Grade 10 PC Assembly and PC Troubleshoot

COMPUTER HARDWARE 10 | 4th QUARTER
Unit 1 : The Computer System

At the end of this unit, the student will be able to:
 Review basic components of a computer

 Ananlyze electronic data processing
 Differentiate types of software
 Recognize the importance of people in the computer system
 Identify the basic PC Assembly guidelines
Lesson 1: Introduction to Computer

Objectives:
 Define what Computer and EDP are

 Classify different types of computer
 Name the different types of EDP
Introduction to Computer
Computers are machines that perform a specific task or calculations depending on the set of
instructions, or programs.The first electronic computers were introduced in 1940’s; the computers then
were really huge and require a group of people to operate.
Classification of Computers
1. Supercomputer
– Super computers are very expensive, very
fast, and most powerful computers in the
world. They are used in high-end places
like in scientific research centers because
they can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second and they are very
expensive.
A supercomputer
used by NASA
2. Mainframe
– Mainframes are powerful multi-user
computers that capable of supporting many
hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
An IBM 704 mainframe (1964)
3. Minicomputer
– Minicomputers are mid-sized multi-user computers
that are capable of supporting 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.
DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.) PDP-8M
Page | 1
4. Workstation
– Workstations are single-user but
powerful computers. It is like a personal
computer but being run by more powerful
microprocessor and monitor for
engineering applications such as CAD
and CAM, desktop publishing, software
development and other types of
applications that require moderate amount of computing power and high quality graphics
capabilities.
An Apple workstation with impressive setup
5. Personal Computer
– Personal Computers are also called microcomputers
because of their microprocessors for processing
data and instruction codes.
A typical personal computer
Electronic Data Processing

What you input into a computer is called DATA, and then it must be transformed into information that is
usable. The process that makes data into its useful form is called electronic data processing or simply EDP.
Computer, as electronic data processing machines, perform different operations that convert data into
information. The electronic data processing cycle consists of the following:
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
STORAGE
• Input
– It refers to all the activities associated with recording data and making it available for
processing. It represents the process of transforming data into a form that a computer
understands.
• Processing
– After the data is recorded and converted into an appropriate form, it must be processed.
Processing includes different arithmetic and logical operations, so to process data means
to do the classifying, sorting summarizing, comparing and other manipulation techniques
that convert data into information.

Page | 2
• Output
– Data processing converts data into information that must be transmitted to persons who
need it. The communication function that enables this is called output.
• Storage
– The storage device is the area that contains the processed data and the instructions that
must be followed during data processing. It also includes information for future use.
• Hardware
– Hardware is the physical aspect of computers that you can actually touch. The term arose
as a way to distinguish the "box" and the electronic circuitry and components of a
computer from the program you put in it to make it do things.
• Software
– The program came to be known as the software. Hardware implies permanence and
invariability. Software or programming can easily be varied. You can put an entirely new
program in the hardware and make it create an entirely new experience for the user.
• Peopleware
– Computers operate using a combination of hardware and software. Therefore,
"peopleware" is sometimes considered a third aspect that takes into account the
importance of humans in the computing process. Peopleware refers to the people who
develop or use computer systems.
Name: ____________________________ Grade & Section: ________________

Teacher: Arvin E. Abalos Date: ________________ Score: ____________
TEST YOUR SELF:
I. ENUMATION: Enumerate and describe each of the following on your on understanding: (24 points)
A. Five (5) Classification of Computer (3 points each)
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________
Page | 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
B. Three (3) Components ofEDP (3 points each)

6. ____________________________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________________________
II. DISCUSSION:Illustrate and explain the cycle of electronic data processing (EDP).(10 points)
Performance Task:
Surf the net:
Research at least ten (10) latest trends and products available in the market for the
Personal Computer today. Write your findings on the space provided below.
Lesson 2 : Computer Hardaware

Objectives:
Page | 4
 Define computer hardware

 Identify hardware devices
 Categorize hardware devices
PC Hardware Components
• Computer is a programmable machine that can store, retrieve, and process data. It responds to a
specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and executes them.
• The actual machinery - wires, transistors, and circuits - is called hardware; the instructions and
data are called software
All general-purpose computers require the following

hardware components:
• Input device: It includes anything that the
individual uses to give instructions to the
computer.
• Output device:
– An output device is anything that
the computer uses to
communicate information to the
user. Some devices, such as touch-
screen monitors, can be both input and
output devices.
• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

– One of the things that make the computer so
powerful and useful to people today is their
processing. The processors can execute many
tasks much faster than humans. The higher the
speed of the CPU, the faster the system will
process information.
• Memory:
– Enables a computer to store data and program temporarily.
Random access memory (RAM) is an example of a temporary
storage. RAM is not used for storage when the computer is
turned off. It is different from disk space, which is the amount of
storage space available on the computer’s hard disk.
Mass storage device:

– Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts
of data.
– Common mass storage devices: include disk drives and
tape drives.
 Communication device:
Facilitates communication by using a specific media. The
most commonly used communication device is a modem
• The physical parts are the things that we can see and touch and are
collectively called hardware.
Page | 5
PC Main Hardware Parts

The following are the main hardware composition of a
personal computer:
1. Motherboard
2. CPU Monitor
3. RAM Memory
4. Expansion card
5. Optical disc drive
6. Hard Disk Keyboard
7. Power supply
8. Keyboard
9. Monitors Mouse
10. Mouse
Computers are composed of the many different hardware types. Such hardware types can be categorized
into internal, external, storage and communication.
Internal Hardware
• A typical personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape. When you look inside
the case, you will see the main component called motherboard and the other hardware connected
to it.
1. Motherboard- a rectangular board with integrated security that connects

the rest of the parts inside as well as the other hardware outside.
2. CPU or Central Processing Unit- performs most of the calculations that
enable the computer to function. It is referred to as the "brain" of the
computer. Since it does most of the "thinking", it is usually cooled by a
heat sink and fan.
Page | 6
3. Chip set - mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system.
4. RAM or Random Access Memory - stores all running processes
including the applications and the operating system.
5. Internal Buses - connect the CPU to the other

internal components
a. NORTH BRIDGE memory controller - for RAM and PCI Express

b. PCI - for expansion PCIcards
c. SATA - for disk drives
6. External Buses - support ports for external devices. These ports may be controlled directly by the
south bridge I/O controller or based on the expansion cards attached to the motherboard through
the PCI bus.
a. USB
b. Firewire
c. eSATA
d. SCSI
7. Power Supply Unit- supplies power to the other components in a computer. It is typically designed
to convert AC electric power from the mains to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal
components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and
115 V.
8. Video Display Controller - this produces the output for the monitor. This is either built into the
motherboard or attached in its own separate slot in the form of a graphics card.
9. Sound Card - enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, and accept input from a
microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is
common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade.
NOTE: The hardware will not work without the BIOS or Basic Input/Output System which includes
boot instructions and power management. Its tasks are handles by operating system drivers.
External Hardware
1. Keyboard
– One of the primary input devices used with a
computer is the keyboard, it looks very similar to
the keyboards of a typewriter with some
additional keys.
• Typing Keypad
– It is the center of the keyboard that contains the largest number of keys and includes the
space bar, letters and numbers. This is the area you use mostly when you do word
processing.
Page | 7
• Numeric Keypad
– It is usually located at the right side of the keyboard. It is arranged like a standard
calculator used to enter numerical data.
• Function Keys
– It is located at the top of a keyboard. There are 12 functions keys starting from F1 to F12.
These keys are used for special purposes and most programmers use these keys to do a
specific task.
• Navigation keys or Cursor and Screen Controls
– It is used to navigate through documents and websites. Examples of navigation keys are
up, down, left and right arrows.
• Special keys
– They include the “Alt” and “Ctrl” keys, which enable specific functions; the “Tab” key, which
inserts the cursor and the “Shift” key, which enables capital letters or symbols located on
the number keys.
• Escape key
– It is often displayed as “Esc”, escape key lies in the upper left-
hand corner of the keyboard. It is used to cancel
operations.
Given below are some of the most common
variations of keyboards available in the market
today:
• Standard keyboard
– This is the most basic form of keyboard that maintains
the layout over the last 20 years.
• Ergonomic keyboard
– This is designed in such a way that typing can
be done by putting least amount of stress on
the fingers and wrist.
• Wireless keyboard
– This does not need to be connected to the
computer via a wire. It used three basic types
of connections, Bluetooth, Infrared (IR), and
Radio Frequency to connect to the computer.
–
• Compact keyboard
– This is slim and usually do not
have the numeric pad that is
present on the right side of other
Page | 8
keyboards. It is typically used in laptops, where sizing issues make it difficult to

