UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

DEPT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

WTW 238 - MATHEMATICS ONLINE Summer school Examination 2021

February 2021
Total: 65
Time: 180 minutes to do the examination

External Examiner : Dr Q v d Hoff

Internal Examiners : Dr R Kufakunesu, Ms R Möller, Ms L Mostert, Dr H Ohlhoff

Surname & Initials: Student Nr:

The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am aware of and have read the Rules and
Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary Procedure and the Tests and Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical,
dishonest or improper conduct during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment. I am aware that no student
or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student, or obtain help, or attempt to obtain help from another student or any
other person during tests, assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
SIGNATURE:

The paper consists of 3 pages and 17 questions (as well as a formula page).
SHOW ALL YOUR WORK
Read the following instructions
Prohibited

1. No notes, textbook or any other help is allowed. It is a closed book examination.

2. Calculators MAY NOT be used.

Format
1. Only handwritten submissions in one pdf file will be accepted.
2. Write the declaration, your surname, initials, student number and your signature clearly on the first page of your
submission.
3. Numerate your pages and keep them in the correct order and the correct way up.
4. Label each question (sub-question) clearly.
5. Draw a line with a ruler at the end of each question.
6. Show all your work and calculations and indicate how you use definitions and/or apply theorem

Submission

1. You have 180 minutes to do the examination.

2. You have 25 minutes to prepare your submission.
3. You have 10 minutes to submit.
4. Name your pdf when scanning your answers (to avoid submitting the wrong document).
5. Make sure that you are satisfied with your answers before submitting.
6. You have only ONE attempt to do the examination. A second attempt can only be considered if the content is the
same as the first attempt and it is clear that you had to submit twice due to submission difficulties.
7. If you can’t submit because the link is not available any more it means that you start submitting after the submission
time lapsed. It will therefore not be accepted.

Copyright reserved
HEAT EQUATION
∞  nπx  Z L
X
−n2 π 2 kt/L2 2  nπx 
1) u(x, t) = cn e sin ; cn = f (x) sin dx
n=1
L L 0 L

∞  nπx  Z L
X 2
π 2 kt/L2 1
2) u(x, t) = c0 + cn e−n cos ; c0 = f (x)dx;
n=1
L L 0
Z L
2  nπx 
cn = f (x) cos dx, n ≥ 1
L 0 L

WAVE EQUATION
∞  nπx    Z L
X nπat 2  nπx 
1) y(x, t) = cn sin cos ; cn = f (x) sin dx
n=1
L L L 0 L

∞  nπx    Z L
X nπat 2  nπx 
2) y(x, t) = cn sin sin ; cn = g(x) sin dx
n=1
L L nπa 0 L

1
3) y(x, t) = [F (x + at) + F (x − at)]
2
Z x+at Z x
1 1
4) y(x, t) = G(s) ds = [H(x + at) − H(x − at)] with H(x) = G(s) ds
2a x−at 2a 0

EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

1) y 00 + λy = 0; y(0) = y(L) = 0:

nπ 2 nπx



λn = L , yn (x) = sin L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

2) y 00 + λy = 0; y(0) = y 0 (L) = 0:
 2  
(2n−1)π (2n−1)πx
λn = 2L , yn (x) = sin 2L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

3) y 00 + λy = 0; y 0 (0) = y(L) = 0:
 2  
(2n−1)π (2n−1)πx
λn = 2L , yn (x) = cos 2L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..

4) y 00 + λy = 0; y 0 (0) = y 0 (L) = 0:

λ0 = 0, y0 (x) = 1 and
2
λn = nπ nπx



L , yn (x) = cos L , n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..
Question 1
 
−2 2
Consider the matrix A = with eigenvalues λ1 = 0 and λ2 = −5 and corresponding eigenvectors
   3
 −3
1 2
K̄1 = and K̄2 = .
1 −3
 
−1
1.1 If the method of undetermined coefficients is used to solve the non-homogeneous system X̄ = AX̄ + a
4
 
t−1
particular solution X̄p = is found.
t
   
−1 −1
Find the solution of the initial value problem X̄ = AX̄ + , X̄(0) = .
4 8
2
1.2 Give a general solution of the second order system X̄ 00 = AX̄.
1
Question 2
 
4 0 0
Find a general solution of X̄ 0 =  2 4 0  X̄ = AX̄
2 1 4
The eigenvalues of A are λ1 = λ2 = λ3 = 4.
4
Question 3
Find a general solution
 ofthe nonhomogeneous
 system
0 3 0 3t −5
X̄ = X̄ + e
−1 1 0    
0 −2
A general solution of the associated homogeneous system is X̄c (t) = c1 et + c2 e3t
4 1
4
Question 4
 n
n+3
Let an = .
n+5
4.1 Use a known limit (it is not necessary to show how the known limit is derived) to determine whether the sequence
{an } is convergent.
2
∞
X
4.2 Is the series an convergent? Justify your answer and state the test that you use.
n=1

