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ME130-2
Fluid Mechanics for ME

Course Content
Basic Concepts
Properties of Fluid
Fluid Statics
Bernoulli Equation
Continuity and Momentum Equation
 Bernoulli Equation Dynamics
Flow in Conduit
Lift, Drag and Compressible Flow

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Basic Concepts
Engineering is the process of designing the human made world
Math defined as the abstract and logical study of numbers, quantities,
and space.
Science is the systematic study of the physical world through
observation and experiment.
Technology is the collection of machinery, equipment, and tools
developed from scientific knowledge.
Process means a systematic and effective method for getting results.

Basic Concepts
Mechanics is the field of science focused on the motion of material
bodies. Mechanics involves force, energy, motion, deformation, and
material properties.
Solid Mechanics is the science of energy, motion, deformation, and
properties when the material is in a solid phase or state.
Fluid Mechanics is the science of energy, motion, deformation, and
properties when the material is in the gas or liquid phase.
Fluid Particle is a small quantity of fluid with fixed identity.

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Basic Concepts
Dimension is a category for Dimension Symbol Unit (SI)
measurement.
Length L Meter (m)
Primary Dimension the basic or
simplest form of dimension. Mass M Kilogram (kg)

Secondary Dimension is any Time T Seconds (s)

dimension that can be expressed
Temperature θ Kelvin (K)
using primary dimension.
Electric Current I Ampere (A)
Unit is a standard for
measurement so that size or Amt. of Light C Candela (cd)
magnitude can be characterized.
Units allow quantification. Amt. of Matter N Mole (mol)

Basic Concepts
SAMPLE 1.1 Provide the primary dimensions for work.

1.1.a Work = (force)*(distance)

W = F*d

1.1.b W = [M*L/(T^2)]*L

1.1.c W = [M*(L^2)]/(T^2) Answer

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Basic Concepts
CONVERSION
Fluid mechanics uses four primary dimensions: mass (M), length (L), time (T),
and temperature (θ).
 The main idea of the grid method is to multiply terms in equations by the
pure number 1.0 (called a conversion ratio).
A conversion ratio is an equality relationship between units such that the
pure number 1.0 appears on one side of an equation. Examples of conversion
ratios are 1.0 = (1.0 kg)/ (2.2 lbm) and 1.0 = (1.0 lbf)/(4.45 N)

Basic Concepts
SAMPLE 1.2 If a bicycle moves at a speed of 20 mph and experiences a
force due to drag at 4 lbf. How much power is needed to overcome
such feat.

1.2.a Power = (Force)*(Velocity)

P = F*V

. . ,
1.2.b 𝑃 = 4 𝑙𝑏𝑓 × 20 × ×
.
× ×

1.2.c P= 157.55 (N-m)/s or Watts Answer

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Basic Concepts
IDEAL GAS LAW (IGL)
The design of systems that involve gases (e.g., airbags, shock absorbers,
combustion systems, aircraft) often involve application of the IGL.
 An empirical equation is one that was developed by the logical process called
induction.
 Induction is the process of making many experimental observations and then
concluding that something is always true because every experiment indicates
this truth.
 IGL was derived from known equations from Boyles’, Charles’ and Avogadro’s
equation.

Basic Concepts
IDEAL GAS LAW (IGL)
 Boyle’s Law, states that when temperature T is held constant, the pressure p
and volume V of a fixed quantity of gas are related by:
𝑷𝑽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
 Charles’ law, states that when pressure is held constant, the temperature and
volume V of a fixed quantity of gas are related by:
𝑽
= 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑻
 Avogadro: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules.
When the three equations are combined, the result is the IGL in this form:
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝒖 𝑻 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻

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Basic Concepts
IDEAL GAS LAW (IGL)
 Universal Gas Constant (Ru) has a value of 8.314 kJ/(kmol-K)

 Specific Gas Constant can be obtained through the relationship between Ru

and the gas’ Molar Mass, which can be seen below:
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝒂𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝑼
𝑹𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 = =
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑴
 Specific Gas Constant for air is 0.287 kJ/(kg-K)

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Basic Concepts
SAMPLE 1.3 Get the specific gas constant for air. Knowing that it is
comprised of 78.1% Nitrogen and 20.9% Oxygen.
 Get the molar mass: Nitrogen (N2) = 28 kg/kmol and Oxygen (O2) = 32
kg/kmol
 Knowing the equation:
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝒂𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝑼
𝑹𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 = =
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑴
Ensure Unit Continuity:
𝒌𝑱 𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒌𝑱
𝑹= × =
𝒌𝒎𝒐𝒍 − 𝑲 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲

