SHRI LAXMANRAO MANKAR COLLEGE OF

POLYTECHNIC, RISAMA (AMGAON)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“CONCEPT OF ZERO WASTE”

GUIDED BY

MR. HITENDRA BAGHELE

H.O.D.

MR. SATIS RANE

SUBMITTED BY
MR. KHUSHAL R. MOTGHARE MR. RAJ P. TEMBHARE

MR. MANISH R. DHURVE MR. AKASH S. KOSARKAR

MR. CHHANESH M. TURKAR MR. UMESH R. ASWANI

MR. GAURAO B. BAGHELE

SESSION 2020-2021

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 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the diploma in
engineering Major Project Report entitled “Concept of Zero Waste”, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma In Civil Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Shri Laxmanrao Mankar College
of polytechnic, Amgaon is an authentic record of my own work carried out during 2020-
2021 under the supervision of Mr. Hitendra Baghele

The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by me for
the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Submitted By

MR. KHUSHAL R. MOTGHARE MR. RAJ P. TEMBHARE

MR. MANISH R. DHURVE MR. AKASH S. KOSARKAR

MR. CHHANESH M. TURKAR MR. UMESH R. ASWANI

MR. GAURAO B. BAGHELE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best
of my knowledge.

Date: / / 20

Project Guide H.O.D.

Mr. Hitendra Baghele Mr.Satis Rane

PrincipaL
PORF.S.C.HANUWATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Satis Rane , Head of Department of Civil
Engineering of Shri Laxmanrao Mankar College of Polytechnic, Amgaon (M.S). India, for
his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the
course of present work.
We also wish to extend our thanks to other colleagues for attending our seminars
and for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of
this project work.
We are extremely thankful to Prof. S. C. Hanuwate, Principal, Shri Laxmanrao
Mankar College of Polytechnic and Amgaon for providing me infrastructural facilities to
work in, without which this work would not have been possible.

PROJECTEES …….

MR. KHUSHAL R. MOTGHARE

MR. RAJ P. TEMBHARE
MR. MANISH R. DHURVE
MR. AKASH S. KOSARKAR
MR. CHHANESH M. TURKAR
MR. UMESH R. ASWANI
MR. GAURAO B. BAGHELE

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 DECLARATION

We undersigned hereby declared that the project entitled “Concept of Zero

Waste” submitted by us originally genuine work.

The system presented here is developed by us independently and has not been
duplicated from any sources.

We understand that any such copying is liable to be punished in any way the board
authorities deep fit.

Thanking You

STUDENT NAME SIGNATURE

MR. KHUSHAL R. MOTGHARE ………………………

MR. RAJ P. TEMBHARE ………………………
MR. MANISH R. DHURVE ………………………
MR. AKASH S. KOSARKAR ………………………
MR. CHHANESH M. TURKAR ………………………
MR. UMESH R. ASWANI ………………………
MR. GAURAO B. BAGHELE ………………………

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 E XAMINARS CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE STUDENT OF FINAL YEAR CIVIL

ENGINEERING OF SHRI LAXMANRAO MANKAR COLLEGE OF
POLYTECHNIC, AMGAON HAVE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE
PROJECT TITLED AS....

“CONCEPT OF ZERO WASTE”

Submitted By

MR. KHUSHAL R. MOTGHARE MR. RAJ P. TEMBHARE

MR. MANISH R. DHURVE MR. AKASH S. KOSARKAR

MR. CHHANESH M. TURKAR MR. UMESH R. ASWANI

MR. GAURAO B. BAGHELE

AS PRESCRIBED BY MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION MUMBAI (MSBTE) AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DURING IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-2021.

DATE: - GUIDED BY
PLACE:-AMGAON MR.SATIS RANE

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE: - DATE:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 F ORWARDING LETTER

Forwarded herewith is the project entitled "Concept of Zero Waste”

submitted By Mr. Khushal R. Motghare, Mr. Raj P. Tembhare, Mr. Manish
R. Dhurve, Mr. Akash S. Kosarkar, Mr. Chhanesh M. Turkar, Mr. Umesh
R. Aswani, Mr. Gaurao B. Baghele was bonafied student in this institution
.The project work is in the partial fulfillment of the requirement towards the
award of the Diploma in Civil Engineering (CE) to the Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai. It has been carried out under the
guidance and supervision of Mr. Hitendra Baghele Department of Civil
Engineering, Shri Laxmanrao Mankar College of Polytechnic, Amgaon.

