SHRI LAXMANRAO MANKAR COLLEGE OF

POLYTCHNIC, RISAMA (AMGAON)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“SOLAR GRASS CUTTER”

GUIDED BY

MR. R.R. RAUT

SUBMITTED BY

MR. VAIBHAV G. WADHAI MR. AVINASH M. FULLARE

MR. NIHAL L. BISEN MR. PRAKASH B. SHENDE

MISS. BHARTI S. BAGHELE MR. SHAILESH B. BAGHELE

MR. DIPAK P. GAUTAM MISS. KHOOSBU KURVE

SESSION 2020-2021

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 C ERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the diploma in
engineering Major Project Report entitled “SOLAR GRASS CUTTER”, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma In Mechanical
Engineering and submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Shri
Laxmanrao Mankar College of polytechnic, Amgaon is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during 2020-2021 under the supervision of Mr. R.R. Raut

The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by me for
the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Submitted By

MR. VAIBHAV G. WADHAI MR. AVINASH M. FULLARE

MR. NIHAL L. BISEN MR. PRAKASH B. SHENDE

MISS. BHARTI S. BAGHELE MR. SHAILESH B. BAGHELE

MR. DIPAK P. GAUTAM MISS. KHOOSBU KURVE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best
of my knowledge.

Date: / /20

Project Guide H.O.D.

Mr. R.R. Raut Mr. D.C. Rane

PrincipaL
PORF.S.C.HANUWATE

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 A CKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to Mr.D.C.Rane, Head of Department of

mechanical Engineering of Shri Laxmanrao Mankar College of Polytechnic, Amgaon
(M.S). India, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision
throughout the course of present work.
We also wish to extend our thanks to other colleagues for attending our seminars
and for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality
of this project work.
We are extremely thankful to Prof. S. C. Hanuwate, Principal, Shri Laxmanrao
Mankar College of Polytechnic and Amgaon for providing me infrastructural facilities to
work in, without which this work would not have been possible.

PROJECTEES …….

MR. VAIBHAV G. WADHAI MR. AVINASH M. FULLARE

MR. NIHAL L. BISEN MR. PRAKASH B. SHENDE

MISS. BHARTI S. BAGHELE MR. SHAILESH B. BAGHELE

MR.DIPAK P. GAUTAM MISS. KHOOSBU KURVE

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 D ECLARATION

We undersigned hereby declared that the project entitled “SOLAR GRASS

CUTTER” submitted by us originally genuine work.

The system presented here is developed by us independently and has not been
duplicated from any sources.

We understand that any such copying is liable to be punished in any way the board
authorities deep fit.

Thanking You

STUDENT NAME SIGNATURE

MR. VAIBHAV G. WADHAI ………………………

MR. AVINASH M. FULLARE ………………………

MR. NIHAL L. BISEN ………………………

MR. PRAKASH B. SHENDE ………………………

MISS. BHARTI S. BAGHELE ………………………

MR. SHAILESH B. BAGHELE ………………………

MR.DIPAK P. GAUTAM ………………………

MISS. KHOOSBU KURVE ………………………

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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 E XAMINARS CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE STUDENT OF FINAL YEAR

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OF SHRI LAXMANRAO MANKAR
COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, AMGAON HAVE SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED THE PROJECT TITLED AS....

“SOLAR GRASS CUTTER”

Submitted By

MR. VAIBHAV G. WADHAI MR. AVINASH M. FULLARE

MR. NIHAL L. BISEN MR. PRAKASH B. SHENDE

MISS. BHARTI S. BAGHELE MR. SHAILESH B. BAGHELE

MR.DIPAK P. GAUTAM MISS. KHOOSBU KURVE

AS PRESCRIBED BY MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION MUMBAI (MSBTE) AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DURING IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021.

DATE: - GUIDED BY
PLACE:-AMGAON MR.R.R.RAUT

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE: - DATE:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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 F ORWARDING LETTER

Forwarded herewith is the project entitled "SOLAR GRASS

CUTTER” submitted by MR. VAIBHAV G. WADHAI, MR. AVINASH M.
FULLARE, MR. NIHAL L. BISEN, MR. PRAKASH B. SHENDE, MISS. BHARTI S.
BAGHELE, MR. SHAILESH B. BAGHELE, MR.DIPAK P. GAUTAM, MISS.
KHOOSBU KURVE, was bonafied student in this institution .The project
work is in the partial fulfilment of the requirement towards the award of
the Diploma in MECHANICAL Engineering (ME) to the Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai. It has been carried out
under the guidance and supervision of Mr,R.R.Raut Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Shri Laxmanrao Mankar College of
Polytechnic, Amgaon.

Project Guide H.O.D.

