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Medical Face Mask Report v14
Medical Face Mask Report v14
face masks
on the market:
Review of materials,
characteristics and
performed tests
Silvia Ciuffreda
Chiara Picotti
Paolo Pescio
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This document has been developed by Eurofins Medical Device Testing with the goal to share useful
information with everyone involved in the efforts against Covid-19 pandemic.
This document is fully property of Eurofins and cannot be reproduced completely or in part unless
expressly approved in writing.
Eurofins does not assume any liability for potential hazards or adverse clinical reactions that may be
caused by the materials and/or medical devices described in this document for purely informative
purposes.
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2 Introduction
The transmission of infective agents during surgical procedures in operating theatres and
other medical settings can occur in several ways. Sources are, for example, the noses and
mouths of members of the surgical team. The main intended use of medical face masks is to
protect the patient from infective agents and, additionally, in certain circumstances to protect
the wearer against splashes of potentially contaminated liquids. Medical face masks may
also be intended to be worn by patients and other persons to reduce the risk of spread of
infections, particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations [1].
The medical face mask is a medical device, generally composed of a filter layer that is
placed, bonded or molded between layers of fabric. Medical face mask are Class I medical
devices.
The medical face mask shall not disintegrate, split or tear during intended use. In the
selection of the filter and layer materials, attention shall be paid to cleanliness.
The medical face mask shall have a means by which it can be fitted closely over the nose,
mouth and chin of the wearer and which ensures that the mask fits closely at the sides.
Medical face masks may have different shapes and constructions as well as additional
features such as a face shield (to protect the wearer against splashes and droplets) with or
without anti-fog function, or a nose bridge (to enhance fit by conforming to the nose
contours).
Medical face masks specified in EN 14683:2019+AC:2019 Standard are classified into two
types (Type I and Type II) according to bacterial filtration efficiency whereby Type II is further
divided according to whether or not the mask is splash resistant. The 'R' signifies splash
resistance. Type I medical face masks should only be used for patients and other persons to
reduce the risk of spread of infections particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations. Type I
masks are not intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating room or in other
medical settings with similar requirements [1].
3 Normative Requirement
In order to obtain market access, surgical face masks should satisfied the requirements of
EN 14683:2019+AC:2019 “Medical face masks - Requirements and test methods”1. This
standard defines the tests that shall be performed to assess the safety and performance
requirements of surgical masks.
1The previous version of the standard, EN 14683:2005 “Surgical masks - Requirements and test methods”, is
harmonized under Directive 93/42/EEC for Medical devices.
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All the tests described in the standard shall be carried out on finished products or samples
cut from finished products.
A short description of each test is reported below.
3.2 Breathability
A device which measures the differential pressure required to draw air through a measured
surface area at a constant air flow rate is used to measure the air exchange pressure of the
medical face mask material. Test should be performed in accordance with the requirement of
Annex C of EN 14683:2019 [1]. The differential pressure of the medical face mask shall
conform to the value given for the relevant type, as described in Figure 1.
If the use of a respiratory protective device as face mask is required in an operating theatre
and/or other medical settings, it might not fulfil the performance requirements with regard to
differential pressure as defined in EN European Standard. In such case, the device should
fulfil the requirement as specified in the relevant Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
standard(s).
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3.5 Biocompatibility
According to the definition and classification described in EN ISO 10993-1:2018, a medical
face mask is a surface device with prolonged contact (more than 24 hours, less than 30
days), considering the cumulative application. The manufacturer shall complete the
evaluation of the medical face mask according to EN ISO 10993-1:2018 and determine the
applicable toxicology testing regime [3]. The results of testing should be documented
according to the applicable parts of the EN ISO 10993 series. The test results shall be
available upon request.
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Fluid Resistance Performance Test according to ASTM F1862 with synthetic blood:
The test is considered passed with respect to a pressure value (80, 120 or 160
mmHg) if at least 29 out of 32 samples pass the test at a specified pressure [5]. This
test can be considered comparable with the Splash Resistance Pressure test
described in EN 14683:2019 [1];
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency test according to ASTM F2101: the test is considered
passed if BFE is ≥98%; the results of this test are comparable with the results of BFE
test performed according to EN 14683:2019 [1];
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5 Method
The 510k submission summary reports related to the period January 2010 – December
2019 (last submission date) have been exported from the database in CSV format and
converted in an Excel file.
The component materials of each surgical face mask have been identified from the
summary reports in order to assess which is the commonly used material for this medical
device. Information about component materials of the following mask parts has been
extracted from the submission report:
- middle layer (which typically is the components that ensures the filtering
properties);
- outer layer;
The occurrence of material combination for the different device parts has been calculated in
absolute and percentage values.