accommodate a standard keyboard.
• Internet keyboard
– This has special keys, called hot keys, which
perform functions related to Internet usage.
 Gaming keyboard
– This is designed specifically for gamers.
It includes features meant to enhance
gaming experience, as well as provide
convenient usage for gamers.
• Virtual keyboard
– This is a software device that lets you input
data just like a hardware keyboard. It opens up
as an application and can be controlled by a
mouse or via a touch screen.
Monitor
A monitor or screen displays information from the
computer. Its size is typically expressed in inches as a
diagonal measurement from one corner of the screen to
the opposite.
 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
– This is the most common computer monitors until
flat panel screens became affordable. Similar to
older TVs, CRT monitors still typically have much
better contrast ratios and viewing angles than other
computer monitor alternatives.
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
– This saves a lot of space and can even be
mounted on walls. It provides a wide angle and come in sizes typically ranging from 17-
inches to 60-inches.
• Plasma
– This is less commonly used with computers due to
their high operating temperatures, high power
consumption, and fixed resolution.
• Touchscreen
– This provides a new way of interacting with your computer with a touch-sensitive screen.
This allows a user to interact directly with the
application on screen without need for a mouse or
keyboard.
Page | 9
• OLED (Organic Light Emitting Display)

– This is much thinner and lighter than LCD or Plasma
screens. OLED monitors can also be placed on
transparent surfaces, such as glass, allowing the user
to see through them when not active.
3. Mouse
– Every day of your computing life, you reach out for
your mouse whenever you want to move your cursor
or activate something.
4.Other Peripherals
– A peripheral is a piece computer hardware that is added to a computer in order to expand
its abilities.
Gaming Devices
 Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that
pivots around
one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
• Gamepad
– a general handheld game controller that relies on the digits
(especially thumbs) to provide input.
 Game Controller
– a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming
purposes.
Image, Video Devices
 Image Scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object.
• Webcam
– a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that
can be easily transferred over the internet.
• Graphics Tablet
– A graphics tablet, also known as drawing tablet and pen tablet,
enables an artist to draw or sketch using the computer.
• Barcode Reader
– A barcode reader or scanner is a hardware device that is capable
of reading a barcode and printing out the details of the product or
logging that product into a database.
Audio Devices
Page | 10
 Microphone- an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting

sound into electrical signals.
• Speakers
– produce audio output that can be heard by the listener.
Storage Devices
These are hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use
and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
1. Hard Disk - for medium-term storage of data.
2. Solid-State Drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving

parts and stores data in a digital format.
3. Raid Array Controller

– a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally
some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability
improvement in what is called a RAID array.
4. Removable Media
– is any type of storage device that can be removed from a
computer while the system is running.
Types of Removable Storage Devices

• CD (compact disc)
– the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and
data.
• CD-ROM Drive- a device used for reading data from a CD.
• CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
• DVD (digital versatile disc)

– a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD
but stores up to 12 times as much information.
• DVD-ROM Drive- a device used for reading data from a DVD.
• DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a
DVD.
Page | 11
• DVD-RAM Drive-a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
• Blu-ray Disc
– a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can
store 70 times as much information as a CD.
• BD-ROM Drive
– a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
• HD DVD
– a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format.
• Floppy disk
– an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible
magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.
• USB flash drive
– a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB
interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable.
Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for
long term storage and backups.
Communication Devices
1. Modems
– A modem is what allows a computer to communicate with the
outside world. It is most commonly used to connect computers to
the Internet, but can also be used to communicate directly with another
computer.
The word “modem” is a contraction of the words modulator-demodulator.
Modem Function:
1. Modulation/Demodulation
2. Error Correction
3. Compression/Decompression
Modem Types:
1. Standard Analog (phone/voice/fax)
2. ISDN modems
3. Digital cable modems
4. xDSL modems
5. Satellite
Types of modems that are currently in use:
Page | 12
1. Dial-up modems – These are modems which connect computers via a phone line; it also connects
Broadband modems which have a high-speed connection to the internet.
2. Cable or DSL modem
– The installer will in all likelihood provide the user with the necessary modem. This is
usually an external modem that hooks up to either the network card or the USB port.
3. Router
– A router is a significant network communication device. Its task is to send network traffic to
its correct destination.
4. Switch
– On a network, a switch is a hardware that is in-charge of
filtering and forwarding packets through the network, but with
limited capability.
5. Hub
– A hub is the most basic networking device that links multiple
computers or other network devices together.
Name: ______________________________Grade & Section:

__________________________
Teacher: Arvin E. Abalos Date:
________________ Score: _________________
Test your self

I. Enumeration: Enumerate what is being asked. Write your
answer on the space provided.
A. Ten (10) PC Main Hardware Parts
1. ________________________________________
2. ________________________________________
3. ________________________________________
4. ________________________________________
5. ________________________________________
6. ________________________________________
7. ________________________________________
8. ________________________________________
9. ________________________________________
10. _______________________________________
B. Nine (9) internal hardware
1. ________________________________________
2. ________________________________________
Page | 13
3. ________________________________________
4. ________________________________________
5. ________________________________________
6. ________________________________________
7. ________________________________________
8. ________________________________________
9. ________________________________________
C. Four (4) External Hardware
1. ________________________________________
2. ________________________________________
3. ________________________________________
4. ________________________________________
II. TRUE or FALSE : Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise write false. Write your answer on the
blank space provided.
_______________ 1. Microphone is an acoustic sensor that provides inout by converting sound into
electrical signals.
_______________ 2. Gamepad is not a type of a gaming device.
_______________ 3. Mouse is a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as
keys).
_______________ 4. A power supply unit is a component that does not actually supplies power to the other
components in a computer.
_______________ 5. The motherboard is the main component inside the case.
_______________ 6. Optical Mouse is a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in
a socket that
Detects rotation about two axes.
_______________ 7. The chip set performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function,
and is
sometimes referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
_______________ 8. The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management.
_______________ 9. A power supply unit is a component that supplies power to the other components in a
computer.
_______________ 10. The HD DVD is a high –density optical disc format for data and high-definition video.
Performance Task:
Draw the Your Device:
Draw at least Five (5) Newest Storage Devices and Communication Devices available in the
market. Identify the device and give its functions. Draw the devices on the space provided below.
Page | 14
Lesson 3 : Software and Peopleware
Objectives:
1. Define what software and peopleware are
2. Identify the different types of software
3. List examples of system and application software
4. Recognize the function of people in the computer system
Guess the Pic

Directions: Identify the picture shown in the box.
1. 2._________________________
_________________________
3. _____________________
4. ______________________ 5. ________________________
Page | 15
Processing Question:
1. Do’s devices are important in computer setup? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Aside to the picture shown above, name more devices.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is software, hardware and peopleware?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Software is a set of that tells the computer what to do. Compared to hardware, which is the physical
components of the computer system, software is a set of programs, procedures, and routines.
There are two main types of software.

1. System Software-that controls a computer's internal functions.
2. Application Software-directs the computer to execute commands that solve practical
problems.
System software- is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide and
maintain a platform for running application software.
• BIOS and Firmware - -

provide basic
functionality to operate
and control the
hardware connected to
or built into the
computer.
• Operating System
-allows parts of the computer system to work together by performing
basic tasks like recognizing input from the keyboard or sending output to the monitor.
• Utility Software
– helps analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer.
Page | 16
Application Software
• Application Software is also known as application or app. It is designed to help the user perform
specific tasks. Examples of supplication software are word processors, spreadsheets, and
database applications.
Office suite software:
– Office suite software puts together complete programs of software. A typical suite package
might include word processing, spreadsheet, databases, and presentation software.
• Word-processing software:
-Writing tasks previously done on typewriters with considerable effort can now be easily completed with
word-processing software.
Database software:
– A database contains a list of information items that are similar
in format and/or nature
Desktop publishing software:

– This software permits the user to prepare
documents by using both word-processing devices
and graphics. Desktop publishing software uses
word-processing software, with all its ease of
entering and revising data, and supplements it with
sophisticated visual features that stem from graphics
software.
Presentation software:
– A speaker may use presentation software to organize a slide show
for an audience. Text, graphics, sound, and movies can easily be included
in the presentation.
PEOPLEWARE
Page | 17
Concept of Peopleware in the software community

covers a variety of aspects:
• Development of productive persons
• People management
• Organizational culture
• Organizational learning
• Development of productive teams, and
• Modeling of human competencies.
Name: ________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________________