Mr. R.R. Raut Mr. D.C. Rane

PrincipaL
PORF.S.C.HANUWATE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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 INDEX

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

4. THEORITICAL ANALYSIS

5. CONSTRUCTION

6. WORKING

7. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

8. REFERENCE

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 ABSTRACT
Nowadays pollution is a major issue for whole world. Pollution is manmade and can be
seen in own homes. In case Gas powered lawn mowers due to the emission of gases it is
responsible for pollution. Also the cost of fuel is increasing hence it is not efficient. Grass cutter
or lawn mowing with a standard motor powered lawn mower is an inconvenience, and no one
takes pleasure in it. Cutting grass cannot be easily accomplished by elderly, younger, or disabled
people. Hence we design to make a grass cutter without any power source due to reduce the
power consumption. Design a solar powered domestic lawnmower that utilizes solar power as an
energy source is meant to address a number of issues that standard internal combustion engine
mowers do not

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 CHAPTER NO. 01
INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION
SOLAR GRASS CUTTER
Nowadays pollution is a major issue for whole world. Pollution is due to the emission of
gases it is responsible for pollution. Also the cost of fuel is increasing hence it is not efficient. So
the Solar powered lawn cutters introduced. Solar powered lawn mower can be described as the
application of solar energy to power an electric motor which in turn rotates a blade which does
the mowing of a lawn. Solar energy is the renewable manmade and can be seen in own homes. In
case Gas powered lawn mowers energy. Grass cutter or lawn mowing with a standard motor
powered lawn mower is an inconvenience, and no one takes pleasure in it. Cutting grass cannot
be easily accomplished by elderly, younger, or disabled people. Motor powered push lawn
mowers and riding lawn mowers create noise pollution due to the loud engine, and local air
pollution due to the combustion in the engine. Also, a motor powered engine requires periodic
maintenance such as changing the engine oil. Even though electric lawn mowers are
environmentally friendly, they too can be an inconvenience. Along with motor powered lawn
mowers, electric lawn mowers are also hazardous and cannot be easily used by all. Also, if the
electric lawn mower is corded, mowing could prove to be problematic and dangerous. The self-
propelling electric remote control lawn mower is a lawn mower that has remote control
capability. This prototype is robotic user friendly, cost efficient, safe to use, efficient to use, and
environmentally friendly. It can save significantly on labour costs. In large size of lawn in the
park, schools, college, are maintained manually. The gardener used hand scissors used to cut and
maintain lawn uniformly. Moving the grass cutters with a standard motor powered grass cutters
is an inconvenience, and no one takes pleasure in it. Cutting grass cannot be easily accomplished
by elderly, younger, grass cutter moving with engine create noise pollution due to the loud
engine, and local air pollution due to the combustion in the engine. It is not easy and also very
difficult to maintain uniform size. Also a motor powered engine requires periodic maintenance
such as changing the engine oil. Even though electric solar grass is environmentally friendly,
they to be an inconvenience. Along with motor powered grass cutter, electric
Grass cutters are also hazardous and cannot be easily used by all. This project is an
autonomous solar grass cutter that will allow the user to their grass with minimal effort hence we
design to make a grass cutter without any power source due to reduce the power consumption.
Design a solar powered domestic lawnmower that utilizes solar power as an energy source is
meant to address a number of issues that standard internal combustion engine mowers do not. An
electric lawnmower with a solar charger will be easier to use. It will eliminate those unnecessary
trips to the gas station for fill-ups. The unskilled gardener is enough to operate the grass cutter.
Most importantly it eliminates the emissions of an internal combustion mower which are mostly
responsible for environmental pollution and causes the greenhouse gases effect believed to be
responsible for the worsening global warming of our planet. This is so because solar energy is
green/renewable energy. Different designs have been made, each to suit a particular need or
convenience. Making the process of cutting grass easier over the years.

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 Many individuals have added modification to the original design speed, efficiency and
power of a mowing machine. The solar powered lawnmower is an improvement on cordless
electric lawn mower. The sun provides sustainable amount of the energy used for various
purposes on earth for atmospheric system. The solar powered lawnmower is based on the same
principle that other early inventions of lawn mowers works on. The difference is just the
application of the energy source. It uses the photovoltaic panel to generate the energy needed to
power the mower. It is assumed that a lawnmower using solar as the energy source will address a
number of issues that the standard internal combustion engine and electric motors lawn mowers
do not. The project work was very great successful one. It is used to maintain lawn of our college
auditorium lawn maintenance.

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 CHAPTER NO. 02
LITERATURE SURVEY

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 LITERATURE SURVEY
OBJECTIVE
For the manufacturing of a solar grass cutter we referred various literature, papers etc.
The review of previous method used given below: In this lawn mower uses an solar based energy
source, which is easier to use, more advantageous comparing to other energy source especially
for gas based source of power .But our lawn cutter is based on solar because this energy is a
renewable energy source and it is easy to work. So we made solar powered lawnmower.
In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern,
alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One
such alternative is solar energy. In this solar based lawn mower, the advantage of powering a
lawn mower by solar rather than by gasoline is mainly ecological. We manufactured this lawn
cutter because it is very easy method and many overcome produced from this type lawn cutter.
The self-powered objective is to come up with a mower that is portable, durable, easy to
operate and maintain. It also aims to design a self- powered mower of electrical source; a
cordless electric lawn mower. The heart of the machine is a battery powered de electric motor. It
is also useful method for our lawn mower. It is similar to our lawn cutter using display and
keypad.
The present technology commonly used for trimming the grass is by using the manually
handle device. In this project we have automated the machine for trimming the grass.

