Water Resources and Industry 23 (2020) 100129

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Water Resources and Industry

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/wri

Estimation of industrial water demand and reclamation in Jordan:

A cross-sectional analysis
Motasem N. Saidan *
Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The present study quantified the industrial water demand and reclamation and identified the
Industrial water scale of water-intensive industries in Jordan. Five industrial sectors including 395 industrial
Wastewater factories were surveyed by means of a structured questionnaire. The gathered data that were
Water demand
assessed included all industrial sectors, number of employees, the types and quantities of prod­
Domestic use
Water indicators
ucts, water demand, wastewater generation quantities, and management practices. Water de­
Water reclamation mand and wastewater generation indicators (the water use and wastewater generation per
Jordan product or per worker or per time) were determined for each of the responded groups of industrial
sectors. The total industrial water demand and effluents generation in the five industrial sectors
were pragmatically extrapolated and calculated. Moreover, the water reclamation and reuse
potentialities were assessed from both environmental and economic perspectives. The results
showed that the monthly industrial water demand per worker is 0.634 m3 for domestic use, while
that for process use is varied between 0.07 to 21.38 m3/tons product. The results also determined
the wastewater generation indicators, where the domestic use is generating between 0.515 to
0.628 m3 of wastewater per month per worker, while that for process use is between 0.04 to
12.45 m3/tons product. Moreover, the scenario of on-site treatment of 90% of the generated
wastewater to be used as alternative water for 37.83% of total process water demanded by the
grouped industries, showed viability where 9.7 million cubic meter of fresh water can be saved
annually, and at least 25,953.60 tons CO2 equivalent emission can be reduced.

1. Introduction

Jordan is one of the most water deprived countries in terms of fresh water resources. The situation is aggravated by climatic
conditions, geography and, region’s geopolitical environment [1]. Jordan is ranked second in the world in water scarcity [2,3], and is
classified as being a semi-arid region [4,5]. Notwithstanding, the situation in Jordan has been aggravated by a large influx of refugees
which caused overexploitations of its resources [6–12]. Climate change has another adverse effect [13]. Ministry of Water and Irri­
gation (MWI) records shows that precipitation has decreased by 20% over the last eight decades [1].
Despite of severe water scarcity in Jordan, more than 94% of Jordanians have access to safe drinking water and 93% have access to
improved sanitation. Water demand far exceeds supply and water allocation is unbalanced with 51.9% going to irrigation, 44.1% for
municipal, and 4% for industry [1]. In this context, Jordan has given top priority to the use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture and
industrial sectors.

* Chemical Engineering Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.

E-mail addresses: m.saidan@gmail.com, m.saidan@ju.edu.jo.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2020.100129
Received 6 December 2019; Received in revised form 24 April 2020; Accepted 28 April 2020
Available online 8 May 2020
2212-3717/© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
M.N. Saidan Water Resources and Industry 23 (2020) 100129

