JUDUL TAHUN PENULIS ABSTRAK

Objective: To evaluate the color stability and surface

roughness of 3 dental composites subjected to cigarette
smoke and brushing. Methods: Twenty specimens were
prepared for each type of restorative material used:
nanohybrid (TetricN-Ceram);hybrid (Z250-3M ESPE)
andsilorane-based microhybrid (Filtek P90-3M ESPE),
which were divided into 2 groups (n = 10), according to the
type of finishing/ polishing received: Group 1 – papers with
decreasing abrasive grit and Group 2 – polyester matrix
C.C. (without polishing). After initial readouts of color (Easy
Effect of
Alandia- Shade-VITA) and surface roughness (SJ-201P Mitutoyo),
cigarette
Roman, specimens were subjected to action of smoke from 20
smoke on
D.R. cigarettes, (Marlboro Red–Philip Morris). After each
color
Cruvinel, cigarette, the samples were submitted to brushing in a
stability 2012
A.B.S. standardised device. After this, final readouts were taken to
and surface
Sousa, calculate change in color (DE and DL) and roughness
roughness
F.C.P. Pires- (DRa), which were statistically analysed (2-way ANOVA,
of dental
de-Souza, Bonferroni, and Student’s-t tests respectively, p < 0.05).
composites
H. Panzeri Results: Tetric N-Ceram presented color change at clinically
unacceptable levels (DE > 3.3)
whenthepolyesterstripwasusedforfinishing,aresultdiffering(p
< 0.05)fromthoseofthe other composites, which presented no
difference between them (p > 0.05). Unpolished composites
presented higher Ra values than those that were polished (p
< 0.05), with exception of the silorane based composite.
Conclusion: Absence of polishing increases cigarette
capacity to stain composites and surface roughness of
composites, with exception of the silorane based type.
Discolorati 2017 Matteo Objective: A crucial property of esthetic restorative
on of Ceci, materials is their long-term color stability. The aim of this in
different Matteo vitro study was to evaluate the color stability of esthetic
esthetic Viola, restorative materials (one microfilled flowable composite,
restorative Davide one nanofilled composite, one nanoybrid composite, one
materials: Rattalino, microfilled composite, and one nanoybrid ormocer-based
A Riccardo composite) after surface roughening with cola and exposure
spectrophot to different staining solutions (coffee and red wine).
Beltrami,
ometric Materials and Methods: All materials were polymerized into
Marco
evaluation silicone rubber rings (2 mm × 6 mm × 8 mm) to obtain 150
Colombo, specimens identical in size. Seventy-five specimens of
Claudio Group A were first exposed to cola for 24 h, and then
Poggio samples were immersed in coffee or red wine over a 28-day
test period. A colorimetric evaluation, according to the CIE
L*a*b* system, was performed at 7, 14, 21, 28 days.
Shapiro–Wilk test and Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance
were applied to assess significant differences among
restorative materials. Means were compared with Scheffe’s
multiple comparison test at the 0.05 level of significance.
Results: Specimens of Group A showed higher variations
when compared with Group B’s specimens (P < 0.05). After
 28 days, the immersion protocols caused a clinically
perceivable color change for all materials tested (P < 0.05).
Ceram·X Universal and Admira Fusion showed the lowest
∆E variations (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Staining beverages
caused significant discolorations for all the materials tested.
The first exposure to cola enhanced the subsequent staining
with coffee or red wine. Nanohybrid composites reported
the lowest color variations.
Background:The purpose of this in vitro study was to
evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid
composite resins (Esthet•X HD, Clearfil AP-X, Gradia
Direct) and five nanohybrid composite resins (Ceram•X, GC
Kalore, G-aenial, Grandio, GrandioSO), after staining and
bleaching procedures.
Materials and Methods:The composite resins were
polymerized with a curing light (Celalux II, Voco,
Cuxhaven, Germany) into 160 silicon molds (6,4 mm in
diameter and 2 mm in thickness) to obtain identical
specimens. Twenty samples for each composite resin were
prepared. The specimens were polished using an automated
Claudio polishing machine with the sequence of 600-, 800-, 1000-
Surface
Poggio, grit abrasive paper under water irrigation. The specimens
discoloratio
Riccardo were immersed in tea and distilled water: the specimens
n of
Beltrami, were dipped for 20 min, once a day (every 24 h), for 14 days
composite
Andrea into the drinks. The specimens were then bleached with
resins: 2012
Scribante, carbamide peroxide at 17% (Perfect Bleach-Voco). The
Effects of
Marco color of specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer
staining
Colombo, according to the CIE L*a*b* system after light-
and
and Marco polymerization of composite resin specimens, after 7 days,
bleaching
Chiesa after 14 days, and after bleaching. The color difference h
index (DEab*) between each measurement was calculated.
Statistical analysis was made using analysis of variance
(ANOVA).
