INTERNET

LECTURE 7
 Interconnected Network (Internet)
■ Internet
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users
at other computers).
Evolution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological &
Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
■ The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency
Network (ARPANET).
■ ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
■ Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of
government.
■ Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
■ In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different countries
and thus became known as Internet.
 Internet - 1970s
■ 1972 - Telnet developed as a way to connect to remote computer
■ 1972 – Email introduced
– 1977 - U. Wisconsin has first “large” Email system - 100 users
■ 1973 - ARPANET goes international
■ 1973 - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) established

Note: protocol Sometimes referred to as an access method, a protocol is a

standard or set of rules used to define a method of exchanging data over a
computer network, such as local area network, Internet, Intranet, etc.
Internet - 1980s
■ 1984 - Domain Name Server introduced
– allows naming of hosts, no longer numeric
■ 1986
– Completely privatized by 1995
– 56 K interconnection initially, increased rapidly
Internet 1990s
■ 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide Web!
– TBL is computer programmer at CERN, a physics lab in Europe (new book
Weaving the Web by TBL)
■ 1993 - Mosaic (becomes Netscape) designed by graduate students at University of
Illinois
– first point-and-click browser
– later developed into Netscape Navigator
■ These are the two most significant events in the formation of the WWW
Telnet
■ Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and software program used to access remote
computers and terminals over the Internet or a TCP/IP computer network. Telnet was
conceived in 1969 and standardized as one of the first Internet standards by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF).
■ Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote
computers. Through Telnet, an administrator or another user can access someone else's
computer remotely.
■ On the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files from remote
computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of that computer. With Telnet, you log
on as a regular user with whatever privileges you may have been granted to the specific
application and data on that computer.
File Transfer Protocol

■ File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files

between computers on the Internet over TCP/IP connections. FTP is a client-server
protocol where a client will ask for a file, and a local or remote server will provide it.
■ The end-users machine is typically called the local host machine, which is connected via
the internet to the remote host—which is the second machine running the FTP software.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML
and accessed via HTTP.
The term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over the Internet.
■ Public files on computers can be read by remote user
– usually HyperText Markup Language (.html)
■ URL - Universal Resource Locator - is name of file on a remote computer
http://www.msu.edu/~urquhar5/tour/active.html
TCP
■ When a computer wants to communicate with another computer, communication
between those computers need to be good and reliable so that data is received in good
order
■ TCP is one of the major protocols that is used in the TCP/IP network
■ TCP is what is used to guarantee that all the data is received and in order. Without TCP,
web pages can miss out on some pieces like images, letters, formats
 TCP
■ TCP is connection oriented protocol which means it acknowledges a connection
between 2 computers that are communicating.
It uses a 3 way hand shake
■ 1st step: Client uses a SYN message
■ 2nd step: Receiver will send back a SYN ACK message to show that it has received the
message
■ 3rd step: Client computer sends another ACK message back to the receiver so when this
takes place, data can be delivered
 HTTP
■ World Wide Web uses HTTP Servers, better known as web server
■ Receive HTTP type request and send requested file in packets
■ The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers use to move files from one
computer to another on the Internet.
■ The most common transfer protocol used on the Internet is the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
■ Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet are the File Transfer Protocol
(FTP) and the Telnet Protocol
■ HTML
The backbone of the World Wide Web is made of HTML files, which are
specially-formatted documents that can contain links, as well as images and
other media. All web browsers can read HTML files. In addition to HTML, it's
also very common for websites to use technologies like CSS (Cascading Style
Sheets) and JavaScript to do more advanced things.
IP Address
IP address is a unique logical address assigned to a machine over the network.