One of the most important issues about the industrial sector is that it mostly relies on fresh water, which could be used for domestic
purposes. For instance, the industry uses almost 4% of water (i.e. 32.2 million m3 groundwater, 4.8 million m3 surface water, and 1.7
million m3 of treated wastewater) [1]. However, water allocated for industrial development in different industrial sectors is sometimes
insufficient. It is noteworthy that in Jordan it is generally accepted that water for industrial purposes has relatively a higher allocative
efficiency than other uses (i.e. tourism and agriculture). For instance, the financial return of water use in industry is 40JOD/m3 while
each 1m3 of water use in industrial sector created 3,777 jobs opportunities according to the Department of statistics (DOS) 2014 [1].
Industrial water demand includes the needs for water in industrial water use such as in manufacturing processes and operations,
power generation, cooling; and in domestic water use in industries such as in sewerage, cleanup, employees’ showering and washing
up, and sanitation, etc. Notwithstanding, the industrial water demand continues to increase in the face of a dire water shortage, and the
negative environmental impacts of industrial wastewater have yet to be fully realized by the Jordan’s industrial facilities.
Although the industrial water demand in Jordan will increase to 120 million cubic meter (MCM) by the year 2020 [1], the in­
dustrial water management in different industrial sectors is not tackled in Jordan’s Water Strategy 2016–2025 yet. Moreover, the lack
of attention paid to this is not stated in any short, medium, and long term recommendations stated in any national strategy and policies.
Therefore, reliable data on industrial water demand and wastewater quantities is essential to avoid failure of their control and
monitoring, and are significant for water management and reclaimed water utilization options [14,15]. Unfortunately, these needed
data are lacking in many developing countries [16], and in many cases they are inconsistent if they are available and their estimates
vary significantly [17,18].
The present study helps to address this data gap by adopting a bottom-up approach survey for estimating the water demand and
wastewater generated by the industrial sector.
The bottom-up approach is a vital tool that provides the most accurate information and gathers reliable data from an industrial
facility [19]. However, due to its time consuming and confidentiality obstacles, such approach is avoided [20]. The present study
adopts bottom-up approach for creating water demand and wastewater generation profiles information for the industrial facilities in
the grouped sectors. The database that stemmed from such adopted approach provide statistics that form a baseline for water use and
wastewater generation, and subsequently, can be updated on regular basis while tackling the technological upgrade in the production
processes. Moreover, eco-efficiency measures can be investigated since the data include economic indicators as well. To date, there is
no published literature that adopted such comprehensive approach for estimating industrial water demand and wastewater generation
for different industrial scale (facilities to industrial cluster, and regions, etc). However, as other adopted approaches, the approach of
the present study has assumed that the seasonal variation of industrial water use does not have significant effect of the estimations [17,
21].
Therefore, the objective of this research is to establish a contemporary inventory of water management in Jordanian industries by
quantifying the industrial water demand in Jordan, and subsequently highlighting the scale of water-intensive industries. The in­
ventory will answer the questions: How much water demand is needed there? How much wastewater is generated there and what is the
disposal practices? And what industries consume/generate it? The findings of the present study helps to investigate the water viability
for industrial symbiosis and beneficial reuse strategies.

2. Materials and methods

The cross-sectional survey was carried out throughout June to October 2019, and targeted 921 industries in Jordan, as shown in
Table 1. The selected industries were classified into five sectors, namely Agricultural and Food; Chemical; IT, Engineering, and
Electrical; Medical Equipment and Therapeutics; and Packaging industries.
The registered industrial facilities are represented by three Chambers of Industry in Jordan. . Amman Chamber of Industry (ACI)
represents seven cities in central and southern regions in Jordan; Irbid Chamber of Industry (ICI) represents three northern cities in
Jordan; and Zarqa Chamber of Industry (ZCI) represents Mafraq and Zarqa cities [22].
The survey was conducted in consultation with the relevant stakeholders (Chambers of Industry and other industry entities) in
order to select priority facilities in the aforementioned industrial sectors. The structured questionnaire was designed and distributed
through electronic means (i.e. emails and google forms). The designed questionnaire included some general information on the items
such as industrial sector group, location, number of employees, the water types and quantities. It also contained some questions on
disposal practices of wastewater, as well as, management activities (wastewater treatment, reuse and recycling, etc).
The water management status of the respondent industries was investigated based on the gathered data which were analyzed using

Table 1
List of targeted and responded industries distributed in the chambers of industry.
ACI ZCI ICI
Industrial Sector Targeted Responded Targeted Responded Targeted Responded
Agricultural and Food 166 74 83 32 21 11
Chemical 103 55 26 18 10 4
IT, Engineering, and Electrical 216 64 49 22 12 5
Medical Equipment and Therapeutics 49 25 2 2 3 3
Packaging 168 75 11 3 2 2
Total 702 293 171 77 48 25
Response rate 41.74% 45.03% 52.08%

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M.N. Saidan Water Resources and Industry 23 (2020) 100129

SPSS, version 19 (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Survey responses analysis

According to Table 1, most targeted industries in the present study were the IT, Engineering, and Electrical industries (30.08%),
Agricultural and Food industries (29.32%), followed by the packaging industries (19.65%), chemical industries (15.09%), in addition,
Medical Equipment and Therapeutics industries were identified to be the least targeted industries in the present survey with 5.86%.
However, the response rate was in the three chambers of industry: ACI (41.74%), ZCI (45.03%), and ICI (52.08%).