Results:All specimens showed a significant increase in
staining with a similar trend and no significant differences
between microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins.
After whitening procedures, materials tested showed both
significant and unsignificant differences of the h index.
Conclusions:Microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins
had similar in vitro surface discoloration in tea. After
bleaching, discoloration was removed from some composite
resins tested.
Electronic 2013 Palazzolo, Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, or vaping, in the
Cigarettes Dominic L United States and worldwide is
and increasing. Their use is highly controversial from scientific,
Vaping: A political, financial, psychological, and sociological
New ideologies. Given the controversial nature of e-cigarettes
Challenge and vaping,
in Clinical how should medical care providers advise their patients? To
Medicine effectively face this new challenge, health care professionals
and Public need to become more familiar with the existing literature
 concerning e-cigarettes and vaping, especially the scientific
literature. Thus, the aim of
this article is to present a review of the scientific evidence-
based primary literature concerning electronic cigarettes and
vaping. A search of the most current literature using the
pubmed database dating back to 2008, and using electronic
cigarette(s) or e-cigarette(s) as
key words, yielded a total of 66 highly relevant articles.
These articles primarily deal with
(1) consumer-based surveys regarding personal views on
vaping, (2) chemical analysis of
e-cigarette cartridges, solutions, and mist, (3) nicotine
content, delivery, and pharmacokinetics, and (4) clinical and
physiological studies investigating the effects of acute
vaping.
Health. A When compared to the effects of smoking, the scant
Literature available literature suggests that vaping could be a “harm
Review reduction” alternative to smoking and a possible means for
smoking
cessation, at least to the same degree as other Food and
Drug Administration-approved
nicotine replacement therapies. However, it is unclear if
vaping e-cigarettes will reduce or
increase nicotine addiction. It is obvious that more rigorous
investigations of the acute and
long-term health effects of vaping are required to establish
the safety and efficacy of these
devices; especially parallel experiments comparing the
cardiopulmonary effects of vaping
to smoking. Only then will the medical community be able
to adequately meet the new
challenge e-cigarettes and vaping present to clinical
medicine and public health.
Environme 2018 Carmela Abstract: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) were introduced into
ntal Protano , the market in 2006 and their technological
Electronic Pasquale features have evolved substantially over time. Currently,
Vape Avino , there are four different generations of e-cigs
Exposure Maurizio that are broadly considered less harmful than the use of
from Four Manigrasso combusted tobacco products although
Different , Valerio passive exposure to aerosols often occurs in public spaces
and indoor environments. The study aim
Generation Vivaldi ,
was to evaluate the levels of airborne particulate matter
s of Franco
(PM) emitted during the use of all the four
Electronic Perna , generations of e-cigs, testing different use modalities.
Cigarettes: Federica PM10, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured
Airborne Valeriani through a Dusttrak ™ II Aerosol Monitor, for a total of 20
Particulate and Matteo independent experiments. All tested e-cigs
Matter Vitali devices produced PM during their use, and PM10 was
Levels almost made of PM1 size fraction. In addition,
we observed a progressive increase in PM emission from the
first to the fourth generation, and an
 upward trend of PM1 emitted by the fourth generation e-cig
with an increase in the operating power.
The results showed that, whatever the model adopted,
passive vaping does occur. This finding
supports the need for legislative interventions to regulate the
e-cigs use in public places and other
enclosed environments, in order to protect the health of any
subject who is potentially exposed.
Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) use electricity to power a
heating element that aerosolizes a liquid containing solvents,
flavorants, and the dependence-producing drug nicotine for
user inhalation. ECIGs have evolved rapidly in the past
8 years, and the changes in product design and liquid
constituents affect the resulting toxicant yield in the aerosol
Alison and delivery to the user. This rapid evolution has been
Breland, accompanied by dramatic increases in ECIG use prevalence
Eric Soule, in
Electronic
Alexa many countries among adults and, especially, adolescents in
cigarettes:
Lopez, the United States. The increased prevalence of ECIGs that
what are
2017 Carolina deliver nicotine and other toxicants to users’ lungs drives a
they and
Ramoa, rapidly growing research effort. This review highlights the
what do
Ahmad El- most recent information regarding the design of ECIGs and
they do?
Hellani, and their liquid and aerosol constituents, the epidemiology
Thomas of ECIG use among adolescents and adults (including
Eissenberg correlates of ECIG use), and preclinical and clinical research
regarding ECIG effects. The current literature suggests a
strong rationale for an empirical regulatory approach toward
ECIGs that balances any potential ECIG-mediated decreases
in health risks for smokers who use them as substitutes
for tobacco cigarettes against any increased risks for
nonsmokers who may be attracted to them.
