literature review and trend analysis....................................................................................7
2.1Spring paddy.........................................................................................................................7
2.2 Nitrogen in rice.....................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Role of nitrogen in rice.....................................................................................................8
2.2.2Method of nitrogen application........................................................................................9
3.Conceptual framework.........................................................................................................10
4 Methodology..........................................................................................................................10
4.1Research site........................................................................................................................10
4.2 Layout of the field..............................................................................................................11
4.2.1Split plot design................................................................................................................11
4.2.2Measurement....................................................................................................................12
4.3Treatment description........................................................................................................12
4.3.1Farmers practices for the split doses of nitrogen..........................................................12
4.3.2Leaf color chart (LCC)....................................................................................................12
How to use the LCC.................................................................................................................12
4.3.3Varieties............................................................................................................................13
Chaite-5.....................................................................................................................................13
GSR-310....................................................................................................................................13
IR 10N118.................................................................................................................................13
IR 17L1544................................................................................................................................13
4.4 Nursery Preparation......................................................................................................................14
4.5Main field preparation........................................................................................................14
4.6Weeding................................................................................................................................14
 4.7 Irrigation.............................................................................................................................14
4.8 Data collection.................................................................................................................................14
4.8.1 Plant height(cm)..............................................................................................................14
4.8.2 No of tiller per square meter..........................................................................................15
4.8.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI)....................................................................................................15
4.8.4 No of effective tiller per square meter...........................................................................15
4.8.5 Panicle Length(cm).........................................................................................................15
4.8.6No of grains per panicle...................................................................................................15
4.8.7 Thousand grain weight...................................................................................................15
4.9 Data analysis:......................................................................................................................15
5. Expected outcome.......................................................................................................................15
6. Beneficiaries................................................................................................................................16
7.Risks and limitations....................................................................................................................16
9.Budget summary:.........................................................................................................................17
References.................................................................................................................................17
Appendices................................................................................................................................19
ANOVA table:..........................................................................................................................19
List of acronyms and abbreviations......................................................................................................19
Executive summary
Rice is the major staple food in Asia. It occupies 58% of the total cultivated land and 55% of
total food grain production of Nepal. (MOAD2017) NARC has provided few promising varieties
of spring rice for the propose of research in multilocation environmental trial to Rice Zone
PMAMP, Pyuthan. Here I am working as the Lee student and I am given the responsibility for
this research. Four variety IR10N118, IR17L-154, IR 99742:2-11-17-1-9-B, Chaite-5 are taken
as a main plot factor while use of LCC and farmer practices is used as a sub-plot factor for split
dose of N application in split-plot design. Various growth parameter and yield will be studied
along with the significant of using LCC as a modern technology to farmer practices. This
research will be able to give proper evidences about the suitability of spring rice variety in
Pyuthan and suitable time of use of split doses of N. Spring paddy is sown in the last week of
February to the first week of march and follows transplanting of 25 to 35 days old seedling.
Remarkable increase in yield has been sown by various research with the use of band placement
of fertilizer to broadcasting. So, band placement will be conducted to farmer practice of
broadcasting of fertilizer in basal dose. The research site selected is Bijuwar6, Pyuthan
municipality Lumbini province NEPAL located at 28̊ 12' N latitude 82̊ 86'E longitude. Date of
plant height, number of tillers per square meter, leaf area index, number of effective tillers per
square meter, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, thousand grain weight will be taken.
R-studio and Excel will be used for date analysis. Biotic and abiotic factor, donor agency,
availability of research material and late maturity are consider as the limitations in the study.
1.Introduction

1.1 Background
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has a special significance in Asia, where about 90% of the rice is
produced and consumed as a staple food.(Agronomy Guides - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank, n.d.)
In Asia more than 2 billion people obtain 60 to 70% of their calories from rice . World rice
production should be increase by approximately 1% annually to meet the growing demand for
food that will result from population growth and economic development [ CITATION Hor04 \l
1033 ]. Rice production, amounting to about half of the total cereal grains produced in the
country, is Nepal’s most important crop [ CITATION Ghi13 \l 1033 ]

year Area production productivity

2017/18 1,469,545 5,151,925 3.51
2018/19 1,491,744 5,610,011 3.76
Source(MOALD, 2020)