Teacher: Arvin E. Abalos Date: ________________ Score: _________________
Test Your Self
I. TRUE or FALSE: Write True if the stament is correct, otherwise write False. Write your answer on the
blank space provided.
_____________ 1. Office suite software puts together complate programs of software.
_____________ 2. Desktop publishing software uses word-processing sodtware, with all its ease of
entering and revising data, and supplements it with sophisticated visual features that
stem from graphics software.
_____________ 3. MS Access does not belong to database software.
_____________ 4. Spreadsheet software permits performance of an almost endless variety if quantitative
tasks such as budgeting, keeping track of inventory, and preparing financial reports.
_____________ 5. MS Word is a type of System Software.
_____________ 6. Hardware is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
_____________ 7. Application software allows performance of specific tasks, such as writing letters,
computing formulas, playing games, or caryying out desktop publishing tasks.
_____________ 8. A word document contains cells, the intersection of rows and columns.
_____________ 9. System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and
to provide and maintain a platform for running application software.
_____________ 10. Network software coordinates communication between computers linked in a network.
II. ENUMERATION: List down five (5) examples of peopleware and give how they work with computers.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page | 18
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Performance Task:
Cut it, Paste it, and Legend it
On the available resources around you. Cut any SOFTWARE and PEOPLEWARE that
you know. Paste it on the space provided below and then legend it.
Page | 19
Lesson 4 : PC Assembly Guidelines

Objectives:
• Introduction to PC Assembly
• Security and Safety in PC Assembly
• Tips for PC Components Handling
Activity – Where Do I belong.
Direction: Identify the pictures and put it in the box below where they belong with.
Hardware Software
Page | 20
Introduction to PC Assembly
A Computer is a system that is composed of different components. These components can be
assembled even if they are made by different manufacturers. It is also possible to have a custom-
built computer according to specific needs.
The following should be taken into consideration when building a PC:

• Cases - houses the internal components
• Motherboard -main circuit board
• Processor - the brain of the computer
• Memory – stores the data
• Adapter Cards – extends the computer’s capability
• Disk Drives – allow the computer to save data
• Peripherals and Ports – connect the computer to other devices
• Software to use – depends on the purpose or needs of the user.
In PC assembly and troubleshooting, one must prepare the basic tools. Make sure to have a
screwdriver, brush, pliers and wire cutter, soldering iron and multitester. The screwdriver is for driving the
screws in and out, brush is for cleaning the dust, pliers and cutter for adjusting the wire length, soldering
iron to attach small parts of resistor or capacitor to the mainboard in case it is detached and multimeter to
test the connectivity of the peripheral to the motherboard.
Security and Safety in PC Assembly
Before starting assembling the computer, you should take into consideration the safety measures to avoid
any accidents of mishandling of components.
• Keep your work area clean and with proper lighting.
• Wear non-conductive apparel.
• Check for damaged parts.
• Unplug the computer before opening the case.
• Do not force the components into the ports.
• Discharge electricity from your body by touching grounded metal.
• Read information about the components for appropriate handling.
• Return coverings after installations.
• Remember that electronic components should never be hot. If it turned hot, it means there is a
problem with the circuit and you need to disconnect the power immediately.
Tips for PC Components Handling
To avoid zapping your components with static

electricity, take precautions to ground the static
electricity before touching the internal parts of the
computer:
Page | 21
Anti-static wrist band is being used in action.

• For most of us, touching a grounded object before beginning will be just fine. Then proceed with
your install in your anti-static environment.
• Wearing an ESD wrist strap or working on an anti-static mat will prevent any static electricity from
damaging your computer.
• Another way to ground the static electricity is to touch the internal metal frame of the computer’s
case while the computer is plugged into an electrical socket.
• And to be safe side, always handle the electronic circuitry on the motherboard, video card, modem,
sound card, hard drive and other internal components
by any insulated, non-circuitry areas to ensure that
you do not send a bolt of static electricity coursing
through it.
• And here are three key points on handling
components safely.
1. Be sure to draw off any static electricity that may be
built up on your hands before you touch a sensitive
part. You can do this by touching the metal PC case
before touching the components.
2. Touch the parts where they’re the least sensitive to being

harmed by ESD. Pick up mainboards by the edges. Pick up
PCI cards by the metal part that attaches them to the back of
the case and then handles them by the edges.
3. Always plan where you’ll set a component before removing it from its electrostatic protection
pouch. For example, after removing a RAM chip, you probably want to be near the mainboard, so
that you can place the chip in the mainboard immediately.
Name: _______________________________________Grade & Section: ________________________

Test your self

I. ESSAY: Explain your answer to the question substantially.
1. How can the static electricity affect your computer?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
2. What are the ways of reducing static electricity when handling a computer?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
II. ENUMERATION: Enumerate the following.
Page | 22
A. Five (5) Safety measures before starting Assembling the Computer.

1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
5. ______________________________________
B. Five (5) Materials to be prepared when building a computer.

1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
5. ______________________________________

UNIT TEST
I. IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following terms. Write your answer in the space provided.
_______________ 1. It is a programmable machine that can store, retrieve and process data.
_______________ 2. It is a small, single user computer based on a microprocessor.
_______________ 3. It is a powerful multi- user computer capable of supporting many hundreds
or thousands of users simultaneously.
_______________ 4. It is a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality
monitor.
_______________ 5. It is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer
viruses, worms, and trojan horses.
_______________ 6. It is an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.
_______________ 7. It is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board
with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer
including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives as well as any peripherals
connected via the ports or the expansion slots.
_______________ 8. It performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function,
and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually
cooled by a heat sink and fan.
_______________ 9. It enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as
accept input from a microphone.
_______________ 10. It produces the output for the computer monitor.
Page | 23
II. ENUMERATION: Enumerate the following. Write the answer on the space provided.
A. Five (5) Basic Computer components. D. Seven (7) Types of Keyboard
1. ____________________________________ 1. ______________________________
2. ____________________________________ 2. ______________________________
3. ____________________________________ 3. ______________________________
4. ____________________________________ 4. ______________________________
5. ____________________________________ 5. ______________________________
B. Four (4) Communication Devices 6.______________________________
1. ____________________________________ 7. ______________________________
2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________
4. ____________________________________
C. Six (6) Examples Of Application Software
1. ____________________________________ 4. ______________________________
2. ____________________________________ 5. ______________________________
3. ____________________________________ 6. ______________________________
Unit 2 : Inside the System Unit
At the end of this unit, the student will be able to:
 Name the inside parts of the system unit needed in the PC Assembly
 Identify the function of each basic parts needed in the PC Assembly
 Prepare the basic parts needed in the PC Assembly
Lesson 5: Computer Cases and Motherboard
Objectives:
 Differentiate computer cases available in the market
 Familiarize oneself with the parts of motherboard
 Recognize the importance of motherboard in building PC
Case Styles
1. Tower Case is a huge case, and is usually only reserved for the most
demanding applications, such as a server, these monsters have room for
more than a half dozen disk drives.
2. Mid-Tower Case is by far the most popular choice for the Build-It-Yourself. It
stands upright and usually has about Four Drive Bays and Six Expansion
Slots - just right for most people.
3. Mini-Tower Case is for those who do not need extensive expansion and have
size needs.
4. Desktop Case was once the most popular style. It

is overly bulky look and has limited expansion
capability has caused it to lose favor to the
towers.
Page | 24
5. Portable Case used by Notebooks, Laptops, Tablet PC Case, and PDA’s (Personal Digital
Assistant) because it is usually the lightest and most portable in the market.
6. All-In-One-Case slim and cool looking appearance, these types of cases are
well-known with Apple computers.
Motherboard
• The Motherboard is the most important component in computer

