เครื่องยนต์สนั ดาปภายใน (Internal Combustion Engine)

Chapter 2 Basic of Thermodynamics

อ.ดร.วศกร ตรีเดช

สาขาวิชาวิศวกรรมเครื่องกล คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่น

 สาขาวิชาวิศวกรรมเครื่องกล คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่ น

Approaches to studying thermodynamics

Classical Thermodynamics
(Macro)

Statistical Thermodynamics
(Micro)
 สาขาวิชาวิศวกรรมเครื่องกล คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่ น

1. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

2. The Ideal-Gas Equation of State

3. Work and Heat

4. First Law of Thermodynamics

5. Second Law of Thermodynamics

 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Themodynamics === therme (Heat) + dynamis (Power, Energy)

Thermodynamics is concerned with the ways energy

stored within a body and how energy transform,
which involve in heat and work.

Conservation of energy principle ➔ During an

interaction, energy can change from one form to
another but the total amount of energy remains
constant.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Example : A rock falling off a cliff.

: The change in the energy content of a body.

State 1

State 2

The change in the energy is equal to the difference between the energy input
and the energy out put.

Ein − Eout = E
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Dimension : Any physical quantity.

Primary or Fundamental dimensions => mass m, length L, time t, temperature T
Secondary or Derived dimensions => velocity V, energy E

Unit : Magnitudes assigned to the dimension.

English system : pound-mass (lbm), foot (ft), second (s)
SI system : kilogram (Kg), meter (m), second (s)

Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol Multiple

kilo k 103 milli m 10-3
Mega M 106 micro μ 10-6
giga G 109 nano n 10-9
tera T 1012 pico p 10-12

Physic relation : Group of Physical quantity.

Force, F = ma, kg-m/s2 = N
Weight, W = mg, kg-m/s2 = N
Pressure, P = F/A, N/m2 = Pa 1 Bar = 105 Pa
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

System : a quantity of matter or region in space chosen for study.

Surroundings : the mass or region outside the system.
Boundary : the real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings

Fuel

Air Exhaust gas

Control Volume Technique

is the region considered about the system
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Closed system ( Control mass) Open system ( Control Volume)

What is the Isolated system ?

 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Properties of a system

depend on the size or

mass of a system
Independent (non-depend
on) of the size or mass of
a system
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

State and Equilibrium

State : Set of properties that describes the condition of the system such as cold water,
warm water, boiling water or boiled water.

Equilibrium : a state of balance

- Thermal equilibrium : the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
- Mechanical equilibrium : there is no change in pressure at any point of system with time.
- Phase equilibrium : the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
- Chemical equilibrium : chemical composition does not change with time, no chemical
reactions occur.
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Processes and Cycles

Process diagrams is plotted by employing thermodynamic

properties as coordinates.

- Isothermal process Heat

- Isobaric process Temperature
- Isometric process Pressure
- Isentropic process Entropy
- Adiabatic Process Volume
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Forms of Energy
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential,
electric, magnetic, chemical and nuclear.

Total energy of a system E

: on a unit mass e=
E
m

For systems we typically deal with in this course, sum of internal (U), kinetic
energies (KE), and potential energies (PE)
mV 2
Total energy E = U + KE + PE = U +
2
+ mgz
V2
: on a unit mass basis ; E = u + ke + pe = u +
2
+ gz
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

The zero law of thermodynamics and Temperature

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

A B

if TA = TC
and TB = TC
then TA = TB
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Pressure
1 ATM = 1.01325 bar
101,325 Pa ≈ 1 x 105 kPa
14.69 psi
1.03 kgf/cm2

Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gage Pressure

= Atmospheric Pressure - Vacuum Pressure
 1) Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

EXAMPLE Effect on Piston Weight on Pressure in a Cylinder

The piston of a vertical piston-cylinder device containing a gas has a mass of 60 kg
and a cross-sectional area of 0.04 m2., as shown in Figure. The local atmospheric
pressure is 0.97 bar, and the gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s 2 .
(a) Determine the pressure inside the cylinder.
(b) If some heat is transferred to the gas and its volume is doubled, do you expect
the pressure inside the cylinder change?

Pabs= Patm+ Ppiston

Ppiston = W/A = mg/A
mg (60 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) 1 bar
P = Patm + = (0.97bar) + 2
 5
A 0.04 m 10 Pa
Pabs= 1.12 bar
 2) The Ideal-Gas Equation of State

The Ideal-Gas Equation of State

 2) The Ideal-Gas Equation of State

Ideal gas equation of state : is the equation that relates of the pressure, temperature
and specific volume of a substance.
Gas and vapor The difference between of gas and vapor is shown in P-V diagram.