3.2. Water demand quantity

Water consumption depends not only on the size of the facility, but mainly on the type of industry and its processes [23]. A
variation in water consumption was observed depending on the type of products manufactured in industrial sectors. It was also noticed
that according to the survey the industrial facilities which are employing pretreatment plants for fresh water generally consume more
water than industrial facilities which do not.
Table 2 showed the results of the total amounts of industrial water demand was 701957 m3/month, where 2.95% of that is for
domestic use and 97.05% for industrial process use. However, the most industrial water consuming sector was Agricultural and Food
industries with 33.50% of the total monthly water demand. Followed by the Chemical Industries (32.61%), and Packaging industries
(23.71%). While IT, Engineering, and Electrical Industries and Medical Equipment and Therapeutics Industries were the least in­
dustrial water consuming sectors and approximately close to each other in terms of industrial water demand with 7.44% and 2.74%,
respectively.
The per worker domestic water use indicator shows more and less constant value (0.634 m3 per month per worker) in the grouped
industries as shown in Table 2 for the total number of personnel in the targeted and surveyed industries was 32661 persons. However,
the process water use per tons product shows large variation across industrial sectors, as shown in Table 2, ranging from 21.38 m3/tons
product in Medical Equipment and Therapeutics Industries to 0.07 m3/tons product for IT, Engineering, and Electrical Industries, with
Packaging industries (4.74 m3/tons product), Agricultural and Food industries (1.53 m3/tons product), and Chemical Industries (0.52
m3/tons product). Hence, the largest process water consuming sector was the Medical Equipment and Therapeutics Industries with
four folds more than the followed sector which was the Packaging, Paper and Plastic industries.

3.3. Wastewater generation quantity

Table 3 showed the results of the total amounts of industrial wastewater generation was 311,608 m3/month, where 6.07% of that is
generated from domestic use and 93.93% is from industrial process use. However, the most industrial wastewater generating sector
was Chemical Industries with 38.56% of the total monthly generated wastewater. Followed by the Agricultural and Food industries
(35.26%). While the IT, Engineering, Electrical Industries and Packaging industries were close to each other in terms of wastewater
generation with 10.15% and 12.08%, respectively. The Medical Equipment and Therapeutics Industries was the least industrial
wastewater generating sector with 3.95%.
As shown in the results of Table 3, the per worker domestic water use indicator shows slight but remarkable variations across the
grouped industries. For instance, Chemical industries and Agricultural and Food industries were the highest and close to each other in
terms of wastewater generation with 0.628 and 0.615 m3/Worker. month, respectively. Followed by both of Medical Equipment and
Therapeutics Industries and Packaging industries with 0.586 and 0.563 m3/Worker. Month, while the least wastewater generator was
the IT, Engineering, and Electrical Industries with 0.515 m3/Worker. Month.
In the same analogy with water demand, the wastewater generated from process use source per tons product shows large variation
across industrial sectors, as shown in Table 3, ranging from 12.45 m3/tons product in Medical Equipment and Therapeutics Industries
to 0.04 m3/tons product for IT, Engineering, and Electrical Industries, with Packaging industries (1.01 m3/tons product), Agricultural

Table 2
Monthly industrial water demand and use indicators according to each industrial sector.
Industrial Sector no. of Production (tons/ Water Demand (m3/month) Domestic water use (m3/ Process water use (m3/
workers month) Domestic Process Total Capita. Month) tons product)
use use
Agricultural and Food 9375 149805.5 6191 228941 235132 0.660 1.53
Chemical 4723 434296.6 3144 225811 228955 0.666 0.52
IT, Engineering, and 8205 666907.9 4963 47258 52221 0.605 0.07
Electrical
Medical Equipment and 5032 751.792 3136 16073 19209 0.623 21.38
Therapeutics
Packaging, Paper and 5326 34456.5 3273 163167 166440 0.615 4.74
Plastic
Total 32661 1286218.3 20707 681250 701957

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M.N. Saidan Water Resources and Industry 23 (2020) 100129

Table 3
The monthly wastewater generation and indicators according to each industrial sector and source.
Industrial Sector no. of Production (tons/ Wastewater (m3/month) Wastewater generation out of:
workers month) Domestic Industrial Total Domestic water use (m3/ Process water use (m3/
Capita. month) tons product)
Agricultural and Food 9375 149805.5 5761.7 104100 109862 0.615 0.69
Chemical 4723 434296.6 2968.02 117184 120152 0.628 0.27
IT, Engineering, and 8205 666907.9 4223.9 27413 31637 0.515 0.04
Electrical
Medical Equipment and 5032 751.8 2949.14 9357 12306 0.586 12.45
Therapeutics
Packaging, Paper and 5326 34456.5 2996.6 34654 37651 0.563 1.01
Plastic
Total 32661 1286218.0 18899 292708 311608

Fig. 1. Wastewater disposal practices by the industrial sectors.