HISTORY
The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830 just outside Stroud, in
Gloucestershire, England. Bedding's mower was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports
grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British
patent on August 31, 1830.
Cast iron gear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder,
allowing the rear roller to drive the knives on the cutting cylinder, the ratio was 16:1. Another
roller placed between the cutting cylinder and the main or land roller could be raised or lowered
to alter the height of cut. The grass clippings were hurled forward into a tray-like box. It was
soon realized, however, that an extra handle was needed in front to help null the machine along.
Overall, these machines were remarkably similar to modern movers.
From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-to-AC
power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-G sets).
In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas filled tubes began to be used as switches in
inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron. The origins of
electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term inverter. Early AC-to-DC converters
used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-connected to a generator (dynamo) so that the

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generator's commentator reversed its connections at exactly the right moments to produce DC. A
later development is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are
combined into one armature, with slip rings at one end and a commentator at the other and only
one field frame. The result with either is AC-in, DC-out. With an M-G set, the DC can be
considered to be separately generated from the AC; with a synchronous converter, in a certain
sense it can be considered to be "mechanically rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and
control equipment, an M-G set or rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to
AC. Hence an inverter is an inverted converter.

FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
Could be drawn by animals, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was
built. It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that
 In the 1850s, Thomas Green & Son of Leeds introduced a mower called the Silens
Messor (meaning silent cutter), which used a chain to transmit power from the rear roller
to the cutting cylinder. These machines were lighter and quieter than the gear driven
machines that preceded them, although they were slightly more expensive. The rise
“popularity of lawn sports helped prompt the spread of the invention. Lawn mowers
became a more efficient alternative to the scythe and domesticated grazing animals. Fig:
2.3 Commercial lawn mower
 Manufacture of lawn mowers took off in the 1860s. By 1862, Ferrabee's company was
making eight models in various roller sizes. He manufactured over 5000 machines until
production ceased in 1863. The first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present
shape in the 1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam- powered lawn
mower in 1893.
 The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted to Amariah Hills on
January 12, 1868. In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a human-
pushed lawn : very lightweight and a commercial success.
 John Burr patented an improved rotary-blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel
placement altered for better performance. Amariah Hills went on to found the
Archimedean Lawn Mower Co, in 1871,
 In the United States, gasoline powered lawn mowers were first manufactured in 1914 by
Ideal Power Mower Co. of Lansing, Michigan, based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds.
Ideal Power Mower also introduced the world's first self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in
1922, known as the "Triplex.
 The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very little since around 1930. Gang mowers,
those with multiple sets of blades, were built in the United States in 1919 by the
Worthington Mower Company.

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ROTARY MOWERS
Rotary mowers were not developed until engines were small enough and powerful
enough to run the blades at sufficient speed. Many people experimented with rotary blade
mowers in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and Power Specialties Ltd. introduced a gasoline-
powered rotary mower.
KutKwick replaced the saw blade of the "Pulp Saw" with a double-edged blade and a
cutter deck, converting the "Pulp Saw" into the first ever out- front rotary mower. One company
that produced rotary mowers commercially was the Australian Victa company, starting in 1952.
Its mowers were lighter and easier to use than similar ones that had come before. The first Victa
mowers were made at Mortlake, an inner suburb of Sydney, by local resident Mervyn Victor
Richardson. He made his first model out of scrap in his garage and then moved to a shed behind
St Mary's Church of England, where the first Victa mowers were manufactured, going on sale on
20 September 1952. The new company, Victa Mowers Pty Ltd, was incorporated on 13 February
1953.

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 CHAPTER NO. 03
THEORITICAL ANALYSIS