. Nepal is a mountainous country with a great diversity of rice ecosystem. Rice is grown in all
agro-ecological zones ranging from Terai (Jhapa, 60 m) to the high mountains (Chumchaur,
Jumla 3050 m). Rice contributes approximately one-fourth of GDP and above 75% of the
working population is engaged in rice farming for at least six months of the year.(MoAD,2015)
There are many landraces suited to diverse agro-climate and farmers’ needs [ CITATION jos06 \l
1033 ]. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) or Dhaan in Nepali, is an annual, self-pollinated and semi-aquatic
plant of Poaceae Family.
Considering the increasing demand of rice due to population increase and decreasing land
and water resources available for rice cultivation, it is critical to develop and use rice
technologies that will result in higher yields (Virmani and Kumar, 2004). Rice in Nepal is one of
the important centers of rice genetic resources. More than1700 rice landraces are reported in
Nepal growing from 60 to 3050 m altitude. These rice diversities and diversity traits found in
Nepalese rice can be commercially utilized in rice breeding program to increase yield and
develop biotic and abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties. To intensify joint efforts for improving
the rice and rice-based agri-food systems of Nepal, in 2017, the Ministry of Agriculture
Development and IRRI entered into a Memorandum of Understanding for advancing Nepal’s
food and nutritional security under the overarching UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
(Nepal | International Rice Research Institute, n.d.). The varieties that mature in less than or up
to 125 days are called as short duration; those maturing between 126 to 140 days are called as
medium duration and those taking more than 140 days to mature are long duration. Average
duration of maturity is the longest 178 days for mountain, hills 147 days and terai 135days.
(Dowling et al., 1998). The research field is located in mid hill (1000m to 1500masl) which
contribute 25.8% in total production of rice. (MOALD, 2020)
The general classification of Rice is as follows:
Kingdom:Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species: sativa

1.2 Statement of problem

Pyuthan is one of the leading District in rice cultivation.
Area in hector, production in metric ton, yield in metric ton per hector

District Spring season Main season

Area production yield Area production yield

Pyuthan 42 191 4.49 6,222 24,302 3.91

Source:(MOALD, 2020)

Total production of rice is decreasing but the demand of rice is increasing with increased
population. The soil fertility status of Nepal is poor and soil fertility is declining year by year due
to various factors. Nitrogen deficiency problem causes yield loss. When N application is non
synchronized with crop demand, N losses from the soil plant system are large, resulting in low N
fertilizer use efficiency. Hence, plant need-based application of N is crucial for achieving high
yield and N-use efficiency. The farmers hereby are using Nitrogen fertilizer haphazardly and
untimely in rice field. Fertilizer application know how is lacking in terms of quality, quantity and
time (QQT).(Wang et al., 2021)

1.3 Justification of the study

The government had planned to expand the acreage of chaite dhan by 200,000 hectors in a bid to
increase output and make the country self-reliance in food grain. The country possess
1.422millions hectares of land for growing paddy however spring paddy is planted on only
112,000 ha. According to it year rounds irrigated area of concerned districts are the
implementing area of this program. According to the Crop Development Directorate ,the
productivity of spring paddy is 4tones per hectare compare to 3.17 tones for regular paddy.
(Spring Paddy Acreage to Be Expanded by 200k Hectares, n.d.) Fertilizer nitrogen (N) is one of
the major inputs in rice–wheat production systems in South Asia. As fertilizer N has generally
been managed following blanket recommendations consisting of two or three split applications.
Split doses using Leaf color chart and the application of split doses at different days after sowing
(DAS) can provide significant result which can be useful in technology adoption and show the
effect of different split doses in yield, National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) has
recommended seed varieties like chaite2, chaite4 and Hardinath1and now it has been conducting
multilocation trial on different pipeline varieties in chaite rice. In summary this research is based
on all this.

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
 To study the suitability of the spring rice variety in Pyuthan

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

 To determine the days of maturity and performance in terms of growth and yield of each
variety.
 To determine the best time and method for using different split doses of nitrogen.


