Internet technologies

Kairatova Aiym
 Plan:

• BASIC WWW CONCEPTS

• IP Addresses
• Domains & Sub-domains
• Servers
 The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that
use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet
carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide
Web (WWW), electronic mail, voice over IP telephony, and peer-to-
peer networks for file sharing.
 BASIC WWW CONCEPTS:
1) BROWSER - A WWW browser is software on your computer that allows
you to access the World Wide Web. Examples include Netscape
Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Please know that a browser can’t
work its magic unless you are somehow connected to the Internet. At home, that
is normally accomplished by using a modem that is attached to your computer
and your phone line and allows you to connect to, or dial-up, an Internet Service
Provider (ISP). At work, it may be accomplished by connecting your workplace’s
local area network to the Internet by using a router and a high speed data line.
2) HYPERTEXT AND HYPERMEDIA - Hypertext is text that contains
electronic links to other text. In other words, if you click on hypertext it will take
you to other related material. In addition, most WWW documents contain more
than just text. They may include pictures, sounds, animations, and movies.
Documents with links that contain more than just text are called hypermedia.
3) HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE) - HTML is a set of
commands used to create world wide web documents. The commands allow the
document creator to define the parts of the document. For example, you may
have text marked as headings, paragraphs, bulleted text, footers, etc. There are
also commands that let you import images, sounds, animations, and movies as
well as commands that let you specify links to other documents.
 BASIC WWW CONCEPTS:
4) URL (UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR) - Links between documents are
achieved by using an addressing scheme. That is, in order to link to another
document or item (sound, picture, movie), it must have an address. That
address is called its URL. The URL identifies the host computer name, directory
path, and file name of the item. It also identifies the protocol used to locate the
item such as hypertext, gopher, ftp, telnet or news.

5) HTTP (HYPERTEXT TRANPORT PROTOCOL) - HTTP is the protocol used

to transfer hypertext or hypermedia documents.

6) HOME PAGE - A home page is usually the starting point for locating
information at a WWW site.

7) CLIENTS AND SERVERS - If a computer has a web browser installed, it is

known as a client. A host computer that is capable of providing information to
others is called a server. A server requires special software in order to provide
web documents to others.
 IP Addresses
In order to identify all the computers and other devices (printers and other
networked peripherals) on the Internet, each connected machine has a unique
number, called an "IP address". IP stands for "Internet Protocol," the common
language used by machines on the Internet to share information.
An IP address is written as a set of 4 numbers, separated by periods, as in:
203.183.184.10
This representation is sometimes referred to as dotted-octet representation
of an IP address.
Basically you should understand that you need a fixed, predefined IP
address assigned to each machine that acts as a server to the outside world.
You can get an IP address assignment from your network administrator, who
receives them in turn from your network's Internet provider.
 Domains & Sub-domains.
Each machine having its own unique IP address is great for machines
communicating with each other, but quite difficult for humans to remember.
For example, the mail server at Web Crossing Harbor has an IP address
210.226.166.200. You could send email to doug@210.226.166.200, but it isn't
very convenient for a lot of reasons. For one thing, it is difficult to remember. For
another, we might need to move the mail server to a different machine (with a
different IP address) someday. Then we would have to tell everybody our new
IP address in order to receive mail.
There are two basic kinds of top-level domains - those based on type of
activity and those based on geographical location:
Some Activity Based Domains
.com Perhaps the most well-known top-level domain. Originally it was designated for use by
companies and commercial activities. Now it can be used by anybody for any purpose.

.org Originally designated for use by nonprofit organizations and individuals, now it can be
used for any purpose.
.net Originally designated for use by network organizations (such as Internet providers).
Now it can be used for any purpose.
.gov For governmental organizations in the United States.
.mil For military organizations in the United States.
.edu For four-year degree-granting colleges and universities only.
 Servers
A server is just a host that serves something. Some examples are:
 web servers - computers that serve web pages. People connect to web
servers using browsers, such as Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer.
 FTP servers - People connect to them for file transfer, using a browser or a
specialized FTP program, such as Fetch (on a Mac) or FTP Explorer (on
Windows).
 mail servers - People connect to them to send and receive mail, using such
programs as Eudora, Netscape Mail, Claris Mail and Microsoft Outlook
Express.
 Web Crossing - a server that lets users create and use online communities,
including forums and chat and other services.
 DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical decentralized naming
system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a
private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned
to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates more readily
memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for the
purpose of locating and identifying computer services and devices with the
underlying network protocols. By providing a worldwide, distributed directory
service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the
functionality of the Internet.
 HTTP
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the
foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between
nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989.
Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in
the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs). The first definition
of HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use, occurred in RFC 2068 in
1997, although this was obsoleted by RFC 2616 in 1999.
A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, and is
now supported by major web servers.