A Public 2019 Susan C. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and vape devices have
Health Walley, MD, rapidly become the most common tobacco products used by
Crisis: CTTS, Karen youth, driven in large part by marketing and advertising by
Electronic M. Wilson, e-cigarette companies. There is substantial evidence that
Cigarettes, MD, MPH, adolescent e-cigarette use leads to use of combustible
Vape, and Jonathan P. tobacco products. E-cigarette companies commonly
JUUL Winickoff, advertise that e-cigarettes contain nicotine, flavoring
chemicals, and humectants (propylene glycol and/or
MD, MPH,
vegetable glycerin), but toxicants, ultrafine particles, and
Judith
carcinogens have also been found in e-cigarette solutions
Groner, and emissions, many of which are known to cause adverse
MDd health effects. Most major e-cigarette brands are owned by
big tobacco companies that use similar marketing and
advertising strategies to attract youth users as they did with
traditional tobacco products. In this review, we provide an
overview of e-cigarettes and vape devices with an emphasis
on the impact for the pediatric population. We describe the
vast array of e-cigarette devices and solutions, concern for
nicotine addiction, and the scientific background on the
known health harms. There are accompanying visual
 depictions to assist in identifying these products, including
newer e-cigarette products and JUUL. Because current
federal regulations are insufficient to protect youth from e-
cigarette use, exposure, and nicotine addiction, there are
recommendations for pediatricians and pediatric health care
providers to counsel and advocate for a tobacco-free
lifestyle for patients and families.
Objective: The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has
recently increased as an alternative to
conventional smoking tobacco products. The literature is
scarce on the effects of ECIGs on dental and oral structures.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe
whether ECIG aerosol could alter the color of dental
enamel.
Materials and methods: Sixty-three bovine enamel
specimens were randomly separated into
groups (n = 7) and treated with aerosols with different e-
liquid flavors (neutral, menthol, and
Karen
tobacco) and nicotine content (0, 12, and 18 mg). The initial
Pintado- color assessment was performed
Palomino, using a spectrophotometer (Easy Shade—Vita). Dental
Cecilia Vilela enamel was exposed to 20 cycles of ECIG
Vasconcelos aerosol in a smoking machine, and the final color was
The effect Barros de measured. The color change was evaluated using ΔEab,
of Almeida, ΔE00, and Whiteness Index (WID) formulae. Differences in
electronic
Christiano L* a* b* coordinates were calculated, and data were
cigarettes 2019
Oliveira- analyzed (two-way ANOVA, uncorrected Fisher's LSD
on dental
Santos, post hoc test, α = 0.05).
enamel
Fernanda Results: Luminosity (ΔL) was reduced by aerosols with
color
Panzeri almost all levels of nicotine content and
Pires-de- neutral and menthol flavors. Flavored e-liquids caused more
Souza, color change (P < .05) according to
Camila ΔEab and ΔE00. ΔE values from both formulae exceeded
the thresholds for perceptible visual
Tirapelli
alterations of color. WID increased after ECIGs exposure
for menthol and tobacco and
decreased for neutral flavors.
Conclusions: ECIG aerosol from e-liquids with different
nicotine contents and flavors altered
enamel color. Menthol and tobacco e-liquids may alter the
enamel color decreasing the yellowness of the enamel
compared to neutral e-liquid.
Clinical significance: Electronic cigarettes can cause
perceptible changes in tooth color, altering
dental esthetics.
Effect of Noor Al-
Vaping on Shalchi,
2019 -
the Oral Sebastian
Cavity August

Abstract Background/purpose: Streptococcus mutans is an

important pathogen in the development of dental caries.
Many studies have focused on the relationship between
nicotine and S.mutans in vitro. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of nicotine on the growth of S. mutans
and its cariogenic potential in vivo. Materials and methods:
Sixteen male Specific-pathogen-free Wistar rats were
Shiyu Liu, divided into 2 groups (nicotine-treated and nicotine-
Tianmu Wu, untreated group) and infected with S. mutans. The S. mutans
Xuedong suspension was treated with 1 mg/mL nicotine in the
Nicotine is Zhou, Bo nicotine-treated group. The Keyes method was used to
a risk factor Zhang, Sibei evaluate sulcal caries of rats, and dental plaque on molar
for dental teeth was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
2018 Huo, Yutao
caries: An Results: Incidence of sulcal caries was higher in nicotine-
Yang, Keke treated group compared to nicotineuntreated group (42.7
in vivo
study Zhang, Lei 1.7 vs 37.3 4.9, P Z 0.009). Severity of caries increased
Cheng, Xin with
Xu, Mingyun nicotine treatment. The slightly dentinal caries scores and
Li moderate dentinal caries scores were higher in the presence
of nicotine (P < 0.001). Increased number of S. mutans cells
attached to dental surface was observed under SEM in the
nicotine-treated group. Conclusion: Nicotine would promote
the attachment of S. mutans to dental surface, and further
increase the incidence and severity of dental caries.
Therefore, nicotine might be a risk factor for smoking-
induced caries.
