BİL386

INTRODUCTION
TO
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

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Source: Pressman – IS501 course notes
REMEMBER LAST LESSON
• Nonfunctional requirements
• Portability
• Reliability
• Efficiency
• Usability
• Maintability
• Characteristics of good SRS
• Class Diagram
• State Machine Diagram

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 The way
things
“happen”

The way
things “are”

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SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS
A sequence diagram shows
• a particular sequence of messages exchanged between
a number of participants and
• the behavior by showing the sequence of messages among
them
• one particular communication sequence in one run of the
system
• it is not characterizing all possible runs
A sequence diagram can be used for
• showing the system’s behavior that corresponds to a use-
case
• generating test cases for the software product
SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS
Show conditional behavior on separate diagrams to keep them
understandable

• for example for a use case you can give the basic path as
one sequence diagram and have separate sequence
diagrams for alternative paths or exceptions
Use sequence diagrams to show the behavior of several
objects within a use case

• use a state diagram when you want to show the behavior

of an object across many use cases
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Each actor as well as the system is represented by a vertical
line called the lifeline.
Each message is represented by a horizontal arrow from the
sender to the receiver.
Time proceeds from top to bottom
• Spacing is irrelevant
Focus of control (or activation) can be shown in sequence
diagrams as a thin rectangle put on top of the lifeline of an
object
• Shows the period of time during which the given object is in control
of the flow
Sequence diagrams can show concurrent signals
Signals between participants need not alternate.

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SEQUENCE
DIAGRAM
NOTATION

focus of control
or activation

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GUIDELINES FOR SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS

Show a specific portion of a use case

• Do not attempt to be too general

Identify and separate the contributions of each

actor

Divide complex interactions into its constituent

parts and prepare a sequence diagram for each one

Prepare a sequence diagram for each error

condition.

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EXAMPLE: SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
SESSION WITH AN ONLINE STOCKBROKER

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EXAMPLE: SEQUENCE
DIAGRAM STOCK PURCHASE

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EXAMPLE: SEQUENCE
DIAGRAM STOCK QUOTE

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EXAMPLE: SEQUENCE
DIAGRAM STOCK PURCHASE
THAT FAILS

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EXAMPLE:
ATM

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QUESTION 1
Draw a sequence diagram for the following
Purchase items scenario:
• Customer brings items to the counter.
• Cashier scans each customer item.
• Cashier totals order, including tax.
• Cashier requests form of payment.
• Customer gives a credit card.
• Cashier scans card.
• Checkout system communicates scan data to verifier.
• Verifier reports that credit card payment is acceptable.
• Customer signs credit card slip.

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ANSWER 1

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QUESTION 2
Draw a sequence diagram for the get email scenario
below:
• User logs in to email system.
• System displays the mail in the Inbox folder.
• User requests that system get new email.
• System requests new email from server.
• Server returns new email to system.
• System displays the mail in the Inbox folder and highlights
unread messages.

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ANSWER 2

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS
A activity diagram shows a sequence of steps that make
up a complex process such as an algorithm or a
workflow.
• In early versions of UML there was no way of drawing a flowchart.

Notation:
Elongated oval: shows activites
Arrow: shows sequencing
Diamond: shows decision points
Bar: splitting or nesting of concurrent
steps.

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAM NOTATION

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EXAMPLE:
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM OF STOCK TRADE PROCESSING

The online stock broker first verifies the order against

the customer’s account, then executes it with the stock
exchange.

If the order executes successfully, the system does tree things

concurrently:
• Mails trade confirmation to the customer
• Updates the online portfolio to reflect the results of the trade
• Settles the trade with the other party by debiting the account and
transferring cash or securities.
When all three concurrent threads have been completed, the system
merges control into a single tread and closes the order.

If the order execution fails, then the system sends a failure notice
to the customer and closes the order.

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EXAMPLE:
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM OF
STOCK TRADE PROCESSING
The online stock broker first verifies the order against the
customer’s account, then executes it with the stock exchange.
If the order executes successfully, the system does tree things
concurrently:
• Mails trade confirmation to the customer
• Updates the online portfolio to reflect the results of the trade
• Settles the trade with the other party by debiting the account
and transferring cash or securities.
When all three concurrent threads have been completed, the
system merges control into a single tread and closes the order.
If the order execution fails, then the system sends a
failure notice to the customer and closes the order.

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EXAMPLE:
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM OF
STOCK TRADE PROCESSING

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EXAMPLE:
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM OF STOCK
TRADE PROCESSING
An activity may be decomposed into finer activities

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EXAMPLE:
CASH WITHDRAWAL FROM ATM
Based on your experience with a bank ATM, draw an activity
diagram that models the data processing involved when a
customer withdraws cash from the machine.
EXAMPLE 4:
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR CASH WITHDRAWAL
EXAMPLE:
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR CARD VERIFICATION

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 GUIDELINES FOR
ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS
Activity diagrams are used to elaborate use cases.
• Do not use activity diagrams for developing software via flowcharts.
Activities on a diagram should have a consistent level of
detail.
If there are conditions, at least one must be satisfied when
an activity completes.
• Consider using an else condition
Concurrency means that activities can complete in any
order and still yield an acceptable result.
• All inputs must first complete before a merge can happen

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QUESTION 1
Prepare an activity diagram for computing a restaurant bill.

There should be a charge for each delivered item. The total

amount should be subject to tax and service charge of %18 for
groups of 6 or more. For smaller groups, there should be a blank
entry for a gratuity according to the customer’s discretion. Any
coupons or gift certificates submitted by the customer should be
subtracted.

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ANSWER 1

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QUESTION 2
Prepare an activity diagram for awarding frequent flyer
credits. A minimum of 750 miles is credit for each flight. Gold
and red card holders receive a minimum of 1000 miles per
flight. Gold card holders receive a 25% bonus for any flight.
Red card holders receive a 50% bonus for any flight.

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ANSWER 2

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DIAGRAM EXERCISES

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