system. It is the backbone that supports all the other computer
components. Choosing the right motherboard will be the
difference between allowing components to work at their maximum
capacity and significantly slowing them down.
Motherboard Components
1. I/O ports- this is located in the back panel of the microprocessor that is used to conjoin the outside
hardware or computer devices.
– Audio Port- connects sound devices such as the speaker, microphone, and MIDI (Musical
Instrument Digital Interface).
– DB 25 female connector, popularly known as the printer port, connects the impact printer
such as DOT MATRIX printers.
– DB 9 male connector (Serial or com1 port)-connects a serial device of the computer, like
the serial mouse and external modem.
– LAN (Local Area Network) port- links computer nodes or workstations to form a within a
small area with the aid of communication media such as the network switch and router.
– PS/2 ports- connect the mouse(green color)and the keyboard(purple color)
– USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 - these ports are becoming the industry standard in
connecting external devices.
– VGA (Video Graphics Array) port (built-in) - serves as an interface of the monitor screen to
the other members of the computer system.
2. ATX Power connector (4 pin) - this is for the 4 pin of the power supply unit (PSU) connection.
3. Processor’s ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) Socket- handles the processor or CPU chip. The compatibility
of the socket depends on the computer processor type such as the AM2 socket of the AMD and
the socket 775 of the Intel Company.
4. Memory Slot (DIMM)- this is called as Dual Inline Memory Module, this is the slot of computer
memory or what we called RAM.
5. ATX Power connector (24 or 28 pin)- a group of connector that provides a DC power output to the
system board(SB)from the output of the Power Supply Unit.
Page | 25
6. Name of the Vendor- the manufacturer’s name is important so as to identify also the right drivers to
be installed to have the computer system work properly.
7. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)/BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
BATTERY- In this part, the CMOS/BIOS battery is placed to afford 3 volts direct current/voltage to
the CMOS IC so that it can preserve the BIOS settings like the time module, hardware information
and settings/parameter among others.
- BIOS is a set of a program stored in CMOS IC, use to preserved the BIOS
configuration of the computer
- CMOS BATTERY PART NUMBER- lithium dry cell CR 2032 3 volts
8. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) connector- serves as a connector of IDE cable of the HDD (Hard
Disk Drive) or CD/DVD ROM drive to the Motherboard IDE.
9. Front panel connectors (F-Panel) - attach the Power LED, HDD LED, Power Switch, and Reset
switch of the processor.
10. SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment) connector- new standard of the IDE connection
array of the computer SATA Hard Disk Drives to the motherboard system.
11. CMOS/BIOS jumper- disables the BIOS default setup such supervisor password.
12. USB connector (header) - joins the USB port of the front panel USB 2.0.13. Floppy Disk Drive
(FDD) connector-connects FDD cable and the system board.
13. PCI slots- serves as a bridge of the I/O cards of the computer i.e. LAN card, WIFI card, USB
expansion card and sound card.
14. Motherboard Version Number- displays the motherboard version of the driver software to download
the correct drivers.
15. CMOS/BIOS IC- this is where the program the BIOS configuration settings is being installed such
as the speed of the CPU chip and RAM, etc.
16. AMR (AUDIO Modem Riser) Slot-demodulates and modulates the analog audio of the computer.
17. PCI express slot- a part of the computer that hold the computer video card (VGA), the PCI’e card.
Chipset - is a group of integrated circuits (microchips) that can be used together to serve a single
function and are therefore manufactured and sold as a unit.
18. North Bridge IC- technically known as MCH or Memory Controller Hub; manages and controls the
computer memory before the processing of the CPU chip.
19. South Bridge IC-is a passion name referring to I/O Controller Hub (ICH). It is a microchip
that controls all the Input and output devices.
Motherboard
Motherboard Considerations:
1. ATX – Motherboards, regardless of variety or brand, must be aligned with the latest industry
standard.
2. Motherboard Speed– Motherboards nowadays can run as fast 800 MHz.
3. Plug And Play – The motherboard has it. All Motherboards with PCI slots have to be Plug and Play
compatible (PNP).

I. ENUMERATION: List down the following being asked. Write the answer on the space provided.
A. Six(6) Different Case Styles

1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
6. ____________________________
Page | 26
B. Two (2) Types of Motherboard Chipset

7. ____________________________
8. ____________________________
II.IDENTIFICATION: Write down the word(s) that described in the statement below. Write the correct
answer on the blank provided.
______________________ 1. It is the latest industry standard in computer cases.

______________________ 2. It is the unit of measurement of motherboard speed.
______________________ 3. This format allows auto-detention of peripherals.
______________________ 4. This port connects computer nodes in a small area.
______________________ 5. In PS/2 port, this device is usually attached on the purple port.
______________________ 6. In PS/2 port, this color is assigned for mouse.
______________________ 7. This has become the industry standard for connecting external devices.
Performance Task:
Motherboard has a lot of building type chips that gives directions and functions. Now, draw a location
map that will lead you from your home going to Binmaley Catholic School, Inc. Indicate also the
landmarks that you see along the way. Draw it on the space provided.
Page | 27
Lesson 6: Microprocessors and Memory

Objectives:
 Describe the CPU and memory
 List and compare the different types of processors
 Identify the different types of memory
MICROPROCESSOR
• The CPU (Central Processing Unit)is undoubtedly the pivotal gear in computer systems machinery.
It performs the numerous of calculations necessary for the computer to make a decision.
INTEL CPU’S
1. Pentium III - The Pentium III runs on 100MHz Bus Speed and generally has
256K and 512K of L2 cache memory to the Celerons 128k or less.
2. Celeron - Intel pioneered this chip as a low-cost high

performance alternative to the high end Pentium III
processor. Demanding "Low End" consumers as well as increased low-end
competition from rival chip maker AMD has forced INTEL to continually raise the
performance bar on the Celeron giving it almost Pentium III like performance at
considerably lower prices.
3. Pentium IV - Pentium 4 (P4) is the Intel processor (codenamed Willamette)

that was released in November 2000. The P4 processor has a viable clock
speed that now exceeds 2 gigahertz (GHz) - as compared to the 1 GHz of the
Pentium 3.
4. Dual Core - A single chip that contains two distinct

processors that work simultaneously. IBM introduced dual cores in its
Power 4 chips in 2000. In 2004, Sun and HP introduced their first dual
core CPUs.
5. Core 2 Quad - The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006,
comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo (dual-core), Quad (quad-core), and in
2007, the Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) version.
6. Core i3 The Core i3 was introduced on January 7, 2010.

It does not include Turbo Boost feature which is found
Page | 28
in Core i5 and Core i7. It supports 64-bit, which means that it accommodates data sizes of up
to 64 bits. It is the first serving in Intel's new processor family, featuring a quick to respond
computer.
7. Core i5 - The Core i5 is the mid-range of Core i3 and Core i7. It has Turbo
Boost feature, which boosts the core speed of the processor beyond its base
level for optimal performance. The Intel Core i5 processor automatically
allocates processing power where it is needed most.
8. Core i7 - The Core i7 is the high-end of Core “i” line. It has enhanced
memory control and quick path and turbo boost. Intel Core i7 processors
offer an extraordinary breakthrough in quad-core performance and highlight
the latest innovations in processor technologies:
• Intel® Turbo Boost - capitalizes on speed for demanding applications, dynamically progressive
performance to match heavy workloads.
• Intel® Hyper-Threading - enables highly threaded (8 threads) applications to get more work done
at the same time.
• Intel® Smart Cache offers a higher-performance, more competent cache subsystem and optimized
for well-known multi-threaded games
• Intel® QuickPath Interconnect is created for bigger bandwidth and lower latency. It can accomplish
data transfer speeds as high as 25.6 GB/sec with the Extreme Edition processor.
• Integrated memory controller enables three channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory, yielding up to
25.6 GB/sec memory bandwidth.
• Intel® HD Boost significantly enriches a wide range of multimedia and compute-intensive
applications.
AMD CPU'S
1. ATHLON II – offers vivid visual displays, advanced multi-tasking that leads

to enhanced office productivity, and brilliant digital media performance yet
energy efficient.
It also improved its protection from viruses and AMD PowerNow! ™ 3.0
Technology, an improved power management without jeopardizing quality
using an efficient 45nm multi-core design.
• Cool‘n’Quiet™ Technology – boosted performance states help reduced energy consumption while
minimizing the latency and overhead of power management. The processor can efficiently react to
user demands, taking full advantage of performance.
• AMD CoolCore™ Technology automatically diminishes processor energy consumption by

dynamically initiating or switches off parts of the processor
• AMD Smart Fetch Technology allows processor cores to share data prior to entering a halting state
so active cores need not to activate when retrieving data
• Dual Dynamic Power Management™ – contributes to improved platform efficiency by specifying on
demand memory performance while enabling reduced system power consumption.
• Multi-Point Thermal Control helps minimize speed and heat when temperature goes beyond
predefined limits, enabling a cool and quiet computer.
2. A-Series - combines dual-core and quad-core CPUs and AMD

Radeon™ Graphics on one power-efficient chip to enable premium
Page | 29
performance and low power consumption. Depending on the variant, these processors may contain
the following features:
• AMD App Acceleration – increases the speed of computer applications