Morphologi 2010 PAULA Statement of the Problem: The staining effect of tobacco
c Texture MATHIAS, smoke on resin color is clinically observed. However, there
Characteriz DDS, MS, is no evidence determining whether this staining is increased
ation Allied PhD, on texturized surfaces or if the color change is superficial
to LEONARDO and can be removed by repolishing procedures.
Cigarette COSTA, DDS, Objective: To evaluate the effect of tobacco smoke on the
Smoke MS, LETÍCIA color of a composite with smooth or texturized surfaces,
Increase before and after repolishing.
OLIVEIRA
Pigmentati Materials and Methods: Forty composite specimens were
SARAIVA,
on in allocated into four groups (N = 10): Smooth surface not
Composite DDS, MS, exposed (G1) and exposed to tobacco smoke (G2),
Resin THAIS texturized surface not exposed (G3), and exposed to tobacco
Restoration ARANHA smoke (G4). During 21 days, G2 and G4 were daily exposed
sjerd ROSSI, DDS, to the smoke from 20 cigarettes. Color measurements were
ANDREA carried out at baseline,after 21 days, and after repolishing.
NÓBREGA Variables L* (luminosity), b* (blue-yellow), and DE (total
CAVALCANT color change) were statistically analyzed (repeated measures
I, DDS, MS, analysis of variance/Tukey). Results: Texturized and smooth
 specimens presented similar luminosity at baseline. Tobacco
smoke significantly reduced L* in G2 and G4, and increased
PhD, b* in G4. After repolishing, L* increased and b* reduced in
GETÚLIO DA stained groups, but values continued to be different from
baseline
ROCHA
ones. Repolishing significantly reduced DE, but values from
NOGUEIRA-
stained groups were still greater than that from unstained
FILHO, DDS, groups. Conclusion: Tobacco smoke changes the color of
MS, PhD composite, and surface texture can increase the staining.
Repolishing reduces superficial staining, but this procedure
may not return the composite to baseline color.
The aim of this study is to understand the factors that
influence the color stability of composite restorations. we
live in a world of esthetic dentistry where esthetic
tooth-colored restorations are the trend today. Composite
restoration which satisfies this need of esthetic tooth-colored
Factors that
restorations has evolved tremendously. Although the
Influence
material holds good promise in the field of esthetic
the Color Nandhini G
dentistry, it also possesses certain disadvantages such as
Stability of 2017 Ashok, S
discoloration in the long run. This article reviews the
Composite Jayalakshmi various factors that affect the color stability of composite
Restoration
restorations. Since patients seek better esthetic restorations,
s
the proper color matching is important not only in the first
period of service but also over a long period. Thus,
awareness of the various factors that influence the color
stability of composite restorations is
beneficial.
The success of restorative dentistry is determined on the
basis of functional and esthetic results. To achieve esthetics,
Color:
four basic determinants are required in sequence; viz.,
Implication
2010 Vimal K Sikri position, contour, texture and color. The knowledge of the
s in
concept of color is essential for achieving good esthetics.
dentistry
This review compiles the various aspects of color, its
measurements and shade matching in dentistry.
Effect of 2010 Jeong-Kil Purpose : To examine the effect of staining solutions on the
staining Park, Prof. discoloration of resin nanocomposites.
solutions Yong Hoon Methods : Three resin nanocomposites (Ceram X, Grandio,
on Kwon and Filtek Z350) were light cured for 40 seconds at a light
discoloratio intensity of 1000 mW/cm2. The color of the specimens was
n of resin measured in %R (reflectance) mode before and after
nanocompo immersing the specimens in four different test solutions
sites [distilled water (DW), coffee (CF), 50% ethanol (50ET) and
brewed green tea (GT)] for 7 hours/day over a 3-week
period. The color difference (ΔE*) was obtained based on
the CIEL*a*b* color coordinate values.
Results : The specimens immersed in DW, 50ET and GT
showed a slight increase in L* value. However, the samples
immersed in CF showed a decrease in the L* value and an
increase in the b* value. CF induced a significant color
change (ΔE*: 3.1~5.6) in most specimens but the other
solutions induced only a slight color change. Overall, coffee
 caused unacceptable color changes to the resin
nanocomposites.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
intrinsic and extrinsic color change of dimethacrylate and
silorane-based composites.
Materials and methods: Five contemporary composites were
included within the study (Filtek LS Low Shrink Posterior
Restorative [SIL], Filtek SupremeXT [SPR], Filtek Z250
[Z25], Filtek P60 [P60], and Admira [ADM]). Twenty-five
specimens (8-mm diameter, 1.5-mm thickness) were
prepared for each composite. After baseline color
measurements were taken, specimens were immersed in 4
Intrinsic
staining solutions (red wine, coffee, cola, and tea) or
and
distilled
extrinsic
water (n = 5). After a 24-h and 1-month immersion, the
discoloratio Cagatay
color values of each specimen were remeasured and the
n of Barutcigil,
2011 color change values (DE ab) were calculated. Statistical
dimethacryl Mehmet
analyses were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey
ate and Yıldız HSD test.
silorane
Results: Amongst the solutions, red wine had the highest DE
based
ab value in all the composite restoratives. After the final
composites
measurement, ADM exhibited the lowest discoloration,
whereas SPR exhibited the highest color change.