1.5 Limitation of the study

There is few problem with the research regarding material collection and performance of the
cultivar according to the climate. Some limitations are as follows.

 Not availability of suitable research literature on rice in this location.

 Attack of bird, jackel and domestic animal.
 Adverse climate may cause failure of research.
 Unavailability of agri-inputs.

2.Literature review and trend analysis

2.1Spring paddy
Spring paddy is sown in the last week of February to the first week of march and follows
transplanting of 25 to 35 days old seedling. The month of transplanting coincides with the nepali
month “Chaitra” and so is name as chaite rice. This crop also needs assured irrigation from
various source. the coverage area of spring rice for mountain, hill and terai is found to be 5.48%,
24.85% and 69.67% respectively. River basin areas of mid hill region throughout the country are
potential belt for growing this crop. The most viable option to increase annual rice production is
to increase the area under spring rice therefore spring rice production should be promoted in
irrigated areas. Government of Nepal prioritize the implementation of the national seed vision
(2013-2025) foresees to double the number of location specific high yielding competitive
varieties by 2025(MoAD,2015)

2.2 Nitrogen in rice

2.2.1 Role of nitrogen in rice

Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient being a component of amino acids, nucleic acids,
nucleotides, chlorophyll, enzymes, and hormones. N promotes rapid plant growth and improves
grain yield and grain quality through higher tillering, leaf area development, grain formation,
grain filling, and protein synthesis. N is highly mobile within the plant and soil. [ CITATION htt \l
1033 ]

Rice needs nitrogen almost throughout the vegetative cycle, but in particular at tillering and

panicle initiation stages. Nitrogen accumulates first in the leaves (vegetative phase) then
migrates to the panicles and grains (maturity). At maturity, 75% of the nitrogen assimilated is
present in the grains.[ CITATION RICE \l 1033 ] . Nitrogen is the most limiting element in almost all
soils. Thus, proper application of N fertilizers is vital to improve crop growth and grain yields,
especially in intensive agricultural systems. Insufficient and/or inappropriate fertilizer N
management can be detrimental to crops and the environment. Optimal N management strategies
aim at matching fertilizer N supply with actual crop demand, thus maximizing crop N uptake and
reducing N losses to the environment. The best times to apply nitrogen fertilizers are at
transplanting and at panicle initiation. Fertilizer application after flowering may increase spikelet
sterility. and cause late tillers to be produced Weeds compete with the rice plants for nitrogen
fertilizer. Remove the weeds before applying nitrogen. If fertilized flooded soils dry out and are
then flooded again, part of the nitrogen fertilizer changes into a gas that escapes into the air.
Water keeps the air from moving into the soil. The less air in the soil, the less nitrogen gas
produced. Keep fields flooded to prevent nitrogen loss to the air Fertilizers applied before
transplanting should be mixed thoroughly with the soil - to prevent nitrogen losses into the air,
and - to keep the fertilizer nearer the roots. Do not top dress in water immediately after
transplanting.(Beneto S. Vergara, n.d.) Nitrogen is important to increase tiller number. But too
much nitrogen can increase the incidence of diseases and lodging. N fertilizer can increase rice
yield by 70-90% (Win, 2012) proving that rice plants require more N-based nutrients for higher
yield. In addition, N positively influences the production of effective tillers/plant, yield and yield
attributes (Islam et al., 2008). A rice crop fertilized by 120 kg/ha N showed highest NUE (Baba
et al., 2010). Thus, the timely and split application of N allows for more efficient use of N by
rice throughout the growing season as this practice provides specific amounts of nutrients to the
crop during peak periods of growth and reduces N losses.((PDF) Effect of Split Application of
Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Aerobic Rice, n.d.) Hence, this study is conducted to assess the
proper dose and split of N fertilizer application for efficient utilization of N to achieve higher
yield.
2.2.2Method of nitrogen application
Remarkable progress has been made in improved N management; agronomic efficiency of N
increased from about 15 kg kg-1 for a single dose at transplanting to 40 kg kg-1 for banded
controlled release fertilizer.(Chien et al., 2009) All of these technological elements will
contribute to increased yield when they are rationally integrated into a system that is adaptable to
regional environment.(ZHAO et al., 2021) The analysis on the yield increase in Shiga China
clarified that the sharp yield increase in the period from 1950 to 1975 was achieved mainly by
improved crop and resource management. Also, it is clear that the reason yield in the 1950s to
1960s were nearly double the average yields was solely due to better management practices.
These facts suggest that there is still a large room for increasing rice yield by better management
of the crop and resources. Numerous studies have shown that the NUE of N can be improved by
split application and it is most efficient when N-dose distribution is designed to match N demand
by the growing crop, typically monitored with leaf color charts (Matsuzaki et al.,1980) or the
chlorophyll meter (SPAD) (Peng et al. 1996).
3.Conceptual framework