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 THEORITICAL ANALYSIS
SOLAR GRASS CUTTER
The lawn mower or grass cutter is made up of an induction motor, a battery, an alternator,
three collapsible blades, and a link mechanism. The power and charging system comprises of an
alternator which charges the battery while in operation. The D.C. motor forms the heart of the
machine and provides the driving force for the collapsible blades. This is achieved by the
combined effect of mechanical action of the cutting blades and the forward thrust of the mower.
The system is powered by an electrical switch which completes the circuit comprising the
induction motor and the battery. The IR senor is finding the path to avoid the obstacles and
machine damage. The shaft fitting mechanism with which the height of cut is altered.
Solar power as an energy source will address a number of issues that standard internal
combustion engine mowers do not. An electric grass cutter with a solar charger will be easier to
use. There is no messy dangerous gasoline to deal with Most importantly it eliminates the
emissions of an internal combustion mower. A lawn mower is a device which by means of one or
more revolving blades issued to cutgrass or other plants to an even length. Lawnmowers
employing a blade that rotates about a vertical axis are known as rotary mowers, while those
employing a blade assembly that rotates about a horizontal axis are known as cylinder or reel
mowers.
Solar grass cutter are based on the use of small but powerful engine that provides enough
torque to spin a very sharp horizontal blade that cuts the grass upon contact. The blade is located
in the deck that prevents grass from flying all over the place when struck. In most cases, the
motor is situated at the top of the deck, which is usually mounted on four wheels. There is also a
bag connected to the deck that is used to collect cut grasses the opinion that lawnmowers must be
designed to reduce pollutions generated than at present.
Fig 3.1 Solar grass cutter it uses the photovoltaic panel to generate the energy needed to
power the mower. It is assumed that a lawnmower using solar as the energy source will address a
number of issues that the standard internal combustion engine and electric motors lawn mowers
do not. A lawnmower with solar energy will be easier to use, it eliminates down time by frequent
trips to the gas station for fill-ups and danger associated with gasoline spillage. The dangerous
emissions generated by the gasoline spillage and that of the internal combustion engine into the
atmosphere are eliminated. The solar powered lawnmower will help to reduce air pollution as
well as noise pollution produced by other types of lawnmowers. In addition, it will help to reduce
the running cost of using and maintaining a lawnmower.
The main components of the solar powered grass cutter
 Solar panels
 Brush less DC motor
 Solar charger
 Mechanism used Circuit breaker

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  Blades
 Batteries

BUMPER
The physical bumper is made up of an inner square created by PVC Pipe. The outside has
PVC pipe with attached sheet metal that is attached to Inner Square with PVC pipe loaded by a
spring. There is a bolt through r spring connecting the outside and inside layer of the PVC pipe.
The spring allows the bumper to compress when the mower has contact with a pushbuttons.
Object. The bumper also has bolts through it that are there to activate pushbutton.

MOTORS
The Lawn Bot has a total of two motors. The blade mower came attached to the mower's
body frame. Both of its terminals are attached to a Specified slot on the main terminal block. The
other two mowers are used to move the wheels of the mower. They are both attached to the
mower's body frame with two U-bolts. The terminals for these two motors are attached to the
motor driver's terminals.

CUTTING PATTERNS
The user will place the robot in the centre of their lawn and let it cut. To achieve this
cutting pattern both wheels must turn at two very different The lawn mower will have two types
of cutting styles: spiral and speeds with the outmost wheel moving the fastest.Fig: 3.4 Cutting
patterns

PLASTIC WHEELS
The plastic wheels will be connected to the DC motors. As soon as they create the torque,
these wheels will help the move. Fig: 3.6 Plastic wheels

HANDLE
 Handle (grip), a grip attached to an object for using or moving the object
 Handle (mathematics), a topological ball
 Handle (computing), an abstract reference to a resource *
 In gambling, the total amount bet, usually at a given place or for a given event
 Handle System, a system for uniquely numbering digital objects
 Handles (novel), a children's book by Jan Mark
 Adjustment handles, little boxes for resizing a GUI control
 Opaque pointer, in computer programming, a datatype that hides its internal
implementation using a pointer
 Reference (computer science), an object referring to data stored elsewhere in computer
memory
 Pseudonym used in a communication system
 User (computing), a pseudonym used within an online system

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  Handle-o-Meter, a machine that measures surface friction and flexibility of sheeted
materials

THE FRAME OF SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

A mild steel plate was used in the construction of the frame due to its strength, workability,
availability and cost effectiveness. The frame provides support for the electric motor, battery as
well as the handle frame. The diameter of the deck is 25cm and height 40cm deck is also made of
four hand lever adjusters which are used to raise and lower the deck to the desired height of cut.
Each is made of flat metal with five spin hooks to aid the operation. They transmit the load of
15kg to the wheel equally and length of each is 30 diameter.

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 CHAPTER NO. 04
CONSTRUCTION

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 CONSTRUCTION
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever-
evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photo voltaic, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis.
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and
distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Solar energy is very large, inexhaustible source of energy. The power from the sun
interrupted by earth is approximately 1.8/10MW, which are many thousands of times larger than
the present consumption rate on the earth of all energy sources. The quantum of energy India's
land area receive from sun is equivalent to 15,000 time sits consumption requirement (500
billion kWh) as projected for 2004. In addition to its Size, solar energy has two other factors in
its favour. Firstly, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is an environmentally clean source of
energy. Secondly, it is free and available in adequate quantities in almost all parts of the world
people live. But there are some problems associated with its. The real challenge in utilizing solar
energy is of and economic concern. One has to strive for the development of cheaper methods of
collection and storage so that large initial investments required at pre-set in most applications are
reduced, solar energy in India.
Every minute the sun radiates about 5.68x10 and the earth intercepts only 2.55x10 26
calories (NRF, 2010). This represents only 2000 millionth of the total solar energy sent into the
Space. The total solar energy is estimated to be 30,000 times greater than the total annual energy
of the world. A large amount of solar radiation fall of India and for most of the country very few
days are without sunshine.
India lies within the latitude of 7 N to and 37 N with annual calories of energy average
intensity of solar radiation as500 to 600 Cal/cm/day with more such insulations available in arid
and semi-arid regions.
Average solar radiation falling on India in arid and semiarid cegions is 7.5 Kw h/m/day.
Solar energy 5x 10 K w h/year potential to meet basic energy needs of teeming millions who live
in rural India. Solar energy is an important, clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable
energy. The sun radiates heat and light. The heat, light received from the sun supports the
environment on the earth through the following well known natural effects.
 Temperature balance on the earth

