SPE-172052-MS

Integrated Reservoir Management and Development Best Practice to

Maximize Oil Recovery in a Mature Field
Omar Al-Amrie, Adrian Pearce, Erkan Gunasan, and Asok Madathil, Total ABK

Copyright 2014, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 10 –13 November 2014.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written
consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
Oil demand is increasing globally while new oil developments are getting smaller and more challenging
to develop (unconventional oil & gas reservoirs, deep offshore, tight reservoirs, heavy oil, acid gas, shale
gas etc). In this context, extending the life of mature, conventional oil fields plays an important role in
supporting world oil demand.
Reservoir management and development of these mature fields is challenging and requires innovative
solutions given the increasing technical costs as production declines and asset/well integrity costs rise.
Technically, a good understanding of reservoir behaviour and production mechanisms leads to imple-
menting appropriate solutions to maximize field life, recovery factor and curb production decline.
Commercially, the challenge is to find pragmatic and economically viable solutions.
The field discussed in this paper is a mature carbonate offshore oilfield in the territorial waters of Abu
Dhabi operated since 1974. After 40 years of production, the field is still producing economically and
currently is producing with an average water cut of more than 90%. This paper presents the continuous
evolution of the technologies that have been deployed throughout the years to further valorise resources,
in response to the growing maturity and complexity of the field.
Various IOR techniques have been employed in this field ranging from ESP’s, gas lift, intelligent
completions, multi-lateral wells, splitter wells, dumpflood to selective completions. In addition, various
EOR techniques have been used ranging from full field tertiary hydrocarbon gas injection to chemical and
enzyme EOR pilots.
Given the aging production facilities, field management is a daily challenge. The complex gas scheme
composed of simultaneous gas production, tertiary gas injection, gas lift, gas recompression and gas
export requires continuous arbitration between activation gain and tertiary recovery.
Lessons learnt, good and bad, will help maximize future recovery in other less mature fields in the
UAE.

Introduction
The field discussed in this paper is an Abu-Dhabi offshore field operated since 1974. The initial
development plan of the field was composed of 1 central platform and 9 wells and the field life span was
2 SPE-172052-MS

Figure 1—Field Overview

estimated to 15-20 years. Today, 40 years later, oil is still being produced, and will continue for many
years to come.
The successive phases of the field development over the past decades to further valorize the field
resources in response to its growing maturity will be described in this paper.
A remarkably large variety of means and techniques has been deployed all along field development to
curb the production decline and extend the field life and its installations. Those techniques include
extensive reservoir description, monitoring and modelling, phased development approach, secondary
reservoirs development, well activation, production mechanism optimization, use of emerging technolo-
gies, understanding of heterogeneities, field management, surface equipment replacement and upgrade.
Various IOR/EOR techniques were also implemented in subsurface (tertiary gas injection, horizontal
drains), drilling (splitter well heads, multi lateral drilling), well activation and surface (process, water and
gas management).
This results in achieving good volumetric sweep in most of the reservoirs

Reservoir Description
The field is a large oval structure of NE-SW anticline, affected by NW-SE trending fault corridor (Fig-1).
The stratigraphic sequence is a thick calcareous platform succession from Permian to recent similar to
other fields in the region.
Most common lithologies are limestone, dolomite, anhydrite and shale indicating shallow marine to
supratidal depositional environment.
The top reservoir is a secondary reservoir of Lower Cretaceous age (named in this paper upper
reservoir), the middle reservoirs is the main producing reservoirs of Upper Jurassic age and compromise
of two reservoirs the upper (named in this paper middle reservoir) and the lower (named in this paper
lower reservoir), while the bottom reservoir is a marginal reservoir from Middle Jurassic age (named in
this paper deep reservoir). The underneath reservoir is a gas reservoir of Permian age (named in this paper
gas reservoir).
The Upper reservoir is composed of limestone reservoirs separated by shaly limestone. The reservoir
is composed of 3 oil bearing reservoirs; the layers vary in permeability from low to medium but have a
good average porosity. Three original OWCs are present and the oil quality is approximately the same.
SPE-172052-MS 3