socio-economic factors
1.Land fragmentation
2.Lack of labour
3.Not welling to provide
land

Technology
1.Varietal trial help in
variety recommandation. Problems
2.Direct dry seed bed. 1.water availaiblity
3.leaf colour chart. Rice 2.Low production
4.power tiller Production 3.Incidence of Fungal
diseases and pests
4.Budget

Outcomes
1.Better yield of crop
2,Study of varietal
suitability
3.Better quality
technology adoption

4 Methodology

4.1Research site
The research site selected is Bijuwar7, Pyuthan municipality Lumbini province located at 28̊ 12'
N latitude 82̊ 86'E longitude mid hill Nepal. The field is located at 1038m above sea level. The
 site is selected due to availability of irrigation canal of Jhimruk river and availability of
supportive farmer who provide the land for our research propose.

4.2 Layout of the field

4.2.1Split plot design

Rep-I 0.5m Rep-II Rep-III

V1 N1 N2 N2 N1 N1 N2
V4 V2
V3
V1
0.5m N2 0.5m N1 N1 N2 N2 N1
V2 V1 V4 V1

V3 N2 N1 N1 N2 N1 N2
V3
0.5m
N1 N2 N2 N1 N2 N1
V4 2m V3 V2

2m
Where;
Main factor:
Treatment V1=IR17L-1544
Treatment V 2=IR10N118
Treatment V3=Chaite-5
Treatment V4= IR 99742:2-11-17-1-9-B
Sub factor:
Treatment N1= farmer practice for split dose of N i.e ½ at basal dose and ½ 30 DAT
Treatment N2= split dose of N using LCC with ¼ of recommended dose i.e 120kg/ha at
basal dose

4.2.2Measurement
Area of each plot=2*2m2
Total area= 14.5*10.5m2
Boarder between sub-plot=0.5m
Boarder between main plot=0.5
Outside boarder=0.5m

4.3Treatment description

4.3.1Farmers practices for the split doses of nitrogen

According to preliminary field survey conducted for this research farmers reported use of
100kg/ha urea, 90kg/ha DAP 35kg/ha MOP. Urea is applied in two doses i.e 50%at basal dose
and 50%at 25-30 days after transplantation while DAP and MOP is applied only at basal doses.
Source: field survey

4.3.2Leaf color chart (LCC)

Leaf color chart could help farmers easily to identify the greenness of rice leaves to make
their decision on when and how much N fertilizer needed for their crops. The LCC is usually a
plastic, ruler shaped strip containing four or more panels that range in color from yellowish green
to dark green. Farmers then apply fertilizer N whenever the leaves are more yellowish green
than a threshold LCC value, which corresponds to a critical leaf N content. ¼ of recommended
nitrogen i.e120kg/ha is applied at basal dose during the field preparation and remaining split
doses is applied with the use of LCC at rate of ¼ of recommended each time .LCC reading is
taken with the interval of 15 days from the DAT.
How to use the LCC
1. Start LCC readings from 15 days after transplanting (DAT).
2. Randomly select at least 10 disease-free rice plants or hills in a field with uniform plant
population. Select the topmost fully expanded leaf from each hill or plant.
3. Place the middle part of the leaf on a chart and compare the leaf color with LCC shades. When
the leaf color falls between two shades, the mean values are taken as the reading.
4. Measure the leaf color under the shade of your body, because direct sunlight affects leaf color
readings.
5. Repeat the process at ten days intervals or at critical growth stages (early tillering,
active tillering, panicle initiation and first flowering) and apply N as needed.
6. If more than five out of ten leaves read below a set critical value i.e 4, apply:
 20-25 N/ha for wet season or low-yielding season
 25-30kg N/ha for dry season or high-yielding season(LCC, n.d.)