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M.N. Saidan Water Resources and Industry 23 (2020) 100129

and Food industries (0.69 m3/tons product), and Chemical Industries (0.27 m3/tons product). Hence, the largest wastewater gener­
ating sector was the Medical Equipment and Therapeutics Industries with four folds more than the followed sector which was the
Packaging, Paper and Plastic industries.

3.4. Wastewater disposal practices

According to the survey data, the wastewater disposal practices were reported for each industry sector, which includes direct
discharge to sewers, off-site disposal, on-site treatment, for both domestic and industrial wastewater, recirculation, and others (i.e.
roads cleaning, industry ground washing, etc).
Based on the analysis results, it is obvious from Figure (1) that wastewater disposal practices and management varies depending on
the type of the industry. However, the practice of on-site treatment of wastewater was the most dominant practice conducted by the
industries with 61.44% of total amount of wastewater generated, as shown in Table 4. This practice implies pretreatment of waste­
water in the vicinity of the industry to comply with the imposed standard by the Ministry of Environment in Jordan, and subsequently
pump the treated wastewater into the wastewater collection network for further treatment in the industrial park’s wastewater
treatment plant. The highest percentages of the on-site treatment of wastewater practice are present in Chemical industries (86.23%),
and Packaging industries (68.58%), followed by both of Medical Equipment and Therapeutics industries (48.27%), Agricultural and
Food industries (47.19%), respectively, which were close to each other.
The off-site treatment practice was ranked second as a disposal practice among the grouped industries with wastewater amount of
49,471 m3/month, as shown in Table 4. It has the highest percentage in Agricultural and Food industries (29.05%), Medical Equipment
and Therapeutics industries (21.19%), and then followed by Packaging industries (12.77%) and IT, Engineering, and Electrical In­
dustries industries (10.91%), respectively.
The direct discharge of wastewater to sewers practice (36,061 m3/month) has the highest percentages in IT, engineering, and
electrical industries (54.19%), Medical Equipment and Therapeutics industries (15.07%), and Agricultural and Food industries
(9.22%), respectively.
It is also observed that 4,025 m3/month of wastewater was recirculated within the industry process (i.e. for cooling towers, etc).
The wastewater recirculation practice was noticed and only reported in the Packaging Industries (8.10%), and in the IT, engineering,
and electrical industries (1.50%), respectively.
However, the other-practices of wastewater was reported in the grouped industries with varied percentages in IT, engineering, and
electrical industries (19.96%), Medical Equipment and Therapeutics industries (15.47%), and Agricultural and Food industries
(14.13%), Packaging Industries (7.11%), and Chemical Industries (3.47%), respectively.

3.5. On-site wastewater treatment and reuse: enviro-economic analysis

The total amounts of annual water demand and wastewater generation in the whole industries can be calculated based on the real
number of industries in each sector, annual production capacities, number of employees in each industrial sector, and the water in­
dicators (Tables 2 and 3). Accordingly, the number of employees in each industrial sector was obtained from the JCI, taking 2015 as a
basis year of data, which is 93030 workers, while this number of workers is broken down in terms of each industrial sector as shown in
Table 5. Based on that, and in addition to the water demand and wastewater generation indicators listed in Tables 2 and 3, and the
annual extrapolated production capacities of the grouped industries, the annual water and wastewater in whole industries in Jordan
are estimated to equal 26,406,845 cubic meter per year and 12,530,580 cubic meter per year, respectively, as shown in Table 5.
Since the reclamation of treated municipal wastewater is being widely considered to meet specific water quality criteria for a range
of beneficial reuse purposes [24], hence, a scenario is proposed in the present study that 90% of the generated wastewater amount (12,
530,580 m3) can be on-site treated to meet the water standard for process water use application. Accordingly, approximately 9,720,
450 m3 can be reclaimed for industrial use which represents 37.83% of total process water demanded by the grouped industries (25,
695,978 m3). In return, this can help in carbon emission reduction since it is reported that 2.67 kg CO2 equivalent is emitted when
treating one cubic meter of wastewater [13], therefore at least 25,953.60 tons CO2 equivalent emission can be reduced annually by the
aforementioned scenario, as well as, 9.7 million cubic meter of fresh water can be saved annually.
The financial analysis of such proposed scenario shows viable savings based on the costs of fresh water purchase by the industry
which is JOD1/m3 ($1.4/m3) and the cost paid by the industry for wastewater treatment which is JOD0.7/m3 ($1/m3) on average. The
total expected revenues will be approximately JOD16.6 million ($23.6 million) per year taking into consideration that this financial