Project Guide H.O.D.

Mr.Hitendra Baghele Mr. Satis Rane

PRINCIPAL
Prof. S.C.HANUWATE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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 INDEX

Chapter Page No.

1. Abstract 9

2. Introduction 11

3. Literature Review 14

4. Concept of Zero Waste 18

5. Scope Of The Project 24

6. Methodology 34

7. Benefits Of Zero Waste 40

8. Conclusion 44

9. REFERENCE 47

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CHAPTER NO. 1
ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT
Zero waste management means the holistic concept of waste
management which recognizes waste as a resource produced during the
interim phase of the process of resource consumption. Zero waste strategies
may be applied to companies, to communities, industrial sectors, to schools,
and homes since they include many stakeholders, not only those of the
environment, but also technological aspects. Sustainability is also strongly
supported by environmental protection, cost reduction, and additional jobs
when it comes to waste management and handling back into the industrial
cycle. Lowering global resource requirement force us to consider resource
management and product management. The management of zero waste is
therefore a holistic view of the sustainable avoidance and management of waste
and resources. Although there are many null practice approaches and null
waste approaches in the modern world, zero waste is a very complex system,
and in the future, there are still many works.

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CHAPTER NO. 2
INTRODUCTION

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NTRODUCTION
Zero Waste: The conservation of all resources by means of responsible
production, consumption, reuse and recovery of all products, packaging, and
materials, without burning them, and without discharges to land, water or air
that threaten the environment or human health. In 1973, Dr. Paul Palmer first
applied the term “zero waste” to recover chemicals (Palmer, 2004). Zero
waste approach is one of the most widely studied concept but still the most
controversial topic in recent decades in waste management research .Zero
Waste (ZW) is defined as “a system to design and management of products and
processes for waste removal and material retention and rehabilitation, not
burning or burying” (Zero Waste International Alliance, ZWIA, 2004). ZW is
therefore concerned with waste prevention through sustainable design and
consumption practices, optimal waste recovery and not waste management by
landfill or incineration. Zero Waste supports waste prevention and avoidance
rather than waste treatment and disposal strongly. It is understandable; it may
however not be feasible, under the existing resource consumption and waste
management systems, to achieve nil incineration and nil landfill targets. Waste
was dealt with as a burden and social problem and was therefore largely
managed by “end-of-pipe” solutions such as waste disposal systems. The
traditional waste management system, which mainly relies on sites,
significantly pollutes our environment, thus requiring an improved and
efficient waste management system with a limited exception in developed
countries. Thus the zero-waste objective, using industrial symbiosis, recycling
or “up cycling,” is to use and consume resources within a circular economic
model with minimum environmental degradation, based on the “no-waste”
principle from nature. Local governments and business organizations

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frequently use strategic waste management plans to manage waste issues. For
a successful implementation of a waste management plan it is essential to
establish an effective planning process. Several studies on the development of
waste management frameworks have been conducted, including decision
frameworks, legislative frameworks and hierarchical frameworks. A
framework assists decision-makers in understanding, improving, assessing and
guiding waste management systems. The 4R principles (reduction, recycling,
reuse and recover) are among the top three in the waste hierarchy and are
regarded as the founding principles of the sustainable waste management
system. The “3R” principles were extending to five steps in the waste hierarchy
in the European Union Waste Framework Directive 2008, including prevention
(avoidance), recycling (including recovery of energy) and disposal. Waste
prevention is a major problem of zero waste and calls for collective social
sensibility and knowledge of waste, innovation in production and business
models. Awareness and transformative knowledge in relation to the choice of
pro-environmental lifestyle are often believed to motivate behavior change.
Waste management and processing technologies have been used over centuries
to solve waste problems. Zero waste believes that technology alone cannot
solve waste problems on the basis of community participation, service
infrastructure, regulatory policy and ecological treatment technology in a
sustainable manner. Nevertheless, it limits the application of waste energy
(WTE), which consumes waste to make electricity (heating and
electricity) and waste disposal in an “ideal” zero waste environment, between
traditional waste handling and non-residual waste management.