4.3.3Varieties

Chaite-5
All four varieties that are used in the research were provided by NARC. It provides this varieties
for the propose multilocation environment trial. Among them chaite-5 is registered in Nepal in
the year 2074, having maturity days of 120-125 with production capacity 4.6 ton /ha. It is mainly
recommended in the area up to 700MASL in terai, inner-teria, river-side, upland and lowland.
(Gfs { 8fo / L, 2019)

IR 10N118
IR 10N118 variety is mention in the 1st Multi-environment testing for irrigated lowland rice-
stage 2 dry season (MET2‐IR, 2012 DS) with MT number: MT4161 entry no: 33, GID:2754452
Origin: IRRI group/scientist Irrigated/P. Virk(Irri et al., 2012)

IR 17L1544
There presents a knowledge gap regarding this variety and according to NARC office this is also
dry season variety send for multi environment testing.

IR 99742:2-11-17-1-9-B
This Rice genotypes is found moderately resistant response for bacterial leaf blight disease at
RARS, Khajura, Nepalgunj in 2019(Acharya & KC, 2021)
4.4 Nursery Preparation
The nursery bed will be ploughed with power-tiller. FYM will be applied at the rate of 1 kg in
each nursery bed. After 24 hours of soaking, water is removed and seeds is washed. The seed are
sown in the morning or evening. Urea is applied after 10-14DAS. If find necessary herbicide will
be used. The seedlings will be ready 21-27 DAS.(Devkota et al., n.d.)

4.5Main field preparation

The main field will be heavily ploughed and tillered 3 times and puddled. The size of main field
will be 15.5*10.5m2 with 24 different plots (2x2m). Urea, DAP and MOP will be applied as per
the treatments in each corresponding plot. The main source of irrigation will be nearby irrigation
canal. The seedlings will be transplanted manually in line at 20x20cm spacing.(Gfs { 8fo / L,
2019)

4.6Weeding
The weed infestation is higher in spring rice as compared to main season rice. The pre-
emergence weedicide will be applied in the field during preparation. If not, manual weeding will
be done 2 times as 25 DAT and 45DAT respectively. Most grasses and sedges will not grow
when covered with 5-10 cm water. Flooding will not control some broad-leaved weeds. Grain
yield is drastically reduced if rice is not weeded during the early growth stages.(Weed
Management - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank, n.d.)

4.7 Irrigation
Rice requires more quantity of water than other crops. The wrong concept of waterlogged
condition in rice in farmers is a big problem. Rice required more water at critical stages;
vegetative, panicle initiation and grain filling stage. The rice field will be irrigated at
7DAT,30DAT tillering after 1 month alternate dry and wet condition. The rice plant is most
sensitive to water deficit from booting to flowering. Make sure there is sufficient water at these
stages. Maintain a 5-1 0 cm water level, especially during the early season. This level will
prevent the germination and growth of many weeds.(Beneto S. Vergara, n.d.)

4.8 Data collection

4.8.1 Plant height(cm)

Randomly selected and tagged 10 plants will be used for phenological recording for the
measurement of plant height at an interval of 15 days. Reduced plant height is the most
important factor to increase the production as shorter plants are more resistant to lodging. The
lower leaves of tall, leafy plants receive very little light. Shorter plants can take up more nitrogen
fertilizer without grain yield potential of rice. lodging, resulting in higher grain yields. Plant
height increases with nitrogen application. Lodging can become a problem because added
fertilizer results in taller plants, heavier panicles, and top-heavy plants.(Nitrogen Split
Applications - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank, n.d.)

4.8.2 No of tiller per square meter

Observation of randomly selected 10 hills, tillers per square meter will be recorded with the help
of a quadrate (1m × 1m) in each stage of the crop and the average values will be used to obtain
the tiller per square meter.