Figure 2—Field production history

The main complexity of this reservoir is the high vertical permeability variation, the high transition zone
thickness and the weak aquifer support.
The middle reservoir, in contrast to the reservoir above, consist of dolomitic layers separated by
anhydrite layers, is further subdivided into A, B, C and D reservoirs. The main vertical barrier is the
anhydrite separating A and B reservoirs and the anhydrite separating C and D reservoirs. The porosity of
the dolomitic reservoirs falls typically within a fair range. The matrix permeability is low in the tight
reservoirs and higher matrix permeability is displayed in the other layers; as such these layers are called
permeable or intermediate depending of the permeability average. There is very little aquifer support in
this reservoir and the pressure support is assured by water injectors.
The Lower reservoir consists of 8 main geological layers with good vertical communication. It is made
of alternating dolomite and limestone in its upper part and of limestone in the lower part. The reservoir
is composed mainly of limestone (wackestones & packestones), but also contains dolomites and calcar-
eous dolomites. The best reservoir characteristics are found within the limestone and some of the
dolomites (good porosity and permeability). There are no completely sealing horizontal or lateral barriers,
making the reservoir reasonably well connected. This is consistent with the geological description, as the
layers that might act as barrier correspond to dolomitic layers and are highly fractured. Hence these
dolomitic layers (low permeability low porosity) act more as baffles in most regions of the reservoir rather
than extensive barriers. There is a strong bottom aquifer confirmed by the fact that the pressure has
remained constant from start of production.
The deep reservoir is a minor reservoir composed of limestone, argillaceous and chalky at places.
Permeability ranges from low to very low.
4 SPE-172052-MS

Figure 3—Initial development plan poroduction profile

The field was put in production in 1974, the peak production was reached one year after start-up, since
then the field production was declining (Fig 2). The field went through several development activities
helped in curbing the production decline. Currently the field is a very mature with the current production
of only one eight of its peak production. The water cut increased steadily and reaches currently 92%, with
high recovery factor achieved in all primary and secondary producing reservoirs.
Extensive maintenance and inspection programs were essential to extend the life of this aging facility
by more than 20 years.
Initial Development Plan
The field was sanctioned in 1972. Initially the focus was to develop this field rapidly because the
reservoirs are extended and connected to another near-by field which was developed and producing at
plateau. Delay in developing this field could mean depletion and migration of reserves to the connected
reservoir so within 18 months from field sanctioning, the production started from this field and the peak
production was reached just one year after production start-up.
The initial development was made with one platform called A-Centre, from which 9 oil production
wells were drilled. The initial development plan was targeting medium recovery from the best reservoirs
and lower recovery from the poorest reservoirs. The facility was designed for a life time of 20 years with
the possibility that the field life could be only 10 years due to continues production decline and concurrent
depletion from adjacent connected reservoir that’s already at its production plateau. (Fig 3) The initial
development was targeting only the main oil bearing Middle and Lower reservoirs, with emphasis on the
lower reservoir which exhibit better reservoir characteristic. No development wells were foreseen in the
Upper reservoir due to its small STOIIP, meanwhile development of the middle reservoir was seen not
economical as stand-alone due to reservoir complexity. STOIIP estimates at that time were only 10% from
the existing estimates.
Today, 40 years after production start-up, the field is still producing economically. What makes the
difference between what was initially anticipated and what is currently achieved is the continuous
implementation of technologies and development strategies.
SPE-172052-MS 5

Figure 4 —Field production complex

The section below will describe the continuous evolution of the technologies that have been deployed
throughout the years to further valorize resources, in response to the growing maturity and complexity of
the field.
Phased Development
During drilling the first 9 wells from A-Centre platform it was realized that the field is extended more
towards the western area, so 3 additional well head platform namely A-West, A-Far west and A- South
were installed between 1979 and 1981 west and south west of A-Centre platform to produce the western
and southern area of the field and another well head platform was installed near to A-Centre to produce
the eastern and northern area of the field. Field central complex is depicted in Fig.4
In addition to the development of the Middle and Lower main reservoirs, development of other
reservoirs was commenced. The Upper reservoir development started in 1979 while the Deep reservoir
development started early 90’s.
Reservoir Production Mechanism
During the first years of production, reservoir pressure of the Lower reservoir was stabilized despite
significant withdraws from this reservoir, demonstrating that this reservoir has a strong active aquifer.
That’s why; no pressure maintenance scheme was implemented in this reservoir. In addition, the water cut
of the Lower reservoir was increasing steadily and reaches 80% by end of 80’s. At that time the benefits
of injecting hydrocarbon gas for tertiary recovery after water flooding, was evaluated. Extensive labora-
tory work including PVT, SCAL and whole core flooding experiments were performed. Results show that
despite the fact that miscibility will not be achieved, recovery from this reservoir can be improved
significantly due to important swelling of effect of the oil (⫹17% of oil volume increase at reservoir
conditions) and reduction in oil viscosity. Two tertiary gas injection (TGI) pilots were deployed in 1991
6 SPE-172052-MS