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CHAPTER NO. 3
LITERATURE
REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide is South Australia’s capital city and includes 19 municipalities in an
urban area of 8415 km2 with population 1,089,728 (UNHABITAT, 2010). The
City Council of Adelaide (ACC) is responsible in Adelaide for waste
management. Zero Waste SA (ZWSA) is a government organization created
under the Zero Waste SA Act of the South Australian state. ZWSA allows people
to improve recycling and waste management practices in their homes,
workplaces and industry (ZWSA, 2011). Adelaide has a high percentage of
waste collection systems in relation to other capital cities in Australia in waste
management systems. The legislation on the deposit of containers has been
adopted in 1977; therefore, 137 Zero Waste more than thirty years since
recycling of various containers. Zero Waste SA works in Southern Australia to
achieve a zero-waste area.
2) Community Action, Taiwan, China
Taiwan was confronted by a waste crisis in the 1980s because there was
no room to increase its site deposits. When the government turned to mass
incineration it not only stopped dozens of burners being made by the vicious
opposition of the community, it also pushed the Government to adopt waste
prevention and recycling targets and programs (Allen, 2012b). These policies
and programs were so effective that waste volumes decreased significantly,
even as both population and gross domestic product grew. Its waste disposal
rate was around 48.82 percent, and waste per capita expenditures were 25.40
dollars a year. The government, however, has cut down on the potential of
waste prevention strategies through the maintenance of both pro-incinerator

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policies and waste prevention policies, because large investments in
incinerator drain resources could otherwise be used for their improvement and
expansion.
3) Indonesia
The Indonesian government in early May 2008 passed Law Number 18
of 2008 concerning Waste Management as an umbrella for national law. The
law says the regional government is obliged to close all landfills (TPA) that are
operated as open dumping in a maximum period of 5 years (until 2013). In the
same time frame, the new landfills will be built to replace them. The
construction of new landfills must use the Sanitary Landfill system by
applicable standards and regulations (Pemerintah Indonesia, 2008)[1].
Nationally it is estimated that only 60% -70% of the total urban waste can be
transported to a landfill by authorized government agencies (Damanhuri,
2005) [2]. Most TPAs are operated as controlled open dumping landfill, even
though the landfill is designed as a Sanitary Landfill. It was identified in the
study conducted by Meidiana & Gamse (2011) [3] and Munawar & Fellner
(2013) [4]. These practices will cause emissions and leachate containing
organic pollutants, nitrogen content and greenhouse gases (GHG). Proper
waste management can prevent environmental damage and depletion of
natural resources. On the other hand, the issue of global warming and
climate change and its various impacts on humans has triggered communities
to think about sustainable natural resources. The limited availability of natural
resources especially nonrenewable resources forces people to think hard how
to save the remaining natural resources. Zero Waste Management (ZWM)
system is one of the solutions that are holistic in managing waste and resources
in a city in a sustainable manner (Zaman & Lehmann, 2011) [5] Waste

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management is still a big challenge for the Indonesian government. These
challenges include public awareness that is still relatively low because there
are still many persons do throw litter, do not sort, the level of payment of
retribution is low while the government itself is still lacking in providing
facilities and conducting the waste promotion (Faisal, 2014) [6]. Even though
Indonesia has had a Waste Law since 2008, there are still many waste concepts
that have not been implemented optimally.

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CHAPTER NO. 4
CONCEPT OF
ZERO WASTE

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Concept of Zero Waste:
Zero Waste is a set of principles focused on waste prevention that
encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused.
The goal is for no trash to be sent to landfills, incinerators, or the ocean. Zero
waste is more of a goal or ideal rather than a hard target.

The philosophy of Zero Waste strives to ensure that products are

designed to be repaired, refurbished, re-manufactured and generally reused.
Among key zero waste facilities are material recovery facilities, composting
plants, reuse facilities, wastewater/bio solids plants etc.

` Material recovery facilities (MRFs) are an essential part of a zero waste

management program as it receives separates and prepares recyclable
materials for marketing to end-user manufacturers. The main function of the
MRF is to maximize the quantity of recyclables processed, while producing
materials that will generate the highest possible revenues in the market. MRFs
can also process wastes into a feedstock for biological conversion through
composting and anaerobic digestion.

Conventional Production System:

 We extract natural resources like trees, precious metals and petroleum.
 We manufacture them, often through polluting, toxic and wasteful
practices, into products designed for the dump.
 We distribute them, often shipping them long distances, from
manufacturing to sale.

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  Here's where you come in, with few choices and opportunities to do the
green thing.

 After we buy and use them, we pitch our products into a hole in the
ground (landfill) or an incinerator and destroy the value of those
resources. When we need new products, we just head back to the natural
resources like they’re in infinite supply.