• Support for DirectX®11 – facilitates even the latest in high-speed, high-fidelity gaming and
computing
• All-New AMD Quick Stream Technology– supports virtually uninterrupted, efficient video stream
over the Internet
• All-New AMD Steady Video Technology 2.0 – normalizes shaky and jittery online and home video
during playback for a smoother viewing.
• AMD Radeon Dual Graphicscapability – merges two powerful AMD Radeon graphics processors to
significantly improve graphics and gaming performance.
• All-New HD Media Accelerator - consists of AMD’s all new architecture that results rich, clear and
more stable video, enables nonstop video streaming and accelerates conversion of video files for
sharing on other devices
• AMD Performance Advantage – enables to deliver a faster, more powerful PC experience than a
comparable notebook through higher frequencies and more computing power
• AMD Start Now Technology – aids BIOS optimized solution for quick resume that allows users to
wake up system from sleep mode in under 2 seconds, from boot time in as few as 14 seconds
• AMD Turbo Core 3.0 Technology - automatically gauges operation on demand to provide extra
performance.
• Blu-Ray/Blu-Ray 3D capability – offers the ability to watch that latest Blu-Ray and Blu-Ray 3D
movies
• AMD Eyefinity Technology capability – activates multi-display technology for an immersive gaming,
entertainment and productivity experience with up to 4 monitors
• AMD HD3D Technology – enables an excellent 3D experience for movies, photos and gaming
content
3. FX - With latest innovation, it has a native 8-core (also with 4-core or 6-core
variants) desktop processor for incomparable multitasking and pure core
performance with new “Bulldozer” architecture. It also contains a new 32
nanometer die shrink developed to lessen leakage for upgraded efficiency,
increased clock rate headroom and better thermals.
MEMORY
• To make the processor and computer work, memory is crucial. It determines what
programs the computer can run and how fast it can run them. Memory holds both the
data that needs to be processed, as well as the data that has already been
processed. In its current incarnation, the most popular memory used today is known as
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMMS).
Types of Memory
1. DRAM – For personal computers and workstations, the kind of random access that is the most
common is the DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory).
2. SDRAM - The current standard for computer memory use is known as SDRAM (Synchronized
Dynamic Ram). These are normally arranged into modules known as DIMMS.
3. DDR SDRAM - DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM represents a somewhat radical redesign of
memory, to address not the need for "MORE" memory capacity but "FASTER" memory capacity.
4. RDRAM - Developed by Rambus and pushed by Intel, this is perhaps the most maligned
technology product in recent years. It sets out to do what DDR SDRAM is trying to do, namely
Page | 30
enhanced memory bandwidth to speed things up. The problem with RDRAM is that it takes awhile
to get things going. Namely it suffers from Latency.
Latest Memory Specifications
DDR2 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Two Synchronous Dynamic

Random Access Memory) allows higher bus speed, minimizes power
consumption by half, and gives enhanced performance and data
throughput rate.
The DDR3 components are double the speed of DDR2 memory

products. The main advantages of DDR3 are the greater bandwidth
and the growth in performance at low power.

TEST YOUR SELF
I. ENUMERATION: List down the items being asked.Write the answer on the space provided.
A. Eight (8) Intel Processors
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________
B. Three (3) AMD Processors

1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
II. ALTERNATE RESPONSE: Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise write False. Write your
answer on the blank space provided.
_______________________ 1. CPU has one standard size interface.

_______________________ 2. Memory holds both the data that needs to be processed as well as the data
that has already been processed.
_______________________ 3. Dual core is a single chip that contains two distinct processors that work
simultaneously.
_______________________ 4. Pentium III is also named as Willamette.
_______________________ 5. DDR3 memory products are 50% better in terms of capabilities of DDR2.
III. IDENTIFICATION: On the space provided, write whether the microprocessor technology is from INTEL
or AMD.
Page | 31
_______________________ 1. Turbo Boost

_______________________ 2. Hyper Threading
_______________________ 3. HD Boost
_______________________ 4. Smart Cache
_______________________ 5. Quick Path Intercoonect
_______________________ 6. App Acceleration
_______________________ 7. Cool n’Quiet
_______________________ 8.Eyefinity
_______________________ 9. Blu-ray
Lesson 7: Adapter Cards
Objectives:
 Describe video card and sound card

 Explain the function of the video card and sound card
 Identify the different specifications of the adapter cards
 Select the appropriate adapter cards for each PC
VIDEO CARD
A Video Adapter (alternate terms include graphics card,

display adapter, video card, video board and almost any
combination of the words in these terms) is an integrated
circuit card in a computer or, in some cases, a monitor that
provides digital-to-analog conversion, video RAM, and a
video controller so that data can be sent to a computer's
display.
It is an Expansion Card that lets the computer system sends information, specifically graphics or other
visual multimedia elements, to an output device like monitor or LCD projector. A video card is rectangle
with multiple contacts on the bottom of the card and at least one port on the side for linking to video
displays and other devices.
It is an expansion card that lets the computer system sends information, specifically graphics or other visual
multimedia elements, to an output device like monitor or LCD projector.
A Video Card is rectangle with multiple contacts on the bottom of the card and at least one port on the side
for linking to video displays and other devices.
Video Card Formats:

1. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) – this is the oldest format
that is still being used today, however, good only as a secondary
video display card because it is too slow to play the more advanced
videos and games at present.
2. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) – this is a

standard format of connection for internal video cards.
Page | 32
– It comes in three interfaces: 3.3 V (AGP 1.0 - 1X and 2X),

1.5 V (AGP 2.0 - 4X), and 0.8 V (AGP 3.0 - 8X).
3. PCIe / PCI - E (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

– this is the most recent standard and fastest video card
available in the market.
Video Card Specifications
1. Graphics Engine – refers to the hardware component inside a video card that processes graphics
tasks.
2. Memory Bandwidth – also known as video memory is one of the most important features to be
considered in a video card.
3. Engine Clock – otherwise known as core clock is the frequency that the graphics processing unit is
running. It is measured in megahertz (MHz).
4. Memory Clock – the speed of the built-in memory of the video card.
5. Memory Interface – actual bus width of the memory.
6. Dimensions – usually expressed in inches, the length and width measurements of the video card.
7. Bus Type – also called interface (not the same with memory interface), is the determinant of
compatibility of the video card to the motherboard.
8. RAMDAC – stands for Random Access Memory Digital to Analog Converter, its transfer rate is also
a factor in gauging the maximum supported refresh rate of the video card.
Video Card Specifications Sample (Featured Model)
Asus EAH6770 DC/2DI/1GB Asus EAH6670 DC SL/DI/1GB Asus EAH5670/DI/1GB

DDR5 128bit DDR3 128bit DDR3 128bit
Asus EAH6770 Asus EAH6670 DC Asus EAH5670/DI/1GB

SPECIFICATIONS DC/2DI/1GB DDR5 128bit SL/DI/1GB DDR3 128bit DDR3 128bit
GRAPHICS AMD Radeon HD 6770 AMD Radeon HD 6770 AMD Radeon HD 5670
ENGINE
VIDEO MEMORY GDDR5 1GB DDR3 1GB DDR3 1GB
MEMORY 128-bit 128-bit 128-bit
INTERFACE
BUS TYPE PCI Express 2.1 PCI Express 2.1 PCI Express 2.1
Supplement Peripherals for Video Cards
1. SVGA - An abbreviation for Super Video Graphics Array, this is the format
that all video cards use today. SVGA boards can display at least 800
pixels horizontally and 600 vertically and up to 1600 horizontally and 1200
vertically with 16,256, 32,767, or 16,777,216 colors displayed
simultaneously.
Page | 33
2. AGP Slot- The AGP (Advanced Graphics Port) slot was created specifically for graphics use and is
a specification that enhances and accelerates the display of 3D objects.
SOUND CARD
A Sound Card is a device that enables the computer to output sound through
speakers, record sound with a microphone, and manipulates sound stored in files
or on disk.
Optional Audio Cool Stuffs
1. 3D Sound - This technology makes sound seem as if it is coming from different directions. This
effect is particularly impressive with 3- or 4-piece speaker sets.
2. Voices - Sound Cards have the ability to transmit more than one sound at a time. Each sound is
called a voice. A sound card that can produce 64-separate sounds at any given time would be
known as having 64 voices.
3. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) - MIDI files are a type of file made specifically for music.
They are extremely compact and take up much less memory space than other sound files such as
WAV. The card should be MIDI compatible.

TEST YOUR SELF
I. ENUMERATION: List down the items being asked. Write the answer on the spaceprovided.
A. Seven (7) Sound Card Specifications
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________________________
B. Three (3) Video Card Formats

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
II. DEFINITION: Write the meaning of the following acronyms.