IP address is number while on the other hand domain names are easy to remember names. For
example, when we enter an email address we always enter a symbolic string such as
webmaster@tutorialspoint.com.
Types of IP addresses
Two major types of IP addresses
■ IPv4 32 bit long and IPv6 128 bit long
■ IPv4 is most common. Supports billions of addresses
■ Example of an IPv4 address is 137.170.4.124 and each sector/ group is called an can
range from 0-255. This IP address is converted to binary for a computer to understand
it
■ IPv4 would be ok because the world grows and it can run out of IPv4 permutations
which is 4.6 bn which the IPv4 can support so we need more
■ IPv6 can range from 0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000-
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
F simply means there are 16 different values that can go in that spot
Domain name:
■ What is a domain name?
A domain name is your website name. A domain name is the address where Internet users
can access your website. A domain name is used for finding and identifying computers on the
Internet. Computers use IP addresses, which are a series of numbers. However, it is difficult
for humans to remember strings of numbers. Because of this, domain names were developed
and used to identify entities on the Internet rather than using IP addresses. 
A domain name can be any combination of letters and numbers, and it can be used in
combination of the various domain name extensions, such as .com, .net and more.
The domain name must be registered before you can use it. Every domain name is unique. No
two websites can have the same domain name. If someone types in www.yourdomain.com, it
will go to your website and no one else's.
Uniform Resource Locators
■ The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular computer on the Internet.
■ However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document resides on that
computer.
■ To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform Resource Locator
(URL).
■ URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the file resides
 The name of the file
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators

pathname
protocol

http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm

filename
Domain name

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

How to access the Web?
■ Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special software called a
browser to access the Web.
■ Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers, open and transfer files,
display text and images.
■ Web browsers are specialized programs.
■ Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator (Navigator) and Internet Explorer.
Web Browser
■ A web browser is the computer program you use to retrieve and view webpages. On most
computers, including those at the Library, the browser you will use is called Internet Explorer (IE).
There are dozens of other web browsers (Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, & Opera are some of the
most popular). They may look different, but the same basic elements will be there and they all take
you to the same place—the internet.

■ A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own Internet address is called a Web
site.

■ A Web Page is like a page in a book. Websites often have several pages that you can access by
clicking on links. A Web site can be a collection of related Web pages.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
■ A commercial organization with permanent connection to the Internet that sells
temporary connections to subscribers.
■ The service provider gives you a software package, user name, password, and
access phone number. With a modem, a user can log on, browse the World Wide
Web, and communicate with others through Usenet and e-mail. Examples of ISP
in Uganda include; Airtel, MTN, Africell and many others
Servers and Clients
■ A server is a computer that "serves" many different computers in a network by
running specialized software and storing information. For example, web pages are
stored on servers.
■ When you access a web page, your computer is acting as a client. A client runs familiar
software such as web browsers or email software, and it communicates with the server
to get the information it requires.
■ In order for your browser to display a web page, it requests the data from the server
where the page is stored. The server processes the request, then sends the data to your
browser, where it is displayed.
■ In peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, each computer acts as both a server and a client.
Examples of P2P software include Skype and BitTorrent..
Advantages of internet
■ Unlimited Communication. The Internet has made it easy for people to communicate
with others because it is cheap and convenient. Eg skype, Facebook
■ Abundant Information and Resources. The Internet is swamped with information about
anything and everything. There are multiple search engines that have made it easier for
Internet users to find information.
■ Easy Sharing. Thanks to the Internet, sharing information is fast and seamless. If you
want to tell your 30 friends about your latest promotion, you can do so in an instant.
You can use social media sites such as Facebook. You can also share music, videos and
any other file
■ Online Services and E-commerce. Today it is possible to carry out financial transactions
online. You can transfer funds, pay taxes and utility bills or book movie tickets over the
Internet in the comfort of your office or home
■ Entertainment. This is one of the major reasons why many people enjoy surfing the
Internet – entertainment. You can watch movies, listen to music, read your favorite
celebrity gossip columns and play games over the Internet.
Dis Advantages of internet
■ Virus, Trojan & Other Malware. These are malicious programs that plague the Internet
time and again. They attack a computer with the sole intent of causing harm.
■ Leakage of Private Information. The fact that the Internet has become a market place
has also seen a rise in fraud cases. Credit/debit card details are particularly vulnerable.
■ Addiction to Internet. Just like everything else, people also get addicted to the Internet.
This affects their social interactions a great deal. Internet addiction has been known to
be a major cause of obesity and has, in some cases, led to some diseases like carpal
tunnel syndrome
■ Kids Exposed to Adults-Only Content. The fact that Internet has all information you
could ever need is both a good thing and a bad things. This is because it contains age-
inappropriate content like pornography. Unfortunately, such content can be accessed by
children as young as ten.
 Intranet
■ An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of
many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
■ Typically, an intranet includes connections through one or more gateway computers to
the outside Internet.
■ The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and computing
resources among employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups
and for teleconferences.
 Extranet
■ An extranet is basically a private network designed specifically to allow these
individuals (clients, vendors, suppliers, partners, etc.) to communicate with you and
your employees in a closed digital workspace.
■ Extranets serve an extremely important role, as they allow for private communication,
collaboration, knowledge sharing, document sharing, and data transfer between
organizations
services that are offered by the internet