Figure 5—Gas process facility layout

and 1993 validated the concept and full field TGI scheme was implemented in 1997. The underlying high
pressure Permian gas reservoir was identified as a gas source for tertiary injection. The gas injection is
achieved through Gas Injection Compressor (GIC) which was an upgrade of one of the three gas lift
compressors in GLP platform. In addition one Gas Recovery Compressor (GRC) was installed to
compress the produced gas either for gas re-injection or for gas export (Fig 5).
The typical response of an oil producer to tertiary gas injection is represented in Fig 6. When gas
breakthrough occurred in an oil producer, oil rate increase significantly, coupled with drop in BSW and
increase in GOR observed shortly after the start-up of gas injection in the surrounding area. This
production enhancement is mainly due to:
● Oil mobility improvement due to swelling effect that increases oil saturation and reduces oil
viscosity.
● Reduction of the well bottom hole flowing pressure resulting from a higher GOR linked to gas
breakthrough and a lower water-cut due to water cut reduction. As a consequence of that, gas lift
is reduced gradually along with the increase in gas breakthrough till the well becomes naturally
flowing.
Oil gains due to TGI for each producer, is estimated from the difference between the actual well
production and the theoretical production estimated from decline curve before the start of gas injection.
Today the tertiary production of the Lower reservoir represents approximately 30% overall reservoir
production.
All gas injectors are deviated wells completed with selective completion that’s operated with slickline
which allow injecting in the required zone and then moving injection into another less mature zone. (Fig
9-a)
SPE-172052-MS 7

Figure 6 —Typical oil producer well response to tertiary gas injection

Figure 7—Well management in multi-lateral wells via use of sliding sleeves, plugs and packers
8 SPE-172052-MS

Figure 8 —Oil production split for production allocation using gercemistry analysis

Figure 9 —Different type of well completions: (a) gas injector, (b) dump flood water injector, (c) mulit-lateral gas lifted oil producer (d) dual ESP
oil producer
SPE-172052-MS 9

Figure 10 —Reservoir pressure evolution in permeable layers of Middle reservoir

In order to monitor tertiary gas movement inside the reservoir, gas tracers were injected since the
start-up of tertiary gas injection.
Gas injection management policy was designed in order to optimize the usage of available gas resource
between gas lift which has a short term effect and TGI which has midterm effect, and then within the TGI,
the amount of gas allocated to each injector was also optimized. The optimization was made based on the
concept of efficiency (incremental oil produced per gas injected). Gas tracers results coupled with
geological knowledge of the reservoir were used to define different sectors, where each sector is
composed of one or two gas injectors and set of oil producers. Sector efficiency then was calculated, so
amount of gas allocated to the different injectors will depend on its sector efficiency. The optimization of
tertiary gas injection was done following two main axes:
● Laterally: where gas will be injected into sectors showing the highest efficiency, until gas
breakthrough becomes close to the process limitation (GRC limit), then gas will be moved to less
mature sectors.
● Vertically: where the gas will be injected at mid of the reservoir to boost short term benefits, then
when gas breakthrough increases and reaches surface process limit, it can shifted to less mature
zone.
In contrast of the Lower reservoir the reservoir pressure of Middle reservoir had depleted severely
during the first years of production, so water injection was started 5 years after production start-up. Water
injection started initially with peripheral injection which helped in stabilizing the reservoir pressure. Later
on dispersed water injection was implemented which help in re-pressurizing the permeable layers of the
reservoir (Fig 10)
Oil producers in the Middle reservoir were completed comingled in both tight and permeable layers.
Since the wells were comingled, bypassed oil was left in the tight layers, so dedicated development wells
were drilled to produce the tight layers. Those layers are thin layers, of low permeability and each one of
them is isolated from the other by anhydrite layer. To be able to develop those reservoirs economically,
it was necessary to increase the reservoir contact, so wells were drilled with multi-lateral horizontal drains.
Each drain was drilled carefully in one zone confined between two sealing anhydrite, and the drain was
steered in this thin carbonate layers through the use of gas logging, ROP and LWD. Wells were completed
selectively with the possibility to produce each drain independent from the other. To do that each drain
10 SPE-172052-MS