Additionally, the color change for SIL after 1 month in
distilled water was higher than the clinically accepted cut-
off of 3.3. This change was correlated with an increasing L
value according to the multiple regression analysis.
Conclusion: All of the restorative materials used in this
study were susceptible to staining by commonly consumed
beverages drinks, especially red wine and coffee; however,
in water, only SIL became whiter with time.
Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the
distribution of color parameters, lightness (L*), chroma (C),
hue (H), a* and b*, in the intercanine sector in maxilla.
Material and Methods: Patients’ tooth color measurements
Lightness, were performed using an intraoral spectrophotometer VITA
chroma, Teuta Easyshade® (VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter GmbH and Co.
and hue Pustina-Kras KG,
distribution niqi, Kujtim Bad Sackingen, Germany). The measurements were made in
s in natural Shala, Gloria 255 subjects in the intercanine sector in maxilla. Results:
2017
teeth Staka, Teuta The mean values for the group of 255 subjects were as
measured Bicaj, Enis follows: L*, a*, b*, C, and H as 81.6, 0.67, 21.6, 21.7, and
by a Ahmedi, 92.7, respectively. For F=206.27 and P < 0.001 between L*,
spectrophot Linda Dula a*, b*, C, H, and central incisor/lateral incisor/canines, there
ometer were statistically significant differences. Conclusion: With
the statistical analysis, it was determined that there are
significant color differences between the teeth of the
intercanine sector, which differences are clinically
significant also.
Dental 2010 Stephen J. Objectives: To review current status of hand held systems
color for tooth color matching in vivo and corresponding research.
 Sources: ‘‘Medline’’ database from 1981 to 2010 were
searched electronically with key words tooth, teeth, color
and dentistry.
Conclusion: Spectrophotometers, colorimeters and imaging
matching systems are useful and relevant tools for tooth color
instruments measurement and analysis, and for quality control of color
and Chu, Richard reproduction. Different measurement devices either measure
systems. D.Trushkow the complete tooth surface providing a ‘‘color map’’ or an
Review of sy, Rade D. ‘‘average’’ color of the limited area [3–5 mm] on the tooth
clinical and Paravina surface. These instruments are useful tools in color analysis
research for direct or indirect restorations, communication for
aspects indirect restorations, reproduction and verification of shade.
Whenever possible, both instrumental and visual color
matching method should be used, as they complement
each other and can lead towards predictable esthetic
outcome.
Objective: To assess behavior change over 12 months in
users of e-cigarettes (“vapers”).
Methods: Longitudinal Internet survey, 2011 to 2013.
Participants were enrolled on websites dedicated to
ecigarettes and smoking cessation. We assessed use of e-
cigarettes and tobacco among the same cohort at baseline,
after one month (n = 477) and one year (n = 367).
Results: Most participants (72%) were former smokers, and
76% were using e-cigarettes daily. At baseline, current
users had been using e-cigarettes for 3 months, took 150
puffs/day on their e-cigarette and used refill liquids
containing 16 mg/ml of nicotine, on average. Almost all the
daily vapers at baseline were still vaping daily after one
A
month (98%) and one year (89%). Of those who had been
longitudina Jean-
vaping daily for less than one month at baseline, 93%
l study of François
2013 were still vaping daily after one month, and 81% after one
electronic Etter, Chris
year. In daily vapers, the number of puffs/day on ecigarettes
cigarette Bullen remained unchanged between baseline and one year. Among
users
former smokers who were vaping
daily at baseline, 6% had relapsed to smoking after one
month and also 6% after one year. Among dual users
(smokers who were vaping daily at baseline), 22% had
stopped smoking after one month and 46% after one
year. In dual users who were still smoking at follow-up,
cigarette consumption decreased by 5.3 cig/day after
one month (from 11.3 to 6.0 cig./day, p = 0.006), but
remained unchanged between baseline and 1-year
follow-up.
Conclusions: E-cigarettes may contribute to relapse
prevention in former smokers and smoking cessation in
current smokers.
Assessment Purpose: To evaluate in vitro enamel sample discoloration
of Enamel following exposure to a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F)
2018 Annette
Discolorati or emissions from next generation tobacco and nicotine
Dalrymple,
on in Vitro products (NGPs) such as electronic cigarettes (EC) and
 tobacco heating products (THP).