1.5
Question 5
Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. State the test that you use and show all necessary computa-
tions.
∞ √
X 4n4 + 6n2 + 3
5.1
n=1
3n5 + 2
2
∞
X (2n − 3)!
5.2 n n! (8 · 11 · ·14 · · · · (3n + 2))
n=2
2
3
Question 6
∞
X ln n
The series (x − 3)n is convergent if |x − 3| < 1. Find the interval of convergence. State the tests that you use
n=2
n
to determine the convergence at the endpoints and show all necessary computations.
6
Question 7
∞
X x2n
Consider the power series cos x = (−1)n
n=0
(2n)!
∞
X π 2n−1
7.1 Find the sum of the series (−1)n+1
n=0
9n−1 (2n)!
 2
Z 1
2 X
7.2 Find a series for x4 cos(3x2 ) dx. Give the answer in the form cn xan+b .
0
2
Question 8
∞
1 X
Use = (−1)n xn , |x| < 1
1 + x n=0
x6
. Give the answer in the form cn xan+b . Also give the radius of convergence
P
to find a power series for f (x) =
(4 + x2 )2
of the power series.
3.5
Question 9
√ 1 1
The Maclaurin polynomial of degree 2 for f (x) = T2 (x) = 2 + x − x2 .
x + 4 is
√ 4 64
Use Taylor’s theorem to estimate the absolute value of the error when 4.4 is approximated with the aid of this
3
polynomial. Give your answer as a fraction and do not simplify. Hint: f (3) (x) =
8 (x + 4)5/2
2
Question 10
∞
X
0
The solution of the differential equation (x − 2)y + 6y = 5 is of the form y = cn xn . Find a recurrence relation to
n=0
determine the coefficients cn , n ≥ 0. The solution is not asked for.
3
Question 11
∞
X
Solving a differential equation as a power series y = cn xn , we obtain c1 = 3c0 and the recurrence relation
n=0
(n − 1)cn
cn+1 = , n = 2, 3, 4, 5....
6(n + 1)
Write down the general solution of the differential equation.
3
Question 12
12.1 Give the form of a Fourier series solution x(t) = ......... of the boundary value problem
x00 (t) − 5x(t) = f (t), x(0) = x(2) = 0
Do not determine the Fourier series solution.
0.5
12.2 Let f (t) = t2 + 1, 0 < t ≤ 2. Sketch the sum function of the Fourier series of f (t) that will be used to determine
the Fourier series solution of the boundary value problem on the interval (−2, 6).
1
Question 13
Let f be a function with period 4, defined by
−2 , 0<x≤2
f (x) = .
4−x , 2<x<4
13.1 Sketch the graph of the function f on the interval (−4, 8).
1
13.2 The Fourier series of f is given by
∞  ∞ 
2 X (−1)n − 1 2 X 2(−1)n
 
−1 nπx 1 nπx
g(x) = + 2 cos + − sin
2 π n=1 n2 2 π n=1 n n 2
Use the Fourier series and x = 4 to find the sum of the following series:
∞
X 1 1 1 1
2
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ···
n=1
(2n − 1) 3 5 7
1.5
13.3 Give the value to which the Fourier cosine series of f converges at x = 0.
1
Question 14
Consider the eigenvalue problem y 00 − 4y 0 + (3 − λ)y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(4) = 0.
Find the eigenvalues λ and associated eigenfunctions if λ < −1.
3
Question 15
Consider the boundary value problem

ytt = yxx + 6x (0 < x < 4, t > 0)

y(0, t) = y(4, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(x, 0) = 0 (0 < x < 4)
yt (x, 0) = 0 (0 < x < 4).
15.1 Find h(x) so that the transformation y(x, t) = w(x, t) + h(x) transforms the problem to a standard wave equation
problem.
15.2 Give the transformed wave equation with the corresponding boundary and initial conditions in terms of w.
15.3 Write down the solution of the given problem. You may leave the Fourier coefficients in integral form.
5
Question 16
Consider the boundary value problem

ytt = 4yxx (0 < x < 4, t > 0)

y(0, t) = y(4, t) = 0 (t > 0)
y(x, 0) = f (x) (0 < x < 4)
yt (x, 0) = g(x) (0 < x < 4).

16.1 Let f (x) = 0 en g(x) = x. Give a series solution for the boundary value problem. Integral(s) must be evaluated.
2.5
3
16.2 Give an estimate of the absolute value of the error that is made if y(2, ) is approximated by using the first two
2
terms of the series in 16.1.
0.5
Still consider the boundary value problem given in the beginning of the question.

 3x

, 0<x≤2 3
16.3 Let f (x) = 2 and g(x) = 0. Use D’Alembert’s solution to determine y(2, ). You may
 6− 3x 2
 , 2<x<4
2
not use graphs and must justify each step clearly. Simplify your answer as far as possible.
2
Question 17
Consider the boundary value problem

ut = 2uxx − 5u (0 < x < 4, t > 0)

ux (0, t) = ux (4, t) = 0 (t > 0)
u(x, 0) = x (0 < x < 4).
If separation of variables, u(x, t) = X(x)T (t) is used to derive a series solution for u(x, t) we find an eigenvalue problem
X 00 + λX = 0, X 0 (0) = 0, X 0 (4) = 0. Continue using seperation of variables to derive a series solution for u(x, t). You
do not have to calculate any Fourier coefficients.
6