ITU 07204: Fundamentals of Web

Technologies
Lecture 1

Dr. Lupiana, D
FCIM, Institute of Finance Management
Semester 2

Agenda:
•What is the Internet?
•What is the World Wide Web?
•How do the two relates?

The Internet
•Internet is a network of computers spanning
the Globe.

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The Internet
•Internet is a short form of Interconnected
Networks.

•Any computer that is connected to the

Internet can exchange data with any other
connected computer.

The Internet
•To exchange files over the Internet, computers
needed to use telnet protocol or file transfer
protocol (ftp).

The Internet
•Both Telnet and FTP are application layer
protocols (in respect to OSI model).

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The Internet
•Protocols in the application layer ensure
effective communications between
application programs over a network.

The Internet
•Telnet is a character-based communication
protocol and hence not designed to transmit
cursor movements or GUI information.

•FTP is primarily designed to facilitate file

transferring and not for users to interact with the
files.
•Both Telnet and FTP have security
limitations.

World Wide Web (www)

•The www, or the Web, is a service or an
application of the Internet.

•The Web provides a simple way of sharing

information over a network.

•The Web provides a hypertext-hypermedia

interface to information resources on the
Internet.

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World Wide Web (www)
•The Web offers a view of one virtually unified
but decentralized information space.

•Documents on the Web are prepared using

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and
organized using hyperlinks, commonly known as
links.

World Wide Web (www)

•Documents on the Web can have hyperlinks to
other documents in different servers making
switching from one server to another simple.

•A client program for the Web can be used to

search for information held on a distributed
network of Web servers.

World Wide Web (www)

•The Web uses hypertext transfer protocol
(HTTP) for information exchange between
computers on a network.

•Like telnet and ftp, HTTP is also an application

layer protocol.

•HTTP, however, is designed to facilitate

exchange of hypertext documents.

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A Website
•A Website is an area or site that is accessible
over the Internet.

•A Website is like a book, often have several

pages known as Web pages.

•Web pages of a Website are connected

together by links.

A Website
•Each page of a Website can be accessed by
clicking on a specific link.

•Each Website contains a home page

–It is like a title cover page of a book
–In most cases it is referred to as an index page
–Other Web pages can be accessed via this
page

A Website
•A Web page is a processed html document.

•An html document is a source file that contains

content of a Web page formatted in a standard
that is not friendly to many users.

•An html document contains html tags, html

elements, page content and many other useful
elements

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Web Browser
•A Web Browser is a software program that
formats and translates an html document to
enable a user to view a Web page.

•Google Chrome, Internet Explorer and Mozilla

Firefox are the common Web browsers.

Web Browser
•In a client-server model, a Web browser is a
client running on users’ computers.

•A Web browser is often preinstalled in any

computer, Tablet and Smartphone.

Domain Name
•To access a Website, a Web browser needs to
locate a computer (Web server) that have this
Website.

•To access this computer over the Internet, a

unique Internet Protocol (IP) address is used.

•Since numbers are not user friendly to many,

Web browsers also accepts domain names.

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Domain Name
•A domain name is a unique name associated
with a specific IP address of a host computer of a
Website.
•For example, 74.125.141.94 is the IP address for
a computer that hosts Google Tanzania (
google.co.tz).
•There are many tools online that can display IP
addresses of domain names.

Domain Name
•A program that coordinates IP addresses and
domain names is called DNS (Domain Name
System ) software.
•The host computer that runs this software is
called a domain name server.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

•IP address and domain name each identify a
particular computer on the Internet.

•They do not indicate where a Website resides on

that computer.

•To identify a Web page of a certain Website,

Web browsers rely on Uniform Resource
Locator (URL).

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
•URL is a four-part addressing scheme that
tells the Web browser:
–Transfer protocol to use for transporting the
file
–The domain name of the computer on which the
file resides
–The pathname of the folder or directory on the
computer on which the file resides
–The name of the file

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

protocol pathname

http://ifm.ac.tz/documents/IFM%20Prospectus%202016-17.pdf
Domain name
filename

https => Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)