Methods: Bovine enamel blocks (6.5 × 6.5 mm) were
prepared and pre-incubated with human or artificial saliva,
to form a pellicle layer before exposure to either particulate
matter (PM) or whole aerosols. PM was prepared by
capturing 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS), a commercial THP
(THP1.0) or a novel vapor product (NVP)/next generation e-
cigarette aerosols on Cambridge filter pads followed by
elution with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Ten enamel
samples were exposed to each PM for 14 days. For aerosol
exposure, 12 enamel samples were exposed (200 puffs per
day, for 5 consecutive days) to 3R4F CS or THP1.0 and
Thomas C NVP aerosols. Control samples were incubated with DMSO
Badrock, (PM study) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, aerosol
Following Anya Terry, study). Individual enamel sample color readings (L*, a*, b*)
Exposure Mark were measured at baseline and on each exposure day. Mean
to Cigarette Barber, ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* and ΔE values were calculated for each
Smoke and Peter J Hall, product or control. A one-way ANOVA was used to assess
Emissions
David the differences between the products and controls. The
From
Thorne, Tukey procedure for pairwise comparisons was also used.
Novel
Marianna D Results: At all timepoints, 3R4F PM and CS induced enamel
Vapor and
Gaca, discoloration that was statistically significant (< 0.0001)
Tobacco
Steven when compared to THP1.0 or NVP. After 14-day PM
Heating
Cobur, exposure, mean ΔE values were 29.4± 3.6, 10.5 ± 2.3, 10.7
Products
Christopher ± 2.6 and 12.6 ± 2.0 for 3R4F, THP1.0, NVP and DMSO
Proctor control respectively. After 5-day CS or aerosol exposure,
mean ΔE values were 26.2 ± 3.2, 3.6 ± 1.9, 3.4 ± 1.3, 5.3 ±
0.8 for 3R4F CS, THP1.0, NVP or PBS control,
respectively. Both exposure methods demonstrated that
THP1.0 and NVP induced minimal staining, mean ΔL* ,
Δa* , Δb* and ΔE values were comparable to DMSO or
PBS controls.
Clinical significance: For the first time, diverse NGPs across
the risk continuum were assessed in vitro for their impact on
enamel staining. CS exposure significantly increased the
level of bovine enamel sample discoloration, whereas
THP1.0 or NVP exposure resulted in values comparable to
the controls.
Color 2011 ESRA UZER The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the A2 shades of
Changes of ÇELI˙K, DDS, various types and brands of resin composites to determine
Dental PhD, AKIN if any color differences occurred before and after
Resin ALADAG, polymerization and after 1 month of storage in water and (2)
Composites DDS, PhD, L. examine the correlation among the color changes and
before and S¸EBNEM changes in Commission internationale de l’éclairage L*, a*,
after TÜRKÜN, and b* values after polymerization and after 1 month of
Polymeriza storage in water. One submicron-hybrid (Spectrum TPH3,
DDS, PhD,
tion and DENTSPLY DeTrey, Milford, DE, USA), one nano-filled
GÖKHAN
Storage in (Filtek Supreme XT, 3 M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), three
Water YILMAZ, micro-hybrid (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE; Esthet X,
DDS, PhD DENTSPLY DeTrey; and Gradia Direct, GC,Tokyo, Japan),
and five nano-hybrid (Ceram X, DENTSPLY DeTrey;
 Clearfil Majesty Esthetics, Kuraray, Osaka, Japan; Premise,
Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA;Tetric Evo Ceram,
Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein and Tetric N
Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent) light-curing resin composites were
tested. The specimens (N = 10 for each composite) were
prepared as discs, 12 mm in diameter and 2 mm in
thickness, using round molds.The measurements were
performed “before polymerization,”“after polymerization,”
and “after 1 month of storage in water” using a contact type
dental spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade,Vident, Brea,
CA, USA).The range of DE* values after polymerization
(DE*1) and storage in water (DE*2) were 4.59 to 14.13 and
1.26 to 6.29, respectively. Nested analysis of variance and
post hoc tests revealed that the type of resin composites
significantly affected Da*1, Da*2, Db*1, Db*2, DE*2-
values, whereas the brand of resin composites affected the
changes in all color parameters (p < 0.05). In spite of many
improvements in chemical compositions and fillers of the
contemporary composites, color changes after
polymerization were perceptible in all resin composites.
However, color changes after storage in water were in the
acceptable ranges for all resin composites except Clearfil
Majesty Esthetic and Gradia Direct.
Abstract—Spectrophotometry is a key area of research when
it comes to analysis of optic-matter interaction. This paper
shows the development of an affordable visible light
Developme Md. spectrophotometer that can measure absorbance and
nt and Ashfaque – transmittance of liquid solutions of various materials within
validation the visible range of electromagnetic spectrum. The system
E – Alam,
of a low- has a bandwidth of 72.5nm within the visible range. The
2017 Md. Rakibul
cost visible instrument is verified using KMnO4 solutions having
Islam and
light different concentrations. Absorbance values of the solutions
Spectropho Ismat are recorded and analyzed using Origin Pro 8.00 and
tometer Jabeen Faria extinction coefficient of KMnO4 is calculated to be 2.306 ×
10-7Lmol-1cm-1at 525nm. Validity of this result is verified
from previous researches conducted with commercial UV-
Vis spectrophotometers.