The equation of state has a lot of pattern in which some case has an easy pattern,
but some case is very complicate. However, The ideal gas equation of state is
widely know and use in present day.
 2) The Ideal-Gas Equation of State

Ideal gas equation of state can be shown as following.

Pv = RT
R = gas constant. It is different for each gas and is determined from
Ru
R= ( kJ/kg·K)
M

Ru = universal gas constant. It is the same for all substances. = 8.314 kJ/kmol·K
M = molar mass. It is the mass of one mole. The mass of system m is equal to the
product of its molar mass M and the mole number N.
m = MN

An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation Pv = RT.

At low pressures and high temperatures, the density of a gas decreases, and the gas
behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.
 2) The Ideal-Gas Equation of State

The ideal-gas equation of state can be written in several different forms:

Pv = RT
V = mv PV = mRT
mR = (MN ) R = NRu PV = NRuT
V = Nv Pv = RuT

An ideal-gas at two different states are related to each other by

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
 3) Work and Heat

Heat and Work

 3) Work and Heat

Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two distinct forms :
Heat and Work.
 3) Work and Heat

The direction of energy transfer is always from the higher temperature

body to lower temperature one. Once the temperature equality is
established, energy transfer stops.

From the example

Energy is recognized as
heat transfer only as it
crosses the boundary of a
system.

Heat : the form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a
system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference
 3) Work and Heat

A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an adiabatic process.

An adiabatic process will be employed or analyzed when added heat or released

heat have been occurred in Otto cycle, Diesel cycle or combine cycle, which were
already contained in ICE.
 3) Work and Heat

In case of amount of heat transferred from states 1 to 2 or called Q12 or Q

2


1
 Q = Q12

Path functions have inexact differentials designated by symbol 

Q
q= per unit mass (kJ/kg)
m

Heat transfer rate : Q  (Unit : kJ/s = kW)

The amount of heat transfer
during a process : Q = Qt
t2
or Q = t Qdt
1

where t = t 2 − t1
 3) Work and Heat

• Work, like heat, is an energy

interaction between a
system and its surroundings.
• If the energy crossing the
boundary of a closed system
is not heat, it must be work. If the piston is allowed to move a distance
• Work is not an energy ds, the differential work done during this
interaction that is not caused process is
by a temperature difference, Wb = Fds = PAds = PdV
but it is the energy transfer
associated with a force or per unit mass
acting through a distance. wb = Pdv
 3) Work and Heat

The differential work from the initial state (1) to

the final states (2)
2
Wb =  PdV (kJ)
1

On this diagram, The differential area: A

2 2
A =  dA =  PdV
1 1

Area under the process curve on a P-V

diagram is equal to the work done during a
quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression
process a closed system.

Expansion process (+)

Compression process (-)
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics = The conservation of energy principle

( Total energy
entering the system )-( Total energy
leaving the system )=( Change in the total
energy of the system )
Ein − Eout = E

For closed system: energy can be transferred to or from a system in

two forms: heat Q and work W

Ein − Eout = (Qin − Qout ) + (Win − Wout ) = E

Q : Energy transfer to a system or heat transfer to a system (heat gain)

W : Energy transfer form a system or work transfer from a system (work done by the system)
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

In the rate form:

Q − W = E = E 2 − E1

On a per unit mass basis:

q − w = e = e2 − e1

E = U + KE + PE
U = m(u 2 − u1 )
1
KE = m(V22 − V12 )
2
PE = mg ( Z 2 − Z1 )
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamic for Close system (control mass)

From the principle of energy conservation,
that is First law of thermodynamic
Q − W = E = E − E
2 1

E = U + KE + PE
If the potential energy and kinetic energy are very less, so it can be neglect. The equation of
energy conservation will change as:
Q −W = U
Some system is conducted as cycle in which the
initial state and the final state are the same state,
so the internal energy is not change. (u = 0)
Q =W
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

Application of First law of thermodynamics in case of specific heat

Specific Heat

Cv (constant volume) Cp (constant pressure)

From 1st law of thermodynamics From 1st law of thermodynamics
q − w = du  q = du +  w
At constant volume ( w = 0) At constant pressure (u = 0)
q = du = Cv dT  q = dh = C p dT

Relation of Cv and Cp
From definition of enthalpy: h = u + Pv
And Ideal gas equation: Pv = RT
dh = du + RdT
C p dT = Cv dT + RdT
Cp
C p − Cv = R and =k
Cv
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

Relation about first law, ideal gas equation, adiabatic process and specific heat

From 1st law of thermodynamics,

C p − Cv = R
q − w = du
Cp  R
Adiabatic process (q = 0)   − 1 =
 v 
C Cv
− w = du
− Pdv = Cv dT k −1 =
R
Cv
From ideal gas equation: Pv = RT
ln C = ln T + (k − 1) ln v
RT
− dv = Cv dT Tv k −1 = C
v
 Pv  k −1
 R  v = C
dv Cv dT
=−
v RT
 Cv  Pv k = C1
ln v = −  ln T + ln C
 R
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamic for Open system (Mass conservation)

Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control

volume. The boundaries of a control volume are called a
control surface which can be real or Imaginary.