Drawbacks of the System:

Population (and untold numbers of other species): In the past 40 years, our
population has doubled and it continues to grow. We’re all dependent upon a
limited number of natural resources for survival.

Climate Change: A rapidly changing climate will fundamentally affect the life
of every global citizen (and species) including our water and food supplies, our
health and beyond. The way we produce, consume and dispose of our products
and our food accounts for 42% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.

Resource Wars: As quantities of resources like petroleum, minerals, even fresh

water shrink, wars are being waged to grab control of the last of them.

Future Generations: The resources we’re squandering don’t belong to us. If

we can’t feed, clothe and house people peacefully today, how will future
generations do so on far fewer resources?

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Zero Waste System:

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New rules and policies that take a responsible approach to using and
conserving dwindling natural resources.

New manufacturing processes and smarter design where manufacturers

are held responsible for the full lifecycle of their products, giving them the
incentive to design for the environment, NOT the dump.

New programs in every sector of our society to shift our culture away from
wasting and toward a sense of responsibility for our planet and its future.

Resource recovery infrastructure to replace landfills and incinerators and

recover 90% or more of our discards.

Empowered citizens like you who now live in a system that supports your
efforts, while you continue to call for Zero Waste progress in your community

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 Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA)
 It is a group of environmental professionals dedicated to working towards a
world without waste through public education and practical application of Zero
Waste principles.
 By disseminating knowledge and providing support to its members ZWIA is
promoting the implementation of Zero Waste Principles in various aspects.

ZWIA’s visionary goals strive for:

 Zero waste of resources-energy, material and human

 Zero waste in production activities- recycling, reclamation and

sourcing

 Zero waste in product life-go to market, use, end of life

 Zero emission – air, soil, water, solid and hazardous.

 Zero use of toxics-processes and products

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CHAPTER NO. 5
SCOPE

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Zero Waste Strategy and Solid Waste Management
Continuing population growth, booming economy, rapid urbanization
and rising standards of community living have greatly accelerated the
generation of solid waste worldwide, particularly from developing countries.
Solid waste is now a global ecological issue as global volume of solid waste is
estimated to be around 11 billion tons per year (2.5 tons of trucks can rotate
around 300 circles around the equator) in 2011, with solid waste production
per capita at about 1.74 tons / year worldwide. The large volume of waste
has also created enormous pressure on the waste management authority to be
more sustainable way to achieve sustainability Current society is driven
towards greater sustainability by global climate changes and their diverse
effects on human life. Lowering global finite resources also forces us to take
resource and product management into account. One approach to zero waste
was therefore proposed to address these concerns .A state of zero wastes may
finally become a necessity in the world with limited resources because of the
great environmental pressures. Currently some good zero waste practices in
cities, businesses, individuals and waste recycling industries have been
proposed and implemented. Following case-studies should inspire the urban,
the private and the waste recycling industries to pursue their own zero waste
efforts and the development of the new zero waste investment and
implementation plans for the organizations and individuals concerned.

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INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR ZERO CONSTRUCTION
WASTE
The building, one of mankind’s most ancient activities, places an
important influence on socio-economic development and also has an indelible
influence on the environment and the surroundings. It affects the economic
dynamics of society and has a significant environmental and environmental
impact. Construction activities have long-term consequences both for the
change of the appearance of the region, as well as for the management and
management of natural resources. Innovation is of vital importance not only to
those in a given region (region, state and like) that want to increase or sustain
economic growth, but also to those who benefit directly. Production is therefore
no longer a core problem that should influence or modify the economic course
of development or improve quality of life as much as possible. Since the
majority of natural resources are non-limited and renewable, we can guarantee
equality of opportunity only if we are responsible for the management of
resources. The EU has set one of its main targets, in its sustainable development
strategy, the breaking down of links between economic growth, natural
resource utilization and waste production. The recycling model for lightweight
aggregate construction waste is developed to include environmental
considerations.