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  Photo-synthesis by biological plants production of oxygen and organic materials,
production of organic chemicals and bio-mass.
 Wind due to unequal heating of water, land surfaces.
 Heating of ocean water: ocean thermal energy (OTEC).
 Waves in ocean: ocean wave energy
The sun produces enormous amount of energy of heat and light through sustained nuclear
fusion reactions. The solar energy received on the earth in the form of radiation is used for
heating and producing an electrical energy. Among the non-conventional sources of energy solar
energy is the most promising. Hence our project is based on energy conversion to mechanical
energy to run a normal grass the solar cutter. Fig. 4.Isolar energy.

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SOLAR PANEL
A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted
on a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar
cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC
output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output - an 8%
efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module.
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power, installations most
contain multiple system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, modules. A
photovoltaic an inverter, pune sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection
wiring. Fig: 4.2 Solar panel Polycrystalline PV cells connected in a solar module. Solar modules
use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on
cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the
top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Most solar modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells

PHOTOVOLTAIC PRINCIPLES
The photo- voltaic effect can be observed in nature in a variety of materials that have
shown that the best performance in sunlight is the semiconductors as stated above. When
photons from the sun are absorbed in a semiconductor, that create free electrons with higher
energies than the created there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to
flow out of the semi-conductor to do useful work. A junction of materials, which have different
electrical properties, provides the electric field in most solar cells for the photon interaction in a
semiconductor. Solar photovoltaic cells are essentially semi-conductors, which have electrical
transmission properties like metal or salt water and insulators like rubber, Panels are constructed
with sheets of doped silicon, primary element in beach sand with impurities added like
phosphorus that allows electrons to flow. When the protons from the solar energy hit a
photovoltaic cell, a flow of electrons starts which can be drawn off by a pair of wires, thereby
creating direct current. A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted
in a support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module. Modules are designed to supply
electricity at a certain voltage. The current produced is directly dependent on how much light
strikes the module.

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
A solar cell consists of
 Semi-conductor in which electron hole pairs are created by the absorption of incident
solar radiation.
 Region containing a drift field for charge separation.

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 The photo-voltaic effect can be described easily for p-n junction in a semi-conductor. In an
intrinsic semi-conductor such as silicon, each one of the four valence electrons of the material
atom is tied in a chemical bond, and there are no free electrons at absolute zero. If a piece of such
a material is doped on one side by a five valance electron material, such as arsenic or
phosphorus, there will be an excess of electrons in that side, becoming an n-type semi-conductor.
The excess electrons will be practically free to move in the semi- conductor lattice. When a
three valance electron material, such as boron dopes the other side of the same piece, there will
be deficiency of electrons leading to a p-type semi-conductor. This deficiency is expressed in
terms of excess of holes free to move in the lattice. Such a piece of semi-conductor with one side
of the p-type and the other, of the n-type is called p-n junction. In this junction after the protons
are absorbed, the free electrons of the n-side will tends to flow to the p-side, and the holes of the
p-side will tend to flow to the n-region to compensate for their respective deficiencies. This
diffusion will create an electric field from the n-region to the p-region. This field will increase
until it reaches equilibrium for voltage, the sum of the diffusion potentials for holes and
electrons. If electrical contacts the connected through an external electrical conductor, the free
electrons will flow from the n-type material through the conductor to the p-type material.
Here the free electrons will enter the holes and become bound electrons thus both free
electrons and holes will be removed. The flow of electrons through the external conductor
constitutes an electric current, which will continue as long as move free electrons and holes are
being formed by the solar radiation. This is the basis of photo-voltaic conversion that is the
conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. The combination of n-type and p-type
semiconductors thus constitutes a photo-voltaic cell or solar cell. All such cells some rate direct
current that can be converted into alternating current it desired. The photo-voltaic effect can be
observed in almost any junction of material that have different electrical characteristics, but the
best performance to date has been from cells using semiconductor material especially all of the
solar cells used for both space and terrestrial applications have been made of the semiconductor
silicon.