was straddled by a packer and sliding sleeves SSD which allow the drain to be isolated from the other if
water breakthrough occurs. In order to be able to manipulate opening and closing of each sliding sleeves
with wireline, the trajectory of each well was designed so that the well inclination was not exceeding 60°
up to the SSD depth, then higher dog-leg were needed to land in the desired reservoirs (Fig 7). The
complexity of the multi-lateral well was increased progressively starting from simple dual drains and now
up to 4 lateral drains of 700 m each are drilled from one single well
Production Logging tools PLT’s were used to monitor the production split from each of Middle
reservoirs, in addition, other techniques like Selective Production Test (SPT) was developed to follow
production splits from each reservoir by manipulating opening/closing of the SSD in front of each layer.
In addition to that, the distinctiveness of oil between various layers of Middle reservoir, enable us to use
the geochemical fingerprinting to evaluate oil production split from each layer (Fig 8)
Reservoir Pressure Support
During the first years of primary production period, the reservoir pressure of the Lower reservoirs was
maintained by the support from a highly active aquifer. In contrast the pressure in the Middle reservoir
was depleted severely, so water injection was needed to maintain its pressure.
A study was carried out to test if sea water would be a good candidate for injection. The salinity of
formation water was 250,000 ppm while that of sea water salinity was 60,000ppm. Injecting this water
with such salinity contrast would disrupt the balance in the reservoir and lead to irreparable damage to the
formation by precipitation of ions. This could increase scale formation and possibly clog the pores in the
reservoir. An upper Creations pressurized water reservoir was realized to be a good candidate to supply
required water for injection. This has water salinity very similar to the Middle reservoir. Scaling has not
been a major issue in most of the wells in this field due to this decision.
Water injection initially started in 1979 with peripheral water injection, which helped in stabilizing
reservoir pressure. Later-on dispersed water injection scheme was implemented which helped in re-
pressurizing the reservoirs especially in the permeable layers of Middle reservoir. (Fig 10). In the tight
layers, water injection was not sufficient to maintain its pressure as most of the injected water goes to the
permeable layers. To help supporting reservoir pressure in those tight layers, gas injection was imple-
mented in those reservoirs since year 1995
Initially the water injectors were completed as dumpflood injectors (Fig 9-b). The wells were
perforated in a water reservoir which was around 1200m above the injection zones. The reservoir pressure
in the water reservoir in addition to the pressure due to the water column created a stable injection
pressure. Later few wells were converted to forced water injectors when few regions of the reservoir was
found to be less pressurized and it was realized that a higher injection pressure was required for a balanced
development of the field. Hence a water producer was drilled into the water reservoir to provide water for
forced injection.
Similarly in the Upper reservoir water injection was implemented for pressure maintenance since 1991
with one dumpflood water injector that was converted to forced injector in 1996.
Water tracers were injected in several wells in 1997 to monitor the water movement between injectors
and producers.
Well Activation
The wells drilled initially were flowing naturally, but they started to cut water rapidly so there productivity
started to decline. Electrical submersible pump were lowered in A-Centre platform wells in 1978 to
maintain their production and A-Centre platform was equipped with a workover rig for well servicing in
case of pump failure.
As the field start to expand with additional well head platforms, it was difficult to provide electrical
power required to run ESP in the peripheral platforms, in addition the difficulty to service ESP wells in
SPE-172052-MS 11