1. MIDI - ________________________________________________________________
2. AGP - _________________________________________________________________
3. SVGA - ________________________________________________________________
4. MHz - ________________________________________________________________
5. PCI – E - ________________________________________________________________
III. ALTERNATE RESPONSE: Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise write False. Write your
answer on the blank space provided.
_______ 1. PCI is recommended nowadays to be a primary video card.
_______ 2. Each sound is called a voice.
Page | 34
_______ 3. Graphics Engine is also called a video memory.

_______ 4. Memory Bandwidth determines the capability of the card to utilize its onboard video RAM
efficiently when under
stress.
_______ 5. Memory clock is also known as core clock.
_______ 6. Dimensions are usually expressed in yards.
_______ 7. ROMDOCK transfer rate is also a factor is gauging the maximum supported refresh rate of the
video card.
_______ 8. Bus Type determines of compatibility of the video card to the motherboard.
_______ 9. Memory interface is the actual bus width of the memory.
______ 10. Higher memory bandwidth equals better performance even in intensive tasks.
LESSON 8 : DISK DRIVE
Objectives:
 Analyze disk drives funtion

 Describe hard drives and removable drives
 Enumerate different types of hard disk
 Select the appropriate hard drives and removable drives based on personal needs.
HARD DISK DRIVE
It is the primary computer storage device, which spins,

reads and writes one or more fixed disk platters. In practice,
the terms "hard drive" and "hard disk" are used
synonymously. Hard drives are the storage medium in
desktop and laptop computers as well as servers and
mainframes throughout the world.
Basic Function of the Parts of a Standard Hard Disk:

1. Platter - is used for read and writing operations.
2. Spindle - The platters of a hard drive rest on the spindle. The spindle of the hard drive serves the
same function as the spindle on a record player---it causes the disks to rotate.
3. Head - facilitates read and writing operations.
4-5. Actuator Arm/Axis is the device used to position the head arms to the appropriate track on the
surface of the platter.
6. Power Connector - connector is commonly used in computer drive cable connections to bring
electricity to it.
7. Jumper Block - is a short length of conductor used to close a break in, or bypass part of, an
electrical circuit. Each group has at least one pair of contact points.
8. Integrated Drive Electronics or (IDE) connector allows for much simpler installation of the hard
drive into the system by removing the difficulties associated with the separation of the components
and controllers such as the predecessor drives.
9. Actuator - moves around the head arms on the disk surface during read and writing operations.
TYPES OF HARD DISK DRIVE
Page | 35
Internal Hard Disk
1. Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) – is a set of standards for the physical connection and
transferring of data used on servers and workstations.
2. Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) - is a serial communication protocol

designed to allow much higher speed data transfers.
3. Integrated Drive
Electronics (IDE) -
is a disk drive implementation
that integrates the controller on the
disk drive itself. IDE uses two one inch wide
"ribbon "cable" that connects the hard
drive to the motherboard.
4. Serial ATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) -

Serial ATA evolved from the Parallel ATA physical storage
interface but it uses a totally different connector and is thinner
and has a faster data interface than PATA.
5. SSD (Solid State Drive) Unlike other types that

are electromechanical, SSD does not consist of moving parts. It uses
semiconductors for data storage. Because of this, it is much faster, less
likely to break down and a lot more silent.
External Disk Drive
Hard disk storage capacity can be expanded with external removable hard disk
drives. They are connected to the computer via USB. They are usually plug and
play, which means no driver is needed to install.
Wireless Hard Disk Drive

The evolution of computers to tablets arises the need for more portable external
storage devices. A tablet cannot store large amount of data because of its limited
physical size, although a large amount of files need to be stored and accessed.
The Need for Speed
Revolutions per minute (rpm’s) are how fast a hard disk drive turns its platters. A faster rate means a faster
drive. Drives sold today come in three speeds, 5400 Rpm's, 7200 Rpm's and the latest, greatest, fastest,
hard drive travels at a whopping 15,000 revolutions per minute. WD VelociRaptor works at 10,000 RPM
spin speed at 6GB/s transfer rate. Seagate Cheetah 15K.7 works at 15,000 RPM at 1450-2370 MB/s.
IS BIGGER BETTER
• Of course it is! But bigger is also more expensive. So the question is how much the user need,
want, and most importantly...can afford.
Page | 36
• Western Digital brand offers Green Caviar SATA drive that has the capacity of 3TB.
• Western Digital's My Passport portable external HD can hold up to 2 TB of data and My Book
Sentinel for network storage can hold up to 16TB of data.
REMOVABLE DRIVES
1.44MB Floppy Drive - A floppy drive stores 1.44MB of data on a thin magnetic disk.
Floppy disks are rarely used now because of its limited capacity and reliability.
2. Zip Drive - Manufactured by primarily Iomega in 1994. A zip drive

contains a cartridge that is about the size of a floppy disk only a bit wider.
3. Optical Disk Drive (CD / DVD / BD) - This is useful for people
who have large storage needs. Optical drive retrieves and store data on
optical discs like CDs, DVDs and BDs (Blu-ray discs).
External optical drives are also being widely used today. It has the same features as the
internal optical drives but uses USB to connect to the computer.
4. Card Reader - The different flash memory cards such as SD card, micro SD,
MMC, XD and memory stick are being used by cameras, tablets, phones and
other devices for storage of different media and other files.
• A USB card reader is a plug and play device to the same function. This is
connected to the computer via USB.
5. USB Flash drive - This device comes in different names - flash drive, data stick,
pen drive, keychain drive, thumb drive, jump drive. It is a very small
portable storage device that connects to the computer via USB.

TEST YOUR SELF
I. ENUMERATION: List down the items being asked. Write the answer on the space provided. (10points)
A. Types of Removable Drives B. Types of Hard Drives

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
II. IDENTIFICATION: Label the parts of the hard drive. Write the answer on the space provided. (9points)
Page | 37
2 3 1.
1
4 2.
3.
5
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6 9.
9 7
LESSON 9: PERIPHERALS AND PORTS
Objectives:
 Identify and describe peripherals and their types.
 Explain the functions of the peripherals.
 Classify peripherals according to functions.
 Identify the ports.
PERIPHERALS
• Peripherals are additional devices that are attached to the computer they can be classified as
input, output, input-output or network as discussed in the previous unit.
Input Devices
– Input devices are peripherals that enter data in the computer to be processed. These data
can either be alphanumeric characters, commands or media. Below are the latest available
input devices in the market.
• Keyboard
– Keyboard allows inputs of alphanumeric characters and other special symbols.
• Mouse
- The mouse permits an individual to control a pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI).
• Optical Scanner
- Optical scanners allow users to take image or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing
the computer to read and display the scanned object. A scanner can be connected to a
computer using USB or a SCSI port.
• Microphone
– Microphone, also known as mic, allows computer users to input audio into their computers.
• Joystick
– A joystick is a device that allows users to move an object in a game, for example
navigating a plane in a flight simulator.
• Graphics Tablet
– A graphics tablet, also known as drawing tablet and pen tablet, enables an artist to draw or
sketch using the computer.
Page | 38
• Barcode Reader
– A barcode reader or scanner is a hardware device that is capable of reading a barcode
and printing out the details of the product or logging that product into a database.
• Touch Screen
– Touch screens allow users to interact with the device without a mouse or keyboard for
input. It has no physical keyboard and all data is inputted using a finger.
• Biometrics System
– A biometrics system measures a specific area in the human body commonly used for
identifying a specific human being. They have a database of registered users or people
and match it with the person who is using the device.
• The commonly used biometric system today is the finger scanner that
identifies a person through his fingerprints.
• Like the fingerprint, palm is also unique to a person. A hand scanner

identifies a person by identifying his palm.
 Another biometric system available is the face scanner that takes the
measurement of the person's face like the distance between his eyes,
nose, chin, etc.
• An iris scanner identifies a person by scanning the iris of his eyes.
Output Devices
– Output devices are peripherals that allow the computer to deliver information to the user.
This information may be in visual, audio, or print form depending on the output device
being used.
• Monitor
– The monitor is the user’s visual link to the computer
• Printer
– The printer is responsible for transferring computer data such as text, images, and photos
to a hard copy.
• Projector
– The projector is used to shows a large version of computer display on a flat surface. They
are usually used during meetings and presentation to make sure that the audience can see
the information produced by the computer.
• Speakers
– They are hardware devices connected to a computer's sound card that outputs sounds
generated by the computer.
• Headphones
Page | 39
– They allow you to privately listen to sound without disturbing the others. They are usually
plugged into the audio lineout of the computer or speakers.
Input/output Devices
– Input/output devices are peripherals that are capable of putting information and generating
result.
• Digital Camera
– The digital camera stores pictures and videos in electronic format
instead of film format.
• Video Camera
– A video camera is a device that can store videos with sounds to the device
itself. It can also be viewed immediately after recording.
• Headset
– They allow users to talk and listen to and from the computer while
keeping their hands free.
• Modem
– A modem is what allows a computer to communicate with the outside
world. It is most commonly used to connect computers to the Internet,
but can also be used to communicate directly with another computer.
PORTS
• Ports offer standard connection points between the motherboard and external devices. See for the
function/definition in the next preceding pages.
1. PS/2 Port
– PS 2 ports connect the mouse and keyboards to the computer with a
wire. However, they are almost obsolete because latest keyboards and
mouse use USB cables.
2. USB Port
Page | 40
– USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, an industry standard for short-distance digital data
communications. USB ports allow data to be transferred between devices.
3. Serial Port
– This is an old port used to connect peripherals like digital
cameras. Serial ports are now replaced by USB ports.
4. VGA Port
– VGA, also known as Video Graphics Array, ports are used to output
the desktop of the user to show videos, presentations, etc to other
individuals.
5. Audio IN/OUT Ports