Effect of 2013 Seema S. ABSTRACT
Cigarette Patil, Background: The discolouration of artificial teeth, which
Smoke Dhakshaini hampers aesthetics, is one of the negative effects of cigarette
on Acrylic M.R., Anil smoking. Therefore, the effect of cigarette smoke on the
Resin Kumar colour stability of commercially available acrylic resin teeth
Teeth Gujjari needs to be evaluated for clinical success and to ascertain as
to which brand has superior properties.
Materials and Methods: Three commercially available
acrylic
teeth were evaluated, after division into Group A
(Premadent), Group B (Astra), and Group C (Sanyo- Dent).
Selected brands were subdivided as study group and control
group. Each set of acrylic resin teeth were stored in artificial
saliva at 37±1oC for 24 hours. After 24 hours of immersion,
 the colour measurement of each tooth (T0) was performed.
Second colour measurements were done after 21 days (T21)
of exposure to cigarette smoke for study group and after
immersion in artificial saliva for control group. All data was
statistically analyzed by using Repeated Measures ANOVA
and Two-way ANOVA.(p<0.05)
Results: Group A showed least total colour change on
exposure to cigarette smoke, followed by Group B and
Group C had the highest total colour change. In control
group, after immersion in artificial saliva, a slight increase
in total colour change was observed for all groups, which
was clinically acceptable.
Conclusion: Group A (crosslinked acrylic resin teeth) was
more colour stable and more resistant to the discolouration
which was caused by cigarette smoke, followed by Group B
(crosslinked acrylic resin teeth). Group C (Non-crosslinked
acrylic resin teeth) was least colour stable and most
susceptible to discolouration which was caused by cigarette
smoke.
Background and Aim: Success of composite restorations
mainly depends on their color stability when in service. The
present study aimed at assessing the effect of staining
solutions and repolishing on composite resin color change.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 200
specimens were fabricated with A2 and B2 shades of
Spectrum (TPH, Dentsply) and Point 4 (Kerr, USA)
composite resins (100 specimens each). Specimens were
divided into 5 groups of 10 samples each and immersed in
coffee, tea, coke, orange juice and distilled water for 30
days. Specimens were photographed with a digital camera
Effect of
(Fine Pix S9600). Color analysis was done with CS
Staining E. Zajkani, Photoshop software (CIE lab color space) at baseline, after
Solutions M. Abdoh color change and after repolishing. Obtained results were
and
Tabrizi, A. analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and LSD test. Level of
Repolishin
2012 Ghasemi, H. significance was set at p<0.05.
g on
Torabzade, Results: All specimens showed a significant color change in
Composite
MJ. all solutions except for water (E>3.3). The greatest color
Resin
Kharazifard change occurred in B2 Spectrum composite resin in coffee
Color
while the smallest color change was observed in A2 Point 4
Change
specimens in water. Except for water and coke, the
difference in color change between the two composite resins
in all solutions was statistically significant. Color changes of
B2 shade were significantly higher than those of A2.
Significant improvements were observed in color of
specimens after their repolishing. However, color change of
specimens in coffee and tea did not improve to the clinically
acceptable level by repolishing.
Conclusion: Color change of composite restorations depends
on the type and shade of composite resin as well as patient’s
nutritional habits.
Effects of 2017 Xiaoyi Zha, ABSTRACT: Purpose: To study the effects of cigarette
 smoke (CS) on the discoloration of dental resin composite
compared with the aerosol from a heat-not-burn tobacco
product, the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS2.2).
Methods: A total of 60 discs were prepared from three
commercial resin composites: Durafill VS (DYS), Filtek
Filippo Supreme Ultra (FSU) and Tetric EvoCeram BulkFill (TEC).
Zanetti, Twenty discs of each composite were divided into two
Shoaib groups and exposed to CS from 20 reference cigarettes
cigarette Majeed, Jie (3R4F) or aerosol from 20 THS2.2 tobacco sticks per day
smoking on for 3 weeks. Color, gloss and surface roughness of the
Pan, Hans
color composite discs were measured at baseline and after
Malmstrom,
stability of exposure and brushing with toothpaste at 1, 2 and 3 weeks.
