HOW ARE SOUNDS CLASSIFIED?

HOW TO CLASSIFIED CONSONANTS AND

VOWELS? WHY CLASSIFIED LIKE THAT?

The sounds in English fall into two classes: consonants and vowels.
Consonants are classified according to place of articulation; manner of
articulation; voicing; and nasal and oral sounds. Voicing is whether the vocal
folds vibrate or not. Nasal sounds are produced when the velum is lowered and
air is passed through the nose and mouth. Oral sounds are produced when the
velum is raised and air passes only through the mouth. Vowels are classified
according to height of the tongue, part of tongue involved, and position of the
lips. The tongue can be high, mid, or low; and the part of the tongue used can be
front, central or back. Only four vowels are produced with rounded lips and only
four vowels are considered tense instead of lax. In English also have vowels
called diphthongs, a sequence of two sounds, vowel + glide. In addition, vowels
can be nasalized when they occur before nasal consonants, called nasalization of
vowels.
Consonants and vowels are divided this way because consonants are very
detailed, precise consonants and this is produced by precise sound points; vowels
do not have exact sound points and have no fixed sound points, so they cannot be
divided like consonants. In English, to emit a vowel, it is necessary to rely on a
standard sound in Vietnamese and change the position of the tongue gradually to
draw an exact position to create the vowel.
 HOW TO DESCRIBE SOUNDS?
To describe sounds in English must base on airstream from lungs across
glottis the to the mouth or nose; and must base on sound features.

IN ENGLISH, SOME SOUNDS DESCRIBTIONS

ARE SYLLABIC OR NOT VALID?
WHY? GIVE EXAMPLE?

Syllabic sound is the most syllable sound in English. The sound has feature
when it is the head or speak of a syllable. On the other hand, the head of a syllable
is nucleus vowel. Otherwise it is non-syllabic. In English, only the vowel has the
syllabic feature because the vowel can stand alone, and the consonant cannot stand
alone so there is no syllabic feature. However, there are a few exceptions,
consonants still have a syllabic feature, called syllabic consonants. A syllabic
consonant is a phonetic element that normally patterns as a consonant, but may fill
a vowel slot in a syllable. In other words, a syllabic consonant is a consonant that
can form an entire syllable on its own, without any vowels. Usually, a syllable
contains a vowel. However, /l/, /m/, /n/, / ŋ/ sometimes functions as syllables by
themselves, without any accompanying vowel, using the using the /ḷ/, /m/, /ṇ/, /ŋ/
sounds. Syllabic /ḷ/ and /ṇ/ typically occur in an unstressed syllable immediately
following the alveolar consonants, /t/, /s/, /z/, as well as /d/.
Example:
bottle /ˈ bɑ:tḷ /, cattle / ˈkætḷ /
cotton /ˈkɑ:tṇ;/, button /ˈbʌtṇ/.
Syllabic /ḷ/ can also follow /st/ or plain /n/ or /nt/
Examples:
pistol /ˈpɪstḷ/
tunnel /ˈtʌnḷ/
 The symbol /ə/ preceding the consonant "m" does not itself represent a
sound. It signifies instead that the following consonant ("m") is syllabic; that is, the
consonant itself forms the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.
Examples:
feudalism /ˈfju:dəˌlɪzəm/
heroism /ˈherəˌwɪzəm/
When the “-ING” suffix is added to a verb with a syllabic consonant, the
syllabic consonant may either be retained as such or it simply becomes the initial
consonant of the extra syllable.
Examples:
Listening /ˈlɪsṇɪŋ/
going /ˈgowɪŋ/