- They are used for speakers, microphones, headsets and other audio
devices. Mostly, the colors are red for mic, green for speakers, and
blue for headset.
6. Ethernet Port
– This port is used for networking and connection to the Internet.
7. Parallel Port
– This is another old port that is less common in latest computers
and has been replaced by USB. This is used for some printers.
8. Game Port
– This is found in IBM and IBM compatible computers. It allows
connecting gaming devices such as joystick, game pad, and
steering wheel. This is another old port currently replaced by USB.

TEST YOUR SELF
I. LABEL THE PARTS: Label the ports of the Computer. (11points)
Page | 41
10
6 11
II. SKILL PRACTICE
Do what is asked.
1. Research on five (5) different computer peripherals that are not mentioned in this lesson for
examples facsimile, photocopier and others.
a. _______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________
LESSON 10: PREPARING THE CASE AND MOTHEBOARD
Objectives:
 Apply the steps in preparing the computer case and motherboard
 Identify correct slots in installing the motherboard
 Connect other PC components in the motherboard
Preparing the Case

The computer case houses all the computer components.
Page | 42
Outside of Case Inside of Case
1. Power supply which is typically installed in the computer case supplies power to the computer via
various sized power connectors and a larger ATX power connector.
2. Motherboard pan using brass standoffs or plastic connectors to keep the motherboard in place.
3. Full-height drive bay holds the computer’s CD-ROM, DVD, and CDRW drives. When these devices
are installed, the plastic plate on the outside of the computer case is snapped out to allow the user
to have access to these devices.
4. Half-height drive bay contains the floppy drive, hard drive, as well as any other half-height devices
(e.g. zip drive).
5. PC speaker issues various noises that give audio cues to the inner workings of the computer. For
example when the computer first boots up, it emits a beep after successfully completing its self-
test.
The computer case should come with a little bag filled with screws:
1. Chassis screws - These are little screws that are used to hold
the computer cards in place.
2. Motherboard screws - These are used to fasten the motherboard
to the motherboard pan.
3. Standoffs - These are either brass or plastic and are used to hold
the motherboard firmly in the case, while at the same time keeping
it from touching the actual metal case, which could cause a short in
the motherboard.
Getting Started
• As mentioned before, the motherboard is the backbone of a computer. It connects the peripherals
into one cohesive computer unit. Let us take a look at the basic components of motherboard again.
Page | 43
1. I/O Ports 11. CMOS/BIOS jumper

2. Power Connector 12. USB connector
3. Processor’s ZIF Socket 13. FDD connector
4. Memory Slot 14. PCI slots
5. ATX Power connector 15. Motherboard Version Number
6. Name of the Vendor 16. CMOS/BIOS IC
7. CMOS /BIOS Battery 17. Audio Modem Riser slot
8. IDE Connector 18. PCI express slot
9. Front panel connectors 19.North Bridge IC
10. SATA Connector 20. South Bridge IC
Preparing the Motherboard

Here is the basic procedure for motherboard configuration:
1. Set the voltage settings.
2. Set the jumpers to match the voltage for your CPU. The manual should have a guide as to what
the user’s CPU’s voltage should be or it can also be found in the chip itself.
3. Some boards are designed to detect the voltage automatically and then use the correct voltage.
The motherboard must also be configured so that it matches the processor speed, and the bus it
was designed to work with.
4. Set the CPU speed by using a "multiplier" which is a number that when multiplied by the bus speed
equals the CPU speed. For example, if the CPU was designed to work at 800 MHz on a 100 MHz
bus, the motherboard bus speed should be set first to 100 MHz and then the user must tell the
motherboard that a 800Mhz CPU is used by setting a multiplier to 8.0. If the manual list the settings
through the CPU, just follow what the manual says.
5. The last step to configuring your motherboard is to make

sure all the default settings are correct. This involves
going through the manual and all the default dip and
jumper settings match the ones on the user’s
motherboard.
Page | 44
Fitting the Mainboard

1. Place the case on its side. Push all power connectors and wires out of the way before placing the
mainboard. The initial goal is to learn where the standoffs which will support the board are to be
placed.
– The motherboard has to be placed in the case, so that its holes are lined up with the holes
of the cases.
Into each of those case holes screw a brass riser; also known as a standoff. (Some cases come
with plastic snap in risers). The risers keep the motherboard from touching the metal computer
case and then causing a short.
2. When the risers are in position, place the motherboard over the risers so that the holes and the
risers correspond.
3. Fasten the motherboard to the risers with the
provided screws. If they come with washers, use
them, as this will prevent the screws from
accidentally shorting the Motherboard.
Next, the various wires that connect the
motherboard to the computer case and power
supply needs to be installed. Do the following:
1. Connect the ATX power supply to the
motherboard. This is a big white 20 pin connector
that plugs into the motherboard. It is keyed so it
won’t be installed the wrong way.
2. The computer case has connectors for the power and reset buttons as well as LED connectors that
show system activity. Take a look at the motherboard manual to see where in the motherboard the
connector should be placed.
Seating the Mainboard against the I/O Shield or Panel

 As the mainboard is being placed, it might want to sit a quarter inch back from the I/O shield—well,
this is natural. Move the board around just a bit, and push it toward the I/O shield. It should pop into
location. Then, the screw holes of the standoffs should be centered under the screw holes of the
mainboard.
 The I/O shield has little fins sticking out which are designed to
press against the I/O connectors of the mainboard. These fins
help ground the mainboard (in theory, at least. If the user’s I/O
shield is plastic, this might not work.) Plus, the pressure from
these fins helps secure the mainboard in place.
 After the mainboard is pushed toward the I/O shield and the
board is properly lined-up, the connectors through the I/O
shield must be examined. Sometimes, one of the metal fins will
get in the way and be smashed so that it sits in front of the I/O
connector, effectively preventing the connector’s use.
 The back of the case shows that as the mainboard was pushed
toward the I/O shield, one of the metal fins was bent and now interferes with the connector. If this
happens, remove the mainboard and bend the offending fin out of the way.
 Simply remove the board and bend any offending I/O fins back and out of the way and try again to
seat the mainboard. Be sure that any fins that would be bent back don’t touch any part of the
Page | 45
mainboard or if they do, try to make the fins only touch the metal case of the I/O connectors on the
board.
Connecting the Case Fan

• The case should have a case fan. The fan connector is
usually the type that slips over three pins on the
mainboard. See the mainboard manual to locate the
case fan connection. Connect the case fan. Double
check to be sure the CPU fan is also connected. Some
case fans connect to wires directly from the power
supply.
• See the mainboard manual to determine where the
case fan is connected. The case fan is typically connected with a three-pin
connector similar to the CPU fan the user connected
earlier.
Connecting Other Thin-Wire Connectors

• Most of the leads, such as the power switch and the
reset switch, can be connected in either orientation.
There is no “Pin 1” or side to these connectors.
•
•
Pushing the reset switch on the case restarts the
system.
• See the mainboard manual to determine
the proper connections. Often, the pins are also marked
on the mainboard. These connectors were discussed
during the component overview.