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Zero Waste Approach via Bio-Refinery Using Sustainable
Material: Lignocellulose

Diverse aspects of bio-refinery as a sustainable technology for the

processing of’ materials’ of lignocelluloses into value-added products have
been examined. There have been considerable explicit efforts to convert the
lignocellulose into value-added products, including composites, fine chemical,
animal feeding stuffs, pulp and paper, biofuels and enzymes (Figure 3). In many
processes relating to lignocellular biotechnology, it has shown significant
improvements over the past few years and has triggered broad and innovative
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studies of lignocellulose, various fungal consortia and lignin lytic enzymes,
including lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and lactase
(Lac), their purification and immobilization to present their potential for a
wider spectrum of biotechnological applications Innovations in the world of
bio-refiners are offering a portfolio of sustainable and eco-efficient products to
compete in the petroleum-based products market which is currently
dominated by intensive research. It is interesting that a bio-refinery has
enormous potential for using / capitalizing all kinds of biomass sources,
including agricultural, agro-industrial, algae and municipal resources.
Historically speaking, bio-based producers have targeted value-added
products, chemical platforms and specialty markets, where multi-functionality
often plays a critical role to justify the objective of the end product. This
integrated transition from the petrochemical approaches mentioned above to
a sustainable bio-refinery has numerous justifications
To prevent excess dependence on petrochemical products

 To avoid price increases

 To avoid over - consumption of petroleum, gas, coal and other potential

minerals

 To enhance and diversify bio - renewable sources

 In addressing global climate issues

 Greenhouse gas emissions

 To safeguard the natural ecosystem and

 To boost regional and rural greener growth

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Zero-Waste Design for Sustainable Fashion
Zero-waste design is popular as a sustainable manufacturing way. In
many other manufacturing regions Subaru, Proctor & Gamble, DuPont and
Caterpillar are just some of the businesses that boast of their zero-waste-to-
landfill facilities. The result of this design can be sustainability, but null-waste
design can also be a tremendously creative challenge. The designer does not
only create a creative reflection on model shapes of the cloth, but also needs
innovative sewing, seam closings and seam construction. The concept of zero-
waste clothing therefore seeks to eliminate any wasteful clothing from the
production process by developing designs using 100% of the length of the cloth,
so that no waste hits ‘the ground for the cutting room.’ The most common
method of manufacturing apparel in cutting clothing production is that of
cutting material waste by average 15 percent. The reason is that design parts
for most clothing items have irregular shapes which do not combine perfectly
like pieces in a puzzle. The fashion industry uses different methods for
minimizing this waste, such as software for planning the introduction of model
cutting parts or cutting multiple sizes and styles together. However, these
methods do not eliminate the waste material that ends in the cutting room floor
in its entirety. The focus of the paper is on the challenge of designing garments
that do not produce waste when cutting while the scraps are recycled or
recycled (appliqués, pillow stuffing). Indigenous garments have used zero
waste for centuries The Indian sari, a cloth long, is often remembered as draped
and wrapped around the body without being cut or stitched. The Japanese
kimono is also a null-waste, but is made of cut and sewn fabric pieces. Therefore
the challenge for designers of a sustainable nature is to create styles that could
be adopted in west mode within zero-fabric waste parameters.

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Zero Waste to Industrial Networks

Project Zero WIN

Zero WIN, a five-year project, running between 2009-2014 which was

funded by the EC under the Seventh Framework Programme, established by the
Towards Zero Waste in Industrial Networks (www. zerowin.eu). It consists of
30 academic and industry partners throughout Europe (and one in Taiwan)
that integrated their skills to allow the strategies chosen to be studied in real-
life case studies. The Consortium investigates and demonstrates, by adopting a
network approach and combining methods & tools, using technology and
design and innovations and policy measures, how the closed-loop philosophy
can help to achieve zero waste. The Zero WIN partners have elaborated the
draft proposal from the common perspective that the zero waste objective has
been necessary and achievable, that there has been a clear and determined
need for research in this field, and that such an ambitious study has required a
consortium of research institutions and industries with the necessary research
expertise and practical ability to achieve the project objectives. To develop the
zero waste vision before decide which new technologies and methods for waste
prevention to apply, and what tools to use, before developing the
manufacturing model for optimization of resources and prevention of waste.
Quantitative evaluation of the success and the policy implications of the Zero
WIN approach was reported throughout the project and extensive
dissemination of results was planned. Overall management and coordination
have been formally integrated into a work package to ensure efficiency of the
project. In four industries, Zero WIN focused on two key waste types:

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  Building and demolition waste

 Electronic / high-tech waste; from three areas:

 Electrical and Electronic Facilities (EEF)

 Car industry

 Photovoltaic sector (PV)

The Zero WIN project has identified the best way to improve and bring together
existing approaches and tools in an industrial system, as well as how to use
innovative technologies to achieve a zero waste vision. The specific
environmental targets were:

 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

 70% overall reuse and waste recycling
 75% decrease in freshwater utilization

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Key Strategies Identified for Applying Zero Waste in
Industry
A network approach and everyone involved will require a shared vision
in order to achieve this, make best use of a number of existing waste prevention
approaches as well as tools and technologies and develop new ones to improve
the whole system.