■ E -mail
■ Telnet. This is used to log to a remote computer that is attached to the
internet
■ Newsgroups. Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common
interests
■ Internet Telephony. (VoIP) allows the internet users to talk across the
internet to any PC equipped to receive the call
■ Instant messaging. Offers real time chat between individuals and groups of
people for example Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger
■ Video conferencing. A method of communicating by two- way video and
audio transmission with the help of telecom technologies
Requirements for Internet Connection

 A computing device with a good processor.

 Brower software such as I.E, Mozilla Fire Fox, Google Chrome, etc
 Modem. Modulator Demodulator.
 ISP.

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TYPE OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

■ Dialup
■ Cable Connection
■ DSL Broadband
■ Fiber
■ satellite

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Dialup Connection
■ Dial-up connections require users to link their phone line to a computer in order to
access the Internet.
■ For accessing the internet, you have to dial a specific number, and Your ISP will open
the internet line for you.
■ Here is the same line for internet and telephone, so at a time only one task can take
place either you can run internet or talk on the telephone. It is the main disadvantage of
a Dial-up connection.
■ It is the most inexpensive form of the internet connection, apart from it, its speed is also
very slow
Cable Connection

■ Broadband Cable is typically provided by the same provider that provides cable
television to its customers.
■ Here we use cable modem/wifi router combo.
■ Because of the connection of your neighbors and you are on the same cable line so
during the peak hours you have experienced slow speed. The reason behind is that your
neighbors are also using at the same time.

Note: Broadband is the transmission of wide bandwidth data over a high speed internet
connection. Its is a fancy way of saying your internet is always connected and doesn’t
depend on a phone line connection
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

■ In a DSL internet connection, both voice and internet data can flow over the same
telephone line at the same time.
■ It has a DSL modem which filters the voice and data.
■ DSL represents a high-speed connection, much fast than the ancient dial-up connection,
but it is not as fast as a cable connection.
■ So due to DSL modem, you can go on the internet and talk on the phone at the same
time (Modem convert analog signal to digital signal).
Types of DSL internet:

■ ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): In this internet connection

downloading speed is considerably faster than the uploading speed.
■ SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line): In SDSL connection, Download and
upload speed are equal. It is typically used in businesses.
■ VDSL (Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line): it is the fastest form of the DSL.
It is fast because, in its line, copper wire is used. Due to copper, it is only installed for
limited distances.
 Fiber
■ A fiber internet connection provides the fastest internet speed today.
■ It uses light to transfer the data through the optical fiber cable.
■ In other forms of internet, connection data is transferred in electrical form, so signal get
weaker and weaker at large distances because singles in the copper cable can be affected
by electromagnetic interference.
■ But in the fiber optic cable, signal transfers in the glass in the form of light, it can travel to
long distances without any losses.
■ Fiber is more expensive than the DSL and cable.
Satellite

■ Satellite internet is the internet which uses the path of the outer space.
■ In rural area satellite internet will be the best option for high speed, it is a faster option
than dial-up.
■ Still, large-scale improvements are going on for making it more usable and reliable in
the field of infrastructure and technology.
■ At many places, its speed is less than the cable and DSL connection.
THE END