Information about performed test has been collected in the Excel file. Conversion factors
between U.S.A. typical measure units and European typical measure units have been
applied, in order to be able to compare the retrieved test results with the requirement of EN
14683:2019 [1] described in Figure 1. The following conversions have been performed:
- As regards the Fluid Resistance Performance Test, the results have been converted
from mmHg to kPa;
- As regard the Differential Pressure test, the results have been converted from
mmH2O/cm2 to Pa/cm2.
The collected data have been analyzed and compared to materials combinations to identify
possible correlations.
5.3 Biocompatibility
The 510k submission summaries have been analyzed to inquire if all submitted face masks
meet the requirement of ISO 10993-1:2018, as described in §4.
Information about sterilization and classification of this medical device according to Directive
93/42/EEC1 [6] has been collected from the 510k submission summaries.
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6 Results and discussions
The retrieved data are following described. It shall be taken in account that all the retrieved
information comes from 510k submission summaries, which do not represents a source of
sorted and homogeneous data. In some cases, data were missing or presented in non-
univocally interpretable way. In this case, the summary has been excluded from the analysis
with respect to a specific characteristic (e.g. material, performed test, etc.).
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It came out the most used texture (54,55% occurrence) for surgical facemask is the so called
“SMS” texture, consisting in:
Spunbond PP for inner layer;
Meltblown PP for middle layer;
Spunbond PP for outer layer.
Spunbond PP has many excellent properties, strength and durability being just two of those.
On the other hand, meltblown PP has relatively weak tensile properties but due to the
smaller fibers and larger surface area taken up by the fibers, it has excellent wicking and
barrier properties. So together, they can create a strong product which can also offer a
barrier to fluids and particles.
6.4 Biocompatibility
30 out of 37 submission summaries contain information on tests performed for
biocompatibility according to ISO 10993-1:2018 [3]. In all the 30 summaries the test item has
been reported to pass the cytotoxicity, irritation and sensitization tests. In the other 7
submission reports, information about biocompatibility was missing. Therefore, all the
materials used in the production of these facemasks can be considered biocompatible.
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7 Conclusion
The 510k submission summaries of surgical facemask related to period January 2010 –
December 2019 have been analyzed.
As regards materials and textile features, it comes out that polypropylene is the mostly used
material. Other materials are polyethylene, polyolefin and cellulose. The most used
combination of materials and textures comes out to be the so called “SMS” consisting in:
Spunbond PP has many excellent properties, strength and durability being just two of those.
On the other hand, meltblown PP has relatively weak tensile properties but due to the
smaller fibers and larger surface area taken up by the fibers, it has excellent wicking and
barrier properties. So together, they can create a strong product which can also offer a
barrier to fluids and particles. These results have been also compared with the indications
described in a technical note published by Politecnico di Milano [7] regarding the
recommended materials and characteristics for the manufacturing of surgical face masks.
Through this comparison, the reliability of the present results was furtherly confirmed [7].
According to results obtained in the BFE, ∆P and Splash test it came out that all the SMS
facemask are in line with EN 14683 requirement for Type IIR facemasks.
Medical face masks specified in this European Standard are classified into two types
(Type I and Type II) according to bacterial filtration efficiency whereby Type II is
further divided according to whether or not the mask is splash resistant. The 'R'
signifies splash resistance.
Type I medical face masks should only be used for patients and other persons to
reduce the risk of spread of infections particularly in epidemic or pandemic situations.
Type I masks are not intended for use by healthcare professionals in an operating
room or in other medical settings with similar requirements [1].
Type II and especially Type IIR are to be considered the safe enough to be used by
healthcare professionals in an operating room or in other medical settings with similar
requirements [1].
Almost all the 37 analyzed facemasks are Class II (as per FDA classification) medical
device, non-sterile and are conform to biocompatibility requirements of ISO 10993-1:2018. It
is important to notice that in the European Union, surgical face mask are classified as
medical device of Class I according to Directive 93/42/EEC.
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[3] “ISO 10993-1:2018, Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and
testing within a risk management process.” .
[4] “FAQs on Shortages of Surgical Masks and Gowns | FDA.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-
control/faqs-shortages-surgical-masks-and-gowns. [Accessed: 19-Mar-2020].
[7] “NOTA TECNICA v.1.1 - 20 marzo 2020 Materiali e stratificazioni per mascherine
chirurgiche.” [Online]. Available: https://www.assolombarda.it/desk/life-sciences-
desk/documenti/nota-tecnica-del-politecnico-di-milano-sui-materiali/view. [Accessed:
24-Mar-2020].
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This document has been developed by Eurofins Medical Device Testing with the goal to share useful
information with everyone involved in the efforts against Covid-19 pandemic.
This document is fully property of Eurofins and cannot be reproduced completely or in part unless
expressly approved in writing.
Eurofins does not assume any liability for potential hazards or adverse clinical reactions that may be
caused by the materials and/or medical devices described in this document for purely informative
purposes.
9 Contacts 9 Contacts
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