1. Eco-Design: The design of system waste is especially important for real

improvements in system-wide waste reduction (Figure). For Zero WIN this
principle includes extended use, dematerialization and green chemistry
concepts.

2. Industrial Symbiosis: It’s part of the concept of industrial ecology. This is

particularly important for Zero WIN, which is aimed at reaching zero waste by
promoting industrial networks. The theoretical rationale and methods of
information and resources sharing in different industries constitute industrial
symbiosis; eco-industry parks are real world industrial symbiosis applications
3. Closed Log Supply Chains: Zero WIN developed a version of an established
management strategy with a view to incorporating loop-closure reverse
logistics and optimizing the supply, distribution and recycling flows of
materials, produce and waste. The efficiency and sustainable performance of
the industrial network were improved

4. Uses of New Technologies: Innovative technology can have powerful

environmental and economic implications for new products and industrial
processes. With Zero WIN RFID and the D4R-Re-use, Recycle, Repair-Laptop
and grid-connected and stand-alone PV systems, the investigation, design and
testing of these systems was carried out.

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5. Management of Products: Extended manufacturer’s liability methods, and
in particular individual manufacturer’s liability (IPR), are viewed as important
tools to enforce producers ‘full responsibility, especially at the end of their
lifetimes for their products.

6. Life Cycle Assessment: It is now recognized that measuring impacts from

raw materials through the production and utilization phases to end-of-life
throughout the physical life cycle of real product environmental impacts can
lead to more sustainable production and consumption patterns. The
measurement of the carbon footprint was also identified as important for
further increased use of carbon objectives and budgets in Europe. LCA and
carbon foot printing methods are used to evaluate the success of Zero WIN’s
various waste prevention and case-studies in relation to greenhouse gas
emission targets, waste and water use.

Figure. Showing zero waste system proposed for Zero WIN

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CHAPTER NO. 6
METHODOLOGY

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Steps in Zero Waste

The main emphasis of modern waste management hierarchy is to

achieve 4Rs, which includes Reduce the waste, Reuse the waste, Recycle the
waste and Recover useful products and energy from the waste. The majority
fraction of solid waste shall involve in 4R’s and minimum fraction of waste.
Source Reduction: It is the practice of designing, manufacturing,
purchasing or using materials in way that reduce the amount or toxicity of
waste. Source reduction can be a successful method of reducing waste
generation.
 Choosing items that you need, not want: People who keep upgrading their
electronics (e.g., cellphones) to the latest design are very likely to waste
their money and also unnecessarily waste natural resources.
 Shopping for high-quality items: You may have to pay more, but high-