CALCULATION OF SOLAR RADIATION

Calculating the estimation of average solar radiation monthly is given by Agbo (2010) as
H = H (a'+ b' (n/N) (viii) Where, H is the average solar radiation available for conversion.
H is the monthly average horizontal solar radiation for a clear day. a and b' are arbitrary
constants 0.35 and 0.61 respectively. n is the average hours of bright sunlight for same period. N
is the maximum daily hours of bright sunlight for same period
The solar panel that was used in the construction of the solar powered lawnmower is rated
50watts, 12 volts, consisting of 24 cells. Hence, according to Khurmi and Gupta (2000)
Power = IV (ix) Where, I is the current V is the voltage
I=P/V
I= 50/12

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I=4,17A
The solar panel is connected to the battery via a solar charging controller and from the
battery to the motor. Also, an electric switch is connected to the circuit to control the flow of
current.

THE RACK FOR SOLAR PANEL

This is the main solar panel safety device. It provides tight and safe holding reducing the
risk of a new panel. The design was done within our specific panel dimensions, modifications
can be done to accommodate other panel sizes. Some factors that were taken into account
included;
 The base stands of the holder( firm to enable steady positioning)
 The height from the ground, ( high to reduce obstacle interference )
 The weight and strength of the materials used(for durability and mobility) •
 The corrosion resistance of the materials. Environments). Corrosive
 Angular adjustment (for angular adjustments for maximum isolation )
We need an angle line steel bar 40mm in width from which we cut 4 pieces, two of
750mm length and the other two of 540mm length. The 4 pieces are welded together to form a
rectangular frame of dimensions 750mm by 540mm. The remaining angle plate is used to
fabricate the stand onto which the frame is mounted to. Fig: 4.6 the rack for solar panel

APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. However, all
renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps,
and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting
materials with favourable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and
referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of
energy.

THE ENVIRONMENT USE

Solar energy is a renewable resource a renewable resource is a resource that is able to be
replaced or replenished, either by the earth’s natural processes or by human action. Solar energy
is available at varying proportions almost everywhere on earth. It cannot be depleted unlike the
fossil fuel based energy resources. Solar energy is a "clean" energy resource. It does not involve
the emission of Green House Gases (GHGS) that are believed to be responsible for the
worsening global warming of our planet, Earth.

DC MOTORS

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 A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current
(DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore so is its current. The current in
the rotor is switched by the commentator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative
between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the
maximum torque. DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is
induced) but non-rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that
produce the main magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and
armature winding characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the
voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current. The introduction of variable
resistance in the armature circuit or angle provide different inherent speed/torque regulation field
circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics
systems called DC drives.

MOUNTING THE MOTOR

When mounting the motor to the mower deck the most important thing was to make sure
it was cantered and properly secured. The motor made sure it was cantered by measuring an
equal distance from the sides of the motor to the outside diameter of the mower. Secured the
motor to the deck with four 3/8" bolts with washers. Adding washers between the motor and the
deck allowed me to raise different sides of the motor to level. It needed to place two washers on
the front two bolts to bring the motor up to level.

BLADES
A blade is that portion of a tool, weapon, or machine with an edge that is designed to cut
and/or puncture, stab, slash, chop, slice, thrust, or scrape surfaces or materials. The blade is
seldom sharp enough to give a neat cutting. The blade simply tears the grass resulting in brown
tips. However, the horizontal blades are Easy to remove and sharpen or replace. Existing engine
trimmers suffer from high initial cost, high levels of engine noise, high fuel consumption rates
and high operator’s fatigue in long-run. Mower blades are the cutting components of lawn
mowers. They are usually made of sturdy metals as they must be able to withstand high- speed
contact with a variety of objects in addition to grass. The materials used (as well as size,
thickness, and design of the blades) vary by manufacturer. A blade may be made from a flaking
stone, such as flint, metal (usually steel), ceramic, or other material. Here we used two blades i.e.
fixed blade and sliding blade.

FIXED BLADE
The blade which has no motion is called fixed blade. This fixed blade is welded to the
frame. And this is placed below the sliding blade.

SLIDING BLADE
This blade slide over the moving blade this blade is connecting to wheel and this is
connected to DC motor.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
It is also dependent on the height, density and the area covered by the object. Therefore,
in designing the blade of the solar powered lawn mower, the force required for effective mowing
should be greater than 10 Newton. A stainless steel was used in the construction of the cutting
blade because of its strength and weight which can transmit same speed as that of the DC motor
or a little less cause of friction.
Mass of Blade
The area of the blade= length x width (i)
Mass of the blade= density x volume (ii)
The density of a stainless steel (Singh, 2005) is 7922kg/m = 7922 x 1800 x 10 -0.9 =
0.014kg.

WEIGHT AND TORQUE ON THE CUTTING BLADE

The weight of the blade, W= Mg (i1)
Where, M = mass of the blade = 0.014kg
g= acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s
Therefore, W =Mg = 0.014 x 9.81 = 0.14N
Hence, the torque (T) produce by the blade is given by T= Wr (iv)
Where, W is the weight r is the radius of the blade r= 450/2 = 255mm
Therefore, T =Wr = 0.14 x 225 = 31.5Nm

ANGULAR VELOCITY AND FORCE PRODUCE

Universally known that angular velocity (o) is given as 0= 2xN/60 (v) Where, o is the angular
velocity N is the rotational speed of the motor = 1450 rev per minute *=3.142 W =2 x 3.142 ×
1450/60 o = 151.86 rad/s.