Table 4
The amounts of monthly wastewater according to the disposal practice for each industrial sector.
Industrial Sector Wastewater disposal practice (m3/month)
Total Sewer On-site Off-Site Recirculation others
Agricultural and Food 109862 10132 51840 31911 450 15529
Chemical 120152 5639 103603 6694 50 4166
IT, Engineering, and Electrical 31637 17143 4254 3450 475 6315
Medical Equipment and Therapeutics 12306 1854 5940 2608 0 1904
Packaging, Paper and Plastic 37651 1293 25822 4808 3050 2678
Total 311,608 36,061 191,459 49,471 4,025 30,592

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M.N. Saidan Water Resources and Industry 23 (2020) 100129

Table 5
Annual water and wastewater in whole industries in Jordan.
Industrial Sector no. of Water Demand (m3/year) WW generation (m3/year)
workers
Domestic Water Process Water Total Water Domestic WW Process Total WW
Use Use Use WW

Agricultural and Food 26,354 208,842 7,722,894 7,931,736 194,360 3,511,611 3,705,971
Chemical 21,158 169,013 12,139,003 12,308,016 159,553 6,299,517 6,459,070
IT, Engineering, and Electrical 29,034 210,743 2,006,711 2,217,455 179,359 1,164,018 1,343,377
Medical Equipment and 6,780 50,705 259,877 310,581 47,683 151,286 198,969
Therapeutics
Packaging, Paper and Plastic 9,704 71,561 3,567,494 3,639,057 65,518 757,675 823,193
Total 93,030 710,864 25,695,979 26,406,845 646,473 11,884,107 12,530,580

analysis excludes the opportunity costs and environmental values of water savings. However, a cost-benefit analysis of such scenario
needs more investigation considering environmental externalities and resource availability parameters that should be incorporated
[25,26].
However, it is worth mentioning that water resources are available for most of industries with relatively affordable cost, especially
for small-scale industries, where the price of a one cubic meter is between JOD0.25 (private wells), JOD1 (supplied from government
but no-sewage connection), JOD1.5 (supplied from government with sanitation) and JOD2 (purchased water from wells not owned by
the factory). With these prices compared to the overall production costs for different industries, it was evident that the monthly water
bill is not a financial burden on the grouped industries. Consequently, many industries within the different surveyed sectors indicated
low interest in water saving.
Quantities of discharged wastewater are a function of water consumption in each industry [27]. These quantities were found
insignificant generally in those who consume small quantities of water. Thus, industries would usually focus on discharging those
quantities of wastewater rather than treating and reusing them for irrigation or other purposes. Therefore, internal and external
strategies shall be imposed to reducing sewage discharge and improving water reuse to address the high industrial water use [28].

4. Conclusion

The present study estimated the industrial water demand and reclamation in Jordan by conducting a cross-sectional survey in
several industrial sectors. The estimation included water demand and wastewater generation quantities and indicators for each of
grouped industrial sectors. As well as, environmental and economic analysis was conducted to investigate the water reclamation and
reuse potentialities. It was concluded from the present study that industrial water demand and effluents for process use depend on
industry type and its processes. However, an average of 0.634 m3 per month per worker was calculated as a constant indicator for
water demand for domestic use with negligible variation among the grouped industrial sectors. However, the wastewater generation
per worker domestic use indicator showed slight but remarkable variations across the grouped industries. Moreover, the total in­
dustrial water demand and effluents generation in the five industrial sectors was pragmatically extrapolated and calculated based on
the currently existing number of workers and the production capacity. Thus, it was indicated that the majority of industrial wastewater
came from chemical industries followed by the agricultural and food Industries. Notwithstanding, 37.83% of the total process water
demanded by the grouped industries can be potentially reclaimed after on-site treatment of generated wastewater. Consequently, this
will lead to benefit savings and profit of $23.6 million per year and 25,953.60 tons CO2 equivalent emission reduction.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Motasem N. Saidan: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation,
Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.

Acknowledgements

I do acknowledge with gratitude the The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan for granting me sabbatical assistance to undertake
this research study. I also thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team of the journal for their constructive feedback.

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