case of pump failures was another draw-back. Meanwhile the water cut continue to increase and it reaches
30% in early 80’s, which put the wells erruptivity especially in peripheral platform under threat.
For those reasons, in 1981 gas lift was implemented at field scale for well activation. A specific Gas
Lift Platform (GLP) was installed to accommodate two gas lift compressors, and then a third gas lift
compressor was installed in 1985 to accommodate the increasing demand of gas lift. Finally the gas lift
scheme was completed in 1989 by drilling a dedicated gas lift source well from a dedicated gas production
platform to provide gas lift source from the underlying high pressure Permian gas reservoir.
Currently gas lift technology is fully matured in this field, majority of the wells are gas lifted. Wells
are capable to flow even with high water cut of 99%. Wells are normally equipped with several gas lift
mandrels to give the flexibility on gas lift control (Fig 9-c). To follow-up bottom hole pressure evolution
after well start-up, a memory downhole gauge is normally installed in one of the gas lift mandrels, which
is recovered with slick line few months after well start-up. This pressure data give invaluable information
about the evolution of well productivity index and bottom hole flowing pressure at a very minimal cost.
In order to further optimize the well production offtake, Dual-ESP technology (Fig 9-d) by which
Auxiliary pump is installed and run if the primary pump failed was used in 2010 in A-East platform wells
where electrical power is available and in the areas of reservoir which is believed that it would be better
developed if reservoir offtake increased and it’s not impacted by tertiary gas injection.
Water Production Management
Lower reservoir produced at very high rate due to the strong aquifer. But like all aquifer supported
reservoirs, the water cut increased rapidly. Hence a lot of water needed to be handled at surface and
disposed. This water after separation stage still had trace amounts of hydrocarbons. Dumping it into the
sea was not an option and so was reinjection into the depressurized reservoir through the peripheral water
injectors. As these injectors were injecting below the OWC, the hydrocarbons could cause plugging in the
injector and decrease the injectivity with its current tubing size.
Hence produced water was injected into the water reservoir in the Upper Cretaceous with the help of
a well with sufficient tubing size fit for its need. One well was drilled in 1982 and it was sufficient to
re-inject all the produced water due to very good reservoir characteristics of this Upper Cretaceous
reservoir. In 2005 another well was completed in this reservoir in order to have some spare capacity to
handle and re-inject the produced water.
Wells Architecture
Drilled wells were initially vertical then they became more deviated in order to cover larger drainage area.
The water cut of the Lower reservoir had increased significantly due to active aquifer up-to a limit that
the well target recovery seems difficult to achieve. Operations were performed to squeeze cement in the
lower perforations so that the water production due to coning could be delayed. Though this yielded some
success did not provide a lasting solution. By 1994 the first horizontal well was drilled in the Lower
reservoir with its trajectory moving along the permeable zone just below the anhydrite cap. The long
drains as long as 700m provided excellent productivity as well as delayed the arrival of water into the
wellbore. Later once tertiary gas injection was employed; these wells were more responsive and showed
the greatest efficiency in oil to gas production as its drainage volume was much greater than deviated
wells. These wells contribute 86.6% of the current oil production of Lower reservoir.
The mono-drain horizontal wells were ideal for developing the Lower reservoir. But in a stratified
reservoir like Middle reservoir the drainage volume would be too small for it to be commercially viable
as the layers are thin. The main opportunity for further development is to recover the oil by-passed in the
tight layers by the comingled producers.
For this purpose wells with multiple branches (up to 4 branches) each 700m long were drilled. Each
branch would be drilled within a different layer steering it in within the anhydrite layers. This type of
12 SPE-172052-MS

Figure 11—Typical multi-lateral well archetecture

Figure 12—well head splitter

completion greatly increased the production from these thin tight layers. Currently 45% of the middle
reservoir production comes from these wells. Such multi lateral wells were also found to be a good idea
for further developing the permeable layers. This improved the productivity by increasing the drainage
area and hence decreased the number of wells that needed to be drilled.
Wells with 2 branches were drilled first, then the well complexity had increased gradually and the
number of drains were increased gradually, currently up to 4 branches are drilled from a single well (Fig
11)
SPE-172052-MS 13

Figure 13—Evolution of reserves and recovery factor in view of deployed technology

Each drain in these multilateral wells is separated from each other by Sliding Sleeve Doors SSD and
packer arrangement. This Sliding sleeve is a wire line operated devise used for selective production. This
is useful especially in the permeable multilateral wells where there is a possibility that one of the drains
gets water flooded faster. The well could keep producing efficiently by closing down this drain using the
SSD and continue production from the other drains, hence assists in better managing the reservoir.
Well head slot availability
As mentioned earlier, this field was developed initially with single platform A-Centre, then another 4 well
head production platforms were added gradually between 1979 till 1981. In order to accommodate the
increasing demand of new wells for further reservoir development, platform extensions were performed
to add additional well head slots.
To further optimize the usage of well head slots, well head splitter technology was implemented in
2005 in A-South platform then extended to other platforms (Fig 12). With this technology 2 wells could
be completed in the same slot. Potentially 10 drains of 1000m length could be drilled from the same slot.
With this strategy we were able to fulfil the needs to drill new wells required to curb production decline
without adding any new well head platforms.
Future Challenges
Currently the field is very complex. Field operation includes oil and gas production, water injection, gas
injection, gas export, gas lift, gas recompression. All of this is achieved via an aging facilities. At the same
time the reservoirs are very mature, high recovery factor is already achieved, and the field water cut
exceeds 90%.
At this field maturity the future challenges appears to be well and surface facilities integrity, gas and
water management to maximize production and recovery factor and to continue implementing fit for
purpose technologies to further valorize remaining resources,
This field has been a pioneer in implementing new technology in offshore environment within the
region. Nevertheless, there are still many initiatives that are still on-going to further valorize the field
resources. Currently a single well chemical EOR pilot is being implemented, first pilot of its kind in such
14 SPE-172052-MS