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Basic Concepts
SAMPLE 1.3 Get the specific gas constant for air. Knowing that it is
comprised of 78.1% Nitrogen and 20.9% Oxygen.
 Substitute known values:
𝑹𝑼 𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟒
𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒓 = =
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏 + 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗
 We will get the answer:
𝒌𝑱
𝑹𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟏
𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲

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Basic Concepts
WALES-WOOD MODEL
 The WWM is an idealization of what experts do when they solve problem
 The WWM is comprised of six thinking operations:

Define Goal Ideate Plan Action Review

DIMENSIONAL HOMOGEINITY
 each term in an equation has the same primary dimensions. This means that
each term will also have the same units.
 To check to see if an equation is DH, calculate the primary dimensions on
each term
A dimensionless group (also known as a π-group) is a group of variables
arranged so that the primary dimensions cancel out

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Course Content
Basic Concepts
Properties of Fluid
Fluid Statics
Bernoulli Equation
Continuity and Momentum Equation
 Bernoulli Equation Dynamics
Flow in Conduit
Lift, Drag and Compressible Flow

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Properties of Fluid
A system can be a collection of matter, or it
can be any region in space.
Anything that is not part of the system is
considered to be part of the surroundings.
 The boundary is the imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings.
A property is a measurable characteristic of a
system that depends only on the present
conditions within the system.
 State of a system means the condition of the
system as defined by specifying its properties.
The change of a system from one state to
another state is called a process.

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Properties of Fluid
1. Mass Density
 Commonly represented by the Greek symbol ρ (rho)
 gives the ratio of mass to volume at a point.
 It can be obtained through the equation:
𝑚
𝜌 =
𝑉
Common units are kg/m3 and lbm/ft3
 In general, density varies with both temperature and pressure.
 For liquids, the density is changed very little by changes in pressure, so engineers
assume that density depends on temperature only.

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Properties of Fluid
2. Specific Weight
 Specific weight is represented by the Greek symbol ϒ (gamma).
 ratio of weight to volume at a point.
 It can be obtained through the equation:

𝑊 𝑚×𝑔
𝛾 = = ρ𝑔 =
𝑉 𝑉
Common units are N/m3 and lbf/ft3

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Properties of Fluid
3. Specific Gravity
 Specific gravity, which is represented as (S or SG).
 ratio of the density of a material to the density of water
 It can be obtained through the equation:

𝜌
𝑆. 𝐺. =
𝜌

 SG is only used for liquids and not for gases.

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Properties of Fluid
4. Viscosity
 viscosity is normally represented by the Greek symbol μ (mu).
 is the fluid property that characterizes resistance to flow.
 It can be obtained through the equation:
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜏
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜇 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑦
 For the same flow rate, a fluid with high viscosity (e.g., molasses) will require
more power from a pump than a fluid with low viscosity (e.g., water)

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Properties of Fluid
5. Kinematic Viscosity
 kinematic viscosity is normally represented by the Greek symbol ν (nu).
a property that combines the viscous and the mass characteristics of a fluid
 It can be obtained through the equation:
𝜇
ν=
𝜌

 researchers have identified it as a distinct property.

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Properties of Fluid
6. Surface Tension
 surface tension is normally represented by the Greek symbol σ (sigma).
 shown that the surface of liquid behaves like a stretched membrane
 It can be obtained through the equation:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 σ =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

 The physical mechanism of surface tension is based on cohesive force, which

is the attractive force between like molecules.

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Properties of Fluid
6. Surface Tension
 Surface Tension of water for a water/air interface, can be seen below:

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Properties of Fluid
7. Vapor Pressure Phase Diagram for Water
 is normally represented by
the symbol Pv
 is the pressure at which the
liquid phase and the vapor
phase of a material will be in
thermal equilibrium.
 Vapor pressure is also called
saturation pressure
Vapor pressure is commonly
expressed in absolute
pressure

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Properties of Fluid
9. Specific Heat
 specific heat is normally represented by the symbol C
 it is dependent on whether the fluid is heated with constant pressure or
volume, where it will be represented by CP and CV respectively.
 Specific heat ratio (SHR) is represented by the symbol k, and expressed as:

SHR, k = =

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