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 quality items may last longer, perform better, and give fewer problems
than lower quality items. Instead of disposable items, opt for durable
ones such as silverware, reusable cups, and reusable water bottles.
 Using minimum packaging: Packaging materials like plastic bags, boxes,
packing peanuts, and plastic wrappers often wind up in landfills. Bring
your own shopping bags instead of using plastic bags. If you don’t have
shopping bags, use paper bags instead of plastic because they decompose
faster. Many stores have reusable bags for sale at the register, and some
stores even have used plastic bags for consumers to use.
 Buying local products: Besides stimulating the local economy, buying
local products means we can reduce negative environmental impacts
from transportation.
Benefits Source Reduction:
 Saves natural resources,
 Reduces toxicity of waste,
 Reduces costs.
Reuse of Wastes: Reusing items by repairing them, ensuring that it finds a
user when it is of no use to the first user. This can be done by selling it, donating
it to charity. Reusing products, when possible, is even better than recycling
because the item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again.
Following are some examples of reuse.
 Containers can be reused at home or for school projects.
 Reuse wrapping paper, plastic bags, boxes, and lumber.
 Give outgrown clothing to friends or charity.
 Buy beverages in returnable containers.
 Donate broken appliances to charity or a local vocational school, which
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 can use them for art classes or for students to practice repairing.
 Offer furniture and household items that are no longer needed to people
in need, friends, or charity.
 Sheets of paper that have been used on only one side can be used for note-
taking or rough drafts.
 Old, outdated furniture can be reupholstered or slipcovered. Have
padding added to the furniture to give it a new look. Often the frame can
be modified slightly to change the way it looks.
 Old towels and sheets can be cut in small pieces and used for dust cloths.
 Books and magazines can be donated to schools, public libraries, or
nursing homes.
 Newspapers can be donated to pet stores.
 Packing materials, such as polystyrene, plastic quilting, and similar
materials, can be saved and reused again for packing.
 Carry a reusable bag or take bags to the store when you go for shopping.
There are attractive nylon mesh bags available that can be stored easily
in the glove compartment of your car. Durable canvas bags, which take
very little space to tuck away when not in use, can also be used.
 If you buy prepared microwaveable dinners, save the plates for outdoor
parties or for children.
 Old tires can be used in the garden and in the play yard.
Ways to Reuse:
 Use products that are durable,
 Avoid use of disposables such as paper napkins,
 Refilling bottles,
 Purchasing of refillable pens and pencils or products.
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Recycle the Waste: There is no formal way of defining recycling. It is best
understood as a beneficial way to reuse the products that has been used and
might be disposed of as waste. Recyclable materials are, Paper and cardboard;
Glass; Plastics; Metals; Leather, rubber; synthetics etc., various products such
as recovery of batteries, refining used oil and recovering energy are few
examples of forms of recycling.
Composting is the good example of recycling.
The benefits of recycling are:
 Save energy
 Save resources
 Save cost
 Reduce price
Recover from Waste: The energy can be recovered from the waste.
Recoverable energy resources are as follows.
 LFG (landfill gas)
 RDF (refused derived fuel)
 Methane
 Compost etc.

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Zero Waste Index
The Zero Waste Index is a tool for measuring the potential of virgin
materials for zero waste systems to be offset. One of the key objectives of the
concept of null waste is the zero depletion of natural resources. The
measurement of efficiency of the city of zero waste would therefore eventually
measure resources that have been recovered, consumed, wasted, recycled and
ultimately replaced with virgin materials and offset waste disposal systems.
However, the rates of waste diversion do not indicate the waste management
system’s virgin material replacement efficiency which is very important in the
conservation of global natural resources. This is why the zero waste index is a
cutting-edge tool for measuring waste management systems in virgin material
replacement. With the introduction of the zero waste global index, the potential
compensation of virgin materials and the potential depletion of natural
resources could be measured. The ZWI also provides a useful tool to compare
various waste management systems across the city and provides a broader
picture of the potential demand in the city for virgin materials, energy, CO2 and
water. Therefore, the ZWI is a performance indicator for evaluating the overall
performance of waste management systems.
𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
Zero waste index∑𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 /𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐬
Diversion rate x100
𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐠𝐞+ 𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐬

Recyclables = waste that is reused, recycled, composted or digested Garbage =

waste that is landfilled or incinerated

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CHAPTER NO. 7
BENEFITS

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Benefits of Zero Waste
Zero waste reduces our climate impact.
Reducing, reusing and recycling can be a key part of a climate change
strategy to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. EPA has estimated
roughly 42% of all greenhouse gas emissions are caused by the production and
use of goods, including food, products and packaging.3 Reducing, reusing and
recycling will conserve that energy and dramatically reduce our carbon
emissions.
Zero waste conserves resources and minimizes pollution
Our current culture of consumption is unsustainable. Extracting raw
materials from natural spaces requires large amounts of energy and causes
pollution, whether it is logging a forest, mining for minerals or drilling for oil.
Processing these materials requires more energy and causes more pollution.
Once they’re used, the goods are simply dumped in a landfill or destroyed in an
incinerator.
In contrast, a zero waste approach conserves natural resources and
reduces pollution from extraction, manufacturing and disposal. Reducing and
reusing means fewer products are made, as people buy less and as products are
made to last. Recycling keeps waste out of landfills and incinerators and
provides manufacturers with recycled instead of raw materials to make new
goods.
Zero waste promotes social equity and builds community.
A zero waste approach can build community capacity, support
marginalized communities and protect community health. Community groups,
and small businesses have solutions to help to get zero waste while also
building community capacity and addressing social inequities.