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 CHAPTER NO. 05
WORKING

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WORKING CUTTER PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR POWERED
GRASS
The working principle of solar grass cutter is it has panels mounted in a particular
arrangement at an in such a way that it can receive solar radiation with high intensity easily from
the sun. These solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is
stored in batteries by using a solar charger. The main function of the solar charger is to increase
the current from the panels while batteries are charging, it also disconnects the solar panels from
the batteries when they are fully charged and also connects to the panels when the charging in
batteries is low. The motor is connected to the batteries through connecting wires between these
two mechanical circuit breaker switch is provided. It starts and stops the working of the motor.
From this motor, the power transmits to the mechanism and this makes the blade to slide on the
fixed blade and this makes to cut the grass.
The designed solar powered lawnmower comprises of direct current (D.C) motor, a
rechargeable battery, solar panel, a stainless steel blade and control switch. Mowing is achieved
by the D.C motor which provides the required torque needed to drive the stainless steel blade
which is directly coupled to the shaft of the D.C motor. Fig: 5.1 Solar Powered Grass Cutter

OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR

Electrical energy of the battery is converted to mechanical energy through a set of blades
designed to achieve cutting operation. The electric circuit ensures power transfer from the battery
to run the D.C. motor, whilst the solar panel power to continuously recharge the battery while in
operation. The cutting blades tap power from the D.C. motor.
When the power switch is on, the electrical energy from the battery powers the motor
which in turn actuates the blades. The solar panel generates current to recharge the battery,
thereby compensating for the battery discharge. The rotating blades continuously cut the grass as
the mower is propelled forward and the cut grass. Height of cut is adjusted by means of the link
mechanism via the lift rod. Fig: 5.5 DC Motor Blade

SOLAR CHARGER
The power charge regulator is also known as charge controller, voltage regulator, charge-
discharge controller or charge-discharge and load controller. The regulator sits between the array
of panels, the batteries, and the equipment or loads.
The charging station is like the refill station for our battery which is used as a source of
energy to drive the motor. This is done initially before using the battery for the first time and
subsequently thereafter each mowing session depleting its charge. Importantly, since the solar
panel and charge controller are of specified ratings, most of our design went to the solar panel
rack holder.

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 Solar chargers should never be connected in parallel. In order to protect the battery from
gasification, the switch opens the charging circuit when the voltage in the battery reaches its high
voltage disconnects (HVD) or cut-off set point. The low voltage disconnects (LVD) prevents the
battery from over discharging by disconnecting the load. The most modern regulators are also
able to automatically disconnect the panels during the night to avoid discharging of the battery.
They can also periodically overcharge the battery to improve their life, and they may use
a mechanism known as pulse width modulation (PWM). Solar charger has three light indicators.
The first light blinks when the batteries are charging by using solar energy.
The second light glows when the charging in the batteries is very low. The third light
glows when the batteries are fully charged and an extra load (charging) is applied on the
batteries. By monitoring the voltage of battery, the regulator prevents overcharging or over
discharging. Regulators used in solar applications should be connected in series: they disconnect
the array of panels from the battery to avoid overcharging, and they disconnect the battery from
the load to avoid over discharging. The connection and disconnection is done by means of
switches which can be of two types: Electromechanical (relays) or solid state (bipolar transistor).

THE CHARGE CONTROLLER

The charge controller or control panel as it is commonly known has two primary
functions. First, it provides a central point for connecting the load, the module and the battery.
Secondly, it manages the system so that the harvested electricity is effectively used, and so that
components are protected from damage due to changing voltage levels. The charge controller at
the very least should act as a junction box. Here, the battery, load and solar module are fastened
together by means of connector strips. Fuses are incorporated to protect the equipment from
damage by short circuits. Charge controllers contain a blocking diode. This blocking diode
prevents current from flowing from the batteries to the solar cell module when the battery
voltage is higher than the module voltage. This prevents energy losses in the system.

BATTERY
Solar cell modules produce electricity only when the sun is shining. They do not store energy,
therefore to ensure flow of electricity when the sun is not shinning, it is necessary to store some
of the energy produced. The most obvious solution is to use batteries, which chemically store
electric energy. Batteries are groups of electro-chemical cells (devices that convert chemical
energy to electrical energy connected in series. Battery cells are composed of two electrodes
immersed in electrolyte solution which produce an electric current when a circuit is formed
between them. The current is caused by reversible chemical reactions between the electrodes and
the electrolyte within the cell. Batteries that are re-chargeable are called secondary or
accumulator batteries. As the battery is being charged, electric energy is stored as chemical
energy in the cells. When being discharged, the stored chemical energy is being removed from
the battery and converted to electrical energy Fig:5.13
The batteries are used as a storage device for solar energy which can be further
converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such as irrigation

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pumps or drinking water supplies for storage, for small units with output less than one kilowatt.
Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available storage means. Since both
the photo- voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs, it is necessary that the overall
system be optimized with respect to available energy and local demand pattern.