4.8.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI)

One sample is recorded from each plot, counting number of leaves in a hill and measuring the
length breadth of leaves. The LAI is calculated as;
Leaf Area= Length x Breadth x 0.78
And, LAI = Leaf Area / Ground Area

4.8.4 No of effective tiller per square meter

The number of effective tillers per square meter will be calculated for each plot just before
harvesting the crop. The tiller having filled grains will be recorded as effective tiller.

4.8.5 Panicle Length(cm)

The randomly selected 10 panicles from each hill will be used to measure the panicle length and
value will be taken as panicle length.

4.8.6No of grains per panicle

The average number of grains will be taken as final data from 10 selected samples in the
experiment.

4.8.7 Thousand grain weight

Samples will be selected from each treatment and will be weighed thousand grains by weighing
machine.

4.9 Data analysis:

All the recorded data will be arranged systematically treatment-wise under three replications on
the basis of various observed parameters. A simple correlation and regression will be established
among the selected parameters with reference to Gomez and Gomez, 1984.The treatments were
randomized by creating random table in EXCEL.
Different statistical tools as R studio and EXCEL will be used for the analysis of variance and
other data analysis.
5. Expected outcome
 Able in selecting high yielding variety.
 Saving of Nitrogen fertilizer without decreasing the yield of rice.
 Appropriate application of N fertilizer in right amount and right time.

6. Beneficiaries
 People of Bijuwar, Pyuthan as this research will identity the superior pipeline chaite
variety.
 Primary- commercial paddy farmers as well as subsistence farmers.
 Secondary-Academicians, NARC, researchers, NGOs and INGOs involved in related
investigation and study.
 Tertiary- policy makers and PMAMP involved in the policy formulation in order to use
this information as the source of progress report for further increase production of rice.

7.Risks and limitations

 Biotic and abiotic factors will remain normal during research period.
 The donor agency will be satisfied with the work and provide financial support in time.
 Research material will be available in time.
 Farmers and responsible organization/institutions will co-operate the study.

8.Gantt chart (work schedule):

S.N Activities Magh falgun chaitra Baisakh Jestha Ashad

1 Review of literature

2 Field visit and

problem
identification
3 Site selection and
input collection
4 Field preparation
and seed sowing

5 Intercultural
operation
 6 Data collection from
the experiment

7 Data analysis and

report writing
8 Presentation

9.Budget summary:
S.N. PARTICULARS ESTIMATED COST
1 Land rent 3,000
2 Land preparation and layout 2,000
3 Seed cost and seed sowing 1,000
4 Irrigation 2,000
5 Fertilizer 1,000
6 Uprooting and Transplanting 2,000
7 Pesticides 1,500
6 Weeding 3,000
7 Harvesting 4,000
8 Transportation 4,000
9 Report preparation and documentation 5,000
10 Subtotal 28,500
11 Contingency (10%) 2,000
12 Total 30,500

References
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Appendices

ANOVA table:
Source of Degree of Sum of Square Mean sum of Fcal value Ftab value
Variance freedom(df) Square

Replication r-1=2 5% 1%

Main plot factor a-1=3

(A)Variety

Error(a) (r-1) (a-1) =6

Sub plot factor(B) b-1=1

Nitrogen split
Main plot(A) × (a-1) (b-1) =3
sub plot(B)
Error(b) a (b-1) (r-1)
=8
Total arb-1=23

** Significant at 1% level

List of acronyms and abbreviations

PMAMP : Prime-minister agriculture modernization project
LEE : Learning entrepreneur experiences
% : Percentage
°C : Degree Celsius
AFU : Agriculture and Forestry University
OM : Organic Matter
Kg : kilogram
Ha : Hectare
MASL : Meter Above Sea Level
N : Nitrogen
P : Phosphorus
K : Potassium
FY : Fiscal Year
MT : Metric Ton
FYM : Farm Yard Manure
PMAMP : Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project
CV : Coefficient of Variance
df : Degree of freedom
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
MoAD : Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development
MOP : Muriate of Potash
RCBD : Randomized Complete Block Design
NPK : Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
T : Treatment
QQT : Quality Quantity and Time
IRRI : International Rice Research Institute
LCC : Leaf color chart
NARC : Nepal Agriculture Research Council
MT : Multi testing