reservoir condition worldwide. Also Enzyme injection to stimulate the wells is being attempted this year.
Many other technologies have been reviewed for possible future implementation, these include the use of
Down-hole Oil Water Separation system (DOWS), CO2 injection, Smart Water injection . . .etc.
Other re-development opportunities of this field to evaluate the various options to valorize remaining
resources that can help extending field life and resources are currently being studied.
Exploring and producing deeper reservoir below Permian gas reservoir is another dimension currently
being considered to extend field life. Next year an exploration HPHT well in the Lower Permian gas
reservoir will be drilled and tested.
Using the existing process facility to produce near-by fields is also another direction to further extend
the field life. This year a new near-by field will be connected to our facility to produce it during its early
production scheme.

Summary and Conclusion

Production started in 1974 with minimum facility and the view that field life will last 10-20 years. Today
40 years later the field is still producing economically.
The prognosis of the initial development plan was accurate with the hypothesis taken at that time,
STOIIP was only 10% different from current estimates. Based on analogy with other similar fields, the
anticipated recovery factor (RF) from initial development plans was close to P90 RF while the currently
achieved recovery is close to P10 estimates of other fields (Fig 13).
What makes the difference is the continuous adaptation of fit for purpose technology in response to the
growing maturity of the field. Various IOR techniques have been employed in this field ranging from
ESP’s, gas lift, intelligent completions, multi-lateral wells, splitter wells, dumpflood to selective com-
pletions. In addition, various EOR techniques have been used ranging from full field tertiary hydrocarbon
gas injection to chemical and enzyme EOR pilots.
At the current field maturity, the future challenges appear to be the integrity of wells and surface
facilities, gas and water management to maximize production and recovery factor.
To further valorize remaining resources, various EOR / IOR are being studied or piloted for future use.
The EOR portfolio, include the use of CO2 injection, Smart Water Injection and Chemical EOR, while
the IOR portfolio include the use of Down-hole Oil Water Separation system (DOWS) and Enzyme
injection for well stimulation.
Other opportunity that can help in extending field life and maximizing its resources are been
considered, and in this direction we are looking at possible reservoir re-development scenarios, exploring
and testing HPHT Lower Permian gas reservoir and the possibilities to connect some near-by fields to our
production facility.
Lessons learnt, good and bad, will help maximize future recovery in other less mature fields in the
UAE.

References
1. Stofferis M. and Boibien C.: “Monitoring of two gas injection pilots in an offshore Abu Dhabi
field”, paper SPE 29804 presented at the 1995 SPE Middle East Oil Show and Conference,
Bahrain, March 11-14, 1995
2. Nicolle G., Cartier G. and Jaber O.: “Tertiary gas injection: from pilot to full field – A case history
offshore Abu Dhabi”, paper SPE 49516 presented at the 8th Abu Dhabi International Petroleum
Exhibition and Conference, October 11-14, 1998.
3. Bonnin E, Levallois B. and Joffroy G.: “Full field tertiary gas injection: a case history offshore
Abu Dhabi”, paper SPE 78362 presented at the 10th Abu Dhabi Petroleum Conference, October
13-16, 2002.
SPE-172052-MS 15

4. Glière L., Brun B., Bure E., Ryan M., Al Jasmi A., “Maturing Fields: A Case History Offshore
Abu Dhabi”, paper SPE 88769 presented at the 11th Abu Dhabi Petroleum Conference, October
10-13, 2004.
5. Pearce A., Gunssan E.: “Evolution of technology application on a mature oil field for maximizing
economic oil recovery” paper presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and
Conference ADIPEC, November 10-13, 2013.