For the open system, the conservation of mass principle in control volume will be
considered couple with the energy conservation.

( Total mass
entering the system )-( Total mass
leaving the system )=(Change
within the system )
in mass
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

min − mout = msystem = mcv

where msystem = mfinal – minitial is the change in the mass of the system during the process.
In the rate form: m in − m out = dmsystem / dt
The above equation are often referred to as the mass balance or continuity equation.
The mass balance for a control volume:  mi −  me = (m2 − m1 ) system

or  m −  m
i e = dmsystem / dt = [dm / dt ]cv
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

From the mass balance for a control volume:

 m& −  m& = dm
i e system / dt = [dm / dt ]cv = dm&/ dt

The amount of mass flowing through a cross section per

unit time is called the mass flow rate. m
dm = VdA
m = VA

The volume of fluid flowing through a cross section per unit time is called the Volume flow rate.
Q = V = VA
 m = Q = Q / v
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamic for Open system (Energy conservation)

( Total energy
entering the system )-( Total energy
leaving the system )= ( Change in the total
energy of the system )
Qcv+ Einflow_mass – Eoutflow_mass -Wcv =Esystem

During a steady flow process, the total energy content of a control volume remains constant. Thus,
the change in total energy of the control volume is zero.

Qcv+Einflow=Wcv+Eoutflow
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

Flow work of fluid in control volume (Wcv)

Unlike closed systems, control volumes involve mass flow across their boundaries, and some
work is required to push the mass into or out of the control volume. This work is know as the
mass flow rate or flow energy.

Force applied on fluid element:

F = PA

Work done in pushing the fluid

Element across the boundary:
Wcv = FL = PAL
or Wcv = PV
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

Flow energy of fluid in control volume (Eflow)

The total energy of a simple compressible system consists of three parts: internal, kinetic,
and potential energies. On the unit mass basis, it is expressed as
e = u + ke + pe
e = u + V 2 / 2 + gz

The fluid entering or leaving a control volume possesses an additional form of energy—the
flow energy Pv. Then, the total energy of a flowing fluid on a unit-mass basis becomes
e flow = Pv + e
= Pv + (u + ke + pe) → h = u + Pv
e flow = h + V 2 / 2 + gz
 4) First Law of Thermodynamics

Steady State and Steady Flow process (SSSF)

Qcv+Einflow=Wcv+Eoutflow

 V2   V2 
Qcv +  mi  h + + gZ  = Wcv +  me  h + + gZ 
 2 i  2 e

One inlet and one exit:

  V 2
   V 2

 i  h +
Qcv + m + gZ  = Wcv + m
 e  h + + gZ 
 2 i  2 e
Divided by m in = m out = m
 V2   V2 
q +  h + + gZ  = w +  h + + gZ 
 2 i  2 e


Q
q = cv and Wcv
where w=
m m
 5) Second Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics

 5) Second Law of Thermodynamics

Thermal Energy Reservoir : A hypothetical body with relatively

large thermal energy capacity (mass  specific heat) that can
supply or absorb finite amounts of heat without undergoing any
change in temperature.

Example : Oceans, lakes, rivers,

atmosphere , industrial furnace
or air in the room.

A reservoir that supplies energy

is called source.

A reservoir that absorbs energy

is called sink.
 5) Second Law of Thermodynamics

Work can easily be converted to other forms of energy, but converting

other forms of energy to work is not that easy.

Work can be converted to heat directly

and completely, but converting heat to
work requires the use of some special
devices. These devices are called
heat engines.

Heat engines can be characterized by:

- They operate on a cycle.
- They receive heat from a high temperature source.
- They convert part of this heat to work.
- They reject the remaining waste heat to a low temperature sink.
 5) Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy from source = Energy from sink + Work ( or Loss) → QH = QL + Wnet

Wnet QH − QL
Thermal efficiency th =
QH
=
QH
Q
=1− L
QH
 5) Second Law of Thermodynamics

สิ่งใดในปรากฏการณ์ธรรมชาติที่มีประสิทธิภาพเกิน 100% ???

(ใส่เข้าไป 100 แล้วได้ออกมามากกว่า 100)

QL QL QH QH
COPR = = COPHP = =
Wnet QH − QL Wnet QH − QL
 Thank you!

Contact Address:
Department of Mechanical
engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Khon Kaen University