40 | P a g e
 Community projects focused on reuse help redistribute useful goods to
those in need, from leftover food donated to shelters, to furniture for refugees,
to business clothing for those entering the job market. Community-based zero
waste strategies like composting at a community garden, tool sharing and skills
sharing to reuse and repair, build capacity to reduce waste and costs.
A zero waste strategy needs to ensure everyone has access to tools to
reduce, reuse and recycle waste where they live, work and play. This allows
everyone to participate in protecting our environment. A zero waste approach
also protects the health of communities by reducing pollution in the air, water
and soil by keeping toxics and waste out of landfills and incinerators.
Zero waste supports a local circular economy and creates jobs
A zero waste builds a circular economy, where one person’s “waste” is a
resource for something new. This creates good, green jobs as resources are
endlessly recirculated through our economy instead of being used once and
then disposed or destroyed.
Recycling, composting and diversion programs create 10 times more jobs
than disposal. Green jobs are created in collecting and handling recyclable
materials and processing at local recyclers, waste depots and compost facilities.
Reducing and reusing materials create even more jobs in rental and sharing
businesses (e.g. car-sharing, tool rental), repair and tailoring, and reuse
businesses. Local money is spent on local jobs and stays within the community
instead of leaving the community to buy imported products.

Zero waste needs businesses to play a key role

Right now, it pay most of the costs of our waste system through waste
fees. The Strategy sets a clear “zero waste” goal and new rules that will build a

41 | P a g e
circular economy and eliminate waste. A key part of this is requiring companies
that import or make products and packaging take responsibility for the waste
from those products. Called ‘extended producer responsibility’, this gives
companies an incentive to reduce packaging, and make their products more
durable, or easier to recycle. This will drive innovation for a circular resource
economy and save residents money.

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CHAPTER NO. 8
CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION
 Zero Waste can be alternative concept in waste management because Zero
Waste is a concept that starts from, prevents waste in "upstream" to
"downstream", not just handling waste by dumping it to landfill.

 Require the involvement of all parties in implementing the concept of Zero

Waste, ranging from private parties, governments and communities in the
implementation of this concept.

 Policy support from the national government in the form of a firmer

regulation is required for Zero Waste to be implemented properly.
 The Municipal Government should included a number of Zero Waste
principles and implemented some of them. The implementation of Zero
Waste still needs to be improved again in order to really reduce waste.
The rapid economic growth and globalization produced a massive
amount of waste and attracted the global attention due to potential
environmental impact and resource waste, such as illegal dumping and the
cross-border movement of industrial waste, informal e-waste recycling, food
loss and the release of greenhouse gas, resource consumption. The idea of’ zero
waste’ is therefore an efficient means to solve the problems of solid waste. Zero
waste is to promote the redevelopment of resource life cycles in order to reuse
all products. There have now been significant efforts in the cities, companies
and individuals that offer many good suggestions for the future production of
zero waste. In order to measure the performance of waste management
systems, decision makers and waste experts use various indicators. In the past
decade, waste diversion, green town and zero waste indexes were used to
measure the performance of a town as a key indicator. In order to produce zero

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waste, certain key strategies, such as Eco-Design and Eco-Labeling should be
applied from the extraction of raw materials to the end disposal. The zero waste
management for solid waste, industrial waste, building waste and electronic
waste must move beyond recycling, to the largely unknown territory of the
higher end of the waste management, such as eco - design, eco - labeling, closed
loop chain and clean production. The world’s efforts at reducing its problems
can ironically block a preventive approach. As currently practiced, zero waste,
sustainability and sustained economic growth may not be achieved. The
alternative suggested seems viable and feasible; it does, however, call for a
change of thinking. People have always been inventive and have changed the
face of the world, but how easy minds can change remains to be seen. Most
people in the world already suffer from an increasing number of worse effects.
All of these impacts are not guaranteed to remain tolerable until everyone is
ready.

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CHAPTER NO. 9
REFERENCE

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REFERENCE
 https://www.google.com/search?q=concept+of+zero+waste+project&s
xsrf=ALeKk03Edp8VBlo5P-
FEDrBkIuuoku5UPw%3A1622519684138&ei=hK-1YPH7B4H6rQGng5-
gDw&oq=CONCEPT+OF&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMYADIECCMQJzICCA
AyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoECAAQQzoFC
AAQkQI6BAguEEM6CgguEMcBEKMCEEM6CAguEMcBEKMCOggILhDHA
RCvAVDhIVjfRmDOTmgAcAJ4AIABzAOIAdEYkgEJMC40LjMuMS4zmAE
AoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpesABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_waste
 https://www.slideshare.net/prithivim1/zerowaste-37715961
 https://www.slideshare.net/Anbarnetche/zero-waste-presentation

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