BATTERY MOUNTING
Once the motor was mounted needed to find a place for the battery to sit. As mentioned
in the mounting the motor section, the base of the motor was facing the rear of the mower and
would provide a solid mounting surface for the battery mount. To get the proper weight
distribution I wanted to mount the battery as close as could to the back wheels. This would allow
the handle bars to serve as a lever and allow the mower to easily pivot when on its back wheels.
Using a piece of stainless steel purchased from a local scrap yard fabricated the battery mount. It
started by placing the battery in the centre of the square piece of stainless steel. Then marked the
outline of the battery on to the steel. Next cut the corners to allow the sides that extend beyond
the battery to be folded up. After folding up all four sides welded them together for support. The
battery fits tightly into the mount so no excess strapping is needed. Fig: 5.14 Mounted battery of
solar grass cutter

MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENTS
In the first phase we just considered only about the mechanical arrangements, which is
responsible for rotating the dynamo. For this the team members divided the work into two
divisions. The mechanical arrangement consisting of
 External framework
 Solar frame
 Shaft with free-wheeling bearing
 Wheels with DC motor
 Secondary spring with breaking arrangement
 Blades
 Battery

EXTERNAL IRON FRAME WORK

The external frame work is having 20/15 inches .There are four pairs of cylindrical
hollow pipes are welded as pillars, which will give the support for the surface of the platform
.Fig:6.2 Platform with lever arrangement.
At the bottom of the platform we have attached a lever Hence when a pressure is applied
on the surface of the platform the platform compresses softly with the help of springs which is
attached between the platform and the hollow cylindrical iron pipes and the suspension for the
platform will be given by the spring the spring will compress for the average weight of 55 to 70
kg. The spring's compression is tested for average weight using the spring balance.

SOLAR FRAME

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 The solar frame having the iron cylindrical hollow pipes are welded in square shape
which is used to carry the solar panel. The solar panel is 12watts which is connected to the
battery Fig: 6.3 solar frame

Fig: 6.7Back side blade of solar grass cutter this blades rotates with the help of a de motor which
is connected with this blades. Due this de motor the blades rotates very fast which uses to cut the
grass. This de motors are 1000 rpm with hydraulic gear motors 12 watts. There are two blades
one in arranged front of the solar grass cutter and another blade is arranged at the back side of
the grass cutter.

BATTERY
The solar energy was saved in the battery. Batteries that are re- chargeable are called
secondary or accumulator batteries. As the battery is being charged, electric energy is stored as
chemical energy in the cells. When being discharged, the stored chemical energy is being
removed from the battery and converted to electrical energy. The battery is 12watts

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 CHAPTER NO. 06
RESULT AND CONCLUSION

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RESULT & CONCLUSION
Our project entitled Manufacturing of solar powered grass cutter is successfully completed and
the results obtained are satisfactory. It will be easier for the people who are going to take the
project for the further modifications. This project is more suitable for a common man as it is
having much more advantages i.e., no fuel cost, no pollution and no fuel residue, less wear and
tear because of less number of moving components and this can be operated by using solar
energy. This will give much more physical exercise to the people and can be easily handled. This
system is having facility of charging the batteries while the solar powered grass cutter is in
motion. So it is much more suitable for grass cutting also. The same thing can be operated in
night time also, as there is a facility to charge these batteries in day light.
The mechanism which we used i.e. Scotch yoke mechanism does not given excepted
efficiency. This efficiency can be increased by using some other mechanism. and speed of motor
is reduce because we have used heavy material and this material can be replaced by using light
weight material and design of blades should be done based on types of grass is used to cut. The
project which we have done surly reaches the average families because the grass can be trimmed
with minimum cost and with minimum time finally this project may give an inspiration to the
people who can modify and can obtain better results.

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 CHAPTER NO. 07
REFERENCE

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 REFERENCE
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=solar+grass+cutter+project&oq=SOLAR+GRASS+CUTTER+&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0
l4j0i457j0l4.8550j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325221845_Automatic_Solar_Grass_Cutter
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=solar+grass+cutter+wikipedia&sxsrf=ALeKk03Y_Irm_YXZfcT8WK9eTpdOOl0Ngw
%3A1621676948095&ei=lNOoYLSzBeeX4-
EPt86i6A4&oq=solar+grass+cutter+WIKI&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMYADICCAAyB
ggAEBYQHjoHCCMQsAMQJzoHCAAQRxCwAzoECCMQJzoHCAAQhwIQFDoHCC
MQsAIQJzoECAAQDToHCAAQyQMQDVCOKlitamCjdGgEcAJ4AIAB3QeIAekfkgE
LMC45LjQuNS0xLjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEJwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz
  "Mower History". oldlawnmowerclub.co.uk.
  Gary A. Smith (June 2001).  "Technical Report: Lawn Mower-Related Injuries to Children". AAP News
& Journals Gateway. Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention.

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