Manuel
dental resin Results: Color differences from the baseline (L'lE) were on
composites C.Peitsch, average 27.1 (±3.6) in 3R4F and 3.9 (±1.5) in the THS2.2
Julia Hoeng group after 3 weeks of exposure (P< 0.0001). TEC
dan Yanfang (30.4±1.4 and FSU (28.0 ±2.5) exhibited more discoloration
Ren than DYS (23.0± 1.2) in the 3R4F group (P< 0.0001 ). FSU
(2.6±0.5) showed significantly less discoloration than TEC
(5.3± 1.5) in the THS2.2 group (P< 0.000 I). Surface
roughness of resin composites was not affected by either CS
or THS2.2 aerosol, while surface gloss increased in the
composite discs with more severe discoloration
Effects of 2019 Xiaoyi Objectives: To compare the relative effects of cigarette
different Zhaoa, smoke (CS), electronic cigarette (EC), red wine, coffee,
discoloratio Filippo and soy sauce on the color of enamel, dentin, and composite
n Zanettic, Lin resin restorations, as well as the effects of whitening
challenges Wang, Jie treatments.
and Pan, Shoaib Methods: Seventy premolars with composite restorations
whitening Majeed, were exposed to CS, EC aerosol (a novel EC device with
treatments MESH™ technology [P4M3 version 1.0, Philip Morris
Hans
on dental International]), red wine, coffee, and soy sauce for 56 min/
Malmstrom,
hard tissues day for 15 days. Two whitening sessions with 6% and 35%
and Manuel C. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were performed on the
composite Peitsch, exposed samples. Teeth exposed to CS and EC aerosol were
resin Julia Hoeng, also brushed with whitening toothpaste for 3 weeks.
restorations Yanfang Ren Color match of resin restorations was assessed, and color
changes were compared after exposure and after
whitening treatments.
Results: Discolorations in enamel, dentin, and composite
resin were observed in the order of red
wine > CS > soy sauce > coffee > EC. Color mismatch
between enamel and resin restorations occurred only
in red wine and CS groups. Brushing with whitening
toothpaste removed discoloration caused by EC aerosol;
H2O2 treatments were necessary to eliminate discolorations
caused by coffee and soy sauce. Discolorations of
dentin and resin restorations could not be completely
removed by whitening treatments, and color mismatch
remained in teeth exposed to red wine and CS.
Conclusion: Red wine and CS cause significant tooth
discoloration and color mismatch in enamel and resin
 restorations that are not reversible by whitening treatments.
Tooth discoloration associated with EC aerosol was
minimal and could be removed by brushing with whitening
toothpaste.
Clinical significance: Red wine drinkers and cigarette
smokers have increased risks for tooth discoloration and
color mismatch between enamel and composite resin
restorations. Whitening treatments may not be effective in
correcting the color mismatch. Tooth discoloration
associated with EC aerosol is minimal.
Abstract: E-cigarette or electronic cigarette is one of the
methods of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) designed to
replace nicotine intake without tobacco. Initially, it was
thought that the e-cigarette was a much safer alternative than
Hubungan
the conventional cigarette. In fact, this ecigarette can still
Penggunaa
pose dangerous side-effects to the users’ general health,
n Rokok
including oral and dental health. This study was aimed to
Elektrik
identify the relationship between the frequency of ecigarette
dengan Junior N. W.
use and dental and oral health status in a community called
Status Oroh, Pieter
Manado vapers in Manado. Samples were 32 e-cigarette
Kebersihan 2018 L. Suling,
users obtained by using total sampling of the community
Gigi Kustina that fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this study. This was a
dan Mulut Zuliari descriptive analytical study with a cross-sectional design.
pada
Data were obtained by using questionnaire and OHI-S
Komunitas
index. The Pearson’s correlation test performed on the
Manado
relationship between the frequency of e-cigarette and oral
Vapers
health as well as dental health obtained a P value of 0.556.
Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between
frequency of e-cigarette use and oral and dental health
among Manado vapers community in Manado.
The effect 2018 Andrew Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are used to help
of Higham, smoking cessation. However, these devices contain harmful
electronic Declan chemicals, and there are safety concerns. We have
cigarette Bostock, investigated the effects of e-cigs on the inflammatory
and George response and viability of COPD bronchial epithelial cells
tobacco Booth, (BECs). Methods: BECs from COPD patients and controls
smoke Josiah V were exposed to e-cig vapor extract (ECVE) and the levels
exposure of interleukin (IL)-6, C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8), and
Dungwa,
on COPD lactate dehydrogenase release were measured. We also
Dave Singh
bronchial examined the effect of ECVE pretreatment on
epithelial polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-stimulated
cell cytokine release from BECs. Parallel experiments using
inflammato Calu-3 cells were performed. Comparisons were made with
ry cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Results: ECVE and CSE
responses caused an increase in the release of IL-6 and CXCL8 from
Calu-3 cells. ECVE only caused toxicity in BECs and Calu-
3 cells. Furthermore, ECVE and CSE dampened poly I:C-
stimulated C-X-C motif ligand 10 release from both cell
culture models, reaching statistical significance for CSE at
an optical density of 0.3. Conclusion: ECVE caused toxicity
and reduced the antiviral response to poly I:C. This raises
concerns over the safety of e-cig use.