I. IDENTIFICATION: Write the word(s) described in the statements below. (10 points)
Page | 46
_______________ 1. These are used to fasten the Motherboard to the Motherboard pan.
_______________ 2. These are little screws that are used to hold your computer cards in place.
_______________ 3. This issues various noises that give audio cues to the inner workings of the
computer.
_______________ 4. This houses all the computer components.
_______________ 5. It is the backbone of your computer, it connects your peripherals into one cohesive
unit called computer.
_______________ 6. This contains the computer floppy drive, hard drive, as well as any other half-height
devices E.G. Zip drive.
_______________ 7. These are either Brass or Plastic and are used to hold the motherboard firmly in the
case while at the same time keeping it from touching the actual metal case.
_______________ 8. It is a set of two or three pins that stick out from your motherboard.
_______________ 9. This is a number that when multiplied by the Bus speed equals the CPU speed.
_______________ 10. This holds the computers CD-ROM, DVD, and CDRW drives.
References:
https://www.building-a-gaming-computer.com/preparing-a-case.html
https://www.electronicshub.org/types-of-computer-ports/
https://techterms.com/definition/diskdrive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_(computing)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxtXQt9KC8s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtPc0jI21i0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0F4cc2dkV8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Abr_Lj-umBE
LESSON 11: INSTALLING CPU AND MEMORY
Page | 47
Objectives:
 Identify CPU styles
 Enumerate the steps in installing CPU and memory
 Install CPU and Memory
Two Styles of CPU’s
Installing the CPU should not be a very difficult task. How to go about
installing a CPU is dependent on what style of CPU an individual is
using.
• Socket style CPU is flat with a grid of pins that are inserted into
the Motherboards CPU socket. Some popular socket style
CPU's are the AMD Duron, and the Intel Celeron as well as the
new AMD Opteron and the Intel Core i7,i5,i3.
• Slot style CPU is shaped a bit like a cartridge and often has the
cooling fan and heatsink built into it. Popular Slot style CPU's
include the Intel Pentium III

Installing a Socket Style CPU
1. Orient the Chip - This involves locating Pin 1 on both the chip
and the socket. This is easy to do. The chip is always marked
at Pin 1. The mark may be a little dot on one corner, a slightly
notched corner, or a mark at one of the pins under the chip.
On the socket, there is usually a notch on one corner, or a
big "1". These corners will be matched up for correct
installation.
2. Open the ZIF Socket - This is done by grabbing the lever on
one side of the socket and opening it. Pull the lever from the
closed, level position, to the open, vertical position. The user
may need to pull the lever out a little before it will open. Do
this slowly and be sure not to force it, so that the socket won’t
break. On the way up, the user may experience a little more
force. This is normal.
3. Insert the Processor - Bearing in mind the orientation
determined in Step 1, insert the chip into the socket. With a ZIF socket, the chip should install very
easily. It should almost fall into the socket with all pins lining up. If not, the socket is probably not
open all the way.
4. Closing the ZIF Socket - Just close the lever. This will probably let the user feel some resistance.
This is normal and it should close anyway. If the user really needs
to lean on it, check to be sure the chip is installed correctly. When
down, make sure the lever snaps into place.
Installing Heatsink/Cooling Fan
Page | 48
• Computer Fan - is any fan inside, or connected to, a computer case used for active cooling, and
may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, driving out warm air from
inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component.
• Heatsink - is a passive heat exchanger component that cools a device by dissipating heat into the
surrounding air.
• Now, the user has to install the cooling fan and heatsink. Most often the cooling fan and Heatsink
are sold together and already attached to one another. Otherwise the user will have to screw the
cooling fan to the Heatsink. The Cooling fan/Heatsink assembly is attached to the CPU via a metal
clip that hooks onto the CPU socket. Alternatively it can be attached by applying a Thermal
compound to the Heatsink which assures that the Heatsink is in contact with all of the CPU surface
area.
Place Cooling Fan in the CPU CPU Fan Is Placed, Connect the Power Supply Installing a Socket Style CPU
Installing Memory
• This SHOULD be one of the simplest steps in the whole process.
Basically, it amounts to finding the available memory slot on
motherboard and snapping the chip in place. The memory module is
keyed so if the user has trouble inserting it, probably the user is trying
to put it in the wrong way. Once the memory chip in the slot, press
down firmly till it snaps into place.
Memory module is keyed so as to reduce trouble in inserting it

Memory module is keyed so as to reduce trouble in inserting it

Test Your Self!
TRUE or FALSE: On the space provided, write True if the statement is correct, otherwise write False.
(10points)
Page | 49
_____________ 1. The socket style CPU in round with a grid of pins that are inserted into the
Motherboards CPU socket.
_____________ 2. The slot style CPU is shaped abit like a cartridge and often has the cooling fan and
heatsink build into it.
_____________ 3. The Cooling fan/Heatsink assembly is attached to the CPU via a metal clip that hooks
onto the CPU socket.
_____________ 4. The back of a CD – ROM has five set of jumpers.
_____________ 5. Opening the ZIF socket is done by grabbing the lever on one side of the socket and
opening it.
_____________ 6. Insert small screws through the drive bay and into the hard drive on both sides to fasten
it securely to the computer case.
_____________ 7. If you need to connect the CD-ROM to the same IDE controller as the Hard drive,
designate the Hard Drive as the Master and the CD-ROM drive as the slave.
_____________ 8. Connect the power supply cable to the hard drive and your installation is complete.
_____________ 9. Cable Select (CS) systems utilize a special cable configuration where the hard drive’s
position on the ATA cable determines its master or slave status.
_____________ 10. A Computer Case usually has two or four half-height drive bays.
LESSON 12: INSTALLING DISK DRIVE
Objectives:
• Installing CD-ROM
• Installing a Hard Drive
Installing CD-ROM
• CD-ROM drive installation is a fairly straightforward process. The
first step is to make sure that all the jumpers are set correctly.
Page | 50
The back of a DVD-ROM drive has three sets of jumpers:

1. MA jumper that designates the
drive as the Master.
2. SL jumper designating the drive
as a Slave unit.
3. CS jumper where the computer
decides whether the DVD-ROM
will be the Master or the Slave
based on its position on the cable.
Tips on Installing DVD-ROM:

1. Hard Drive as Master - connected to the Primary IDE controller on motherboard, and the DVD-
ROM drive should be the Master connected to the Secondary IDE controller.
2. If the user needs to connect the DVD-ROM to the same IDE
controller as the Hard Drive, designate the Hard Drive as the
Master and the DVD-ROM drive as the slave. Once the jumpers
are set, the user ready to install the DVD-ROM drive into the
computer case. To do this, first remove the two side panels of the
computer case as well as the front face plate of the bay he/she
will be installing the DVD-ROM drive into.
3. Carefully slide the DVD-ROM drive into the drive bay making sure
that the disc tray is facing the front of the computer.
4. Mount the DVD-ROM drive to the cage with small screws going
from the slot in the cage into the specially designed holes on the
sides of the DVD-ROM drive.
5. Connect one end of the Ribbon Cable to the DVD-ROM Drive and
the other end to the IDE Controller slot on the Motherboard. If the
Hard Drive and The DVD-ROM drive are going to be connected to
the same IDE slot, connect one of the center connectors to the
DVD-ROM drive and the end terminal reserve for the hard drive.
6. Next use the audio cable to connect the DVD-ROM drive to the
sound card. This will allow users to play audio CD's through
the computer.
7. Plug in a Power supply connector and the DVD-ROM
Installing a Hard Drive

• Installing the Hard Drive is very similar to installing the DVD-ROM drive.
Page | 51
Once the jumpers are set properly:

1. Slide the hard drive into one of the open half-height bays. The user does not need to remove any
plastic panels since the hard drive does not need accessibility from the outside.
2. Insert small screws through the drive bay and into the hard drive on both sides to fasten it securely
to the computer case.
3. Connect the hard drive to the motherboard with the ribbon cable. Since the hard drive should be
set to master, the user should connect the terminal end of the cable to the drive.
4. Connect the power supply cable to the hard drive and the installation is complete.

Test Your Self!
ESSAY: Illustrate, research and discuss different setup of installing two (2) hard drives in one PC. Use
additional sheet if necessary. (50points)
Page | 52
LESSON 13: INSTALLING ADAPTER CARDS
Objectives:
• Adapter Cards
• Installing a Video Card
• Installing a Sound Card
• Installing a Modem
Adapter Cards
• The first step is to determine if any of these components
were integrated into the motherboard.
Page | 53
• installation of accessory cards is a lot like playing with Lego. The user needs to find an open slot
and plug it in.
Installing a Video Card
1. Shut down the computer.

2. Leave the computer connected into the surge suppressor.
3. Detach all peripherals from the computer.
4. Take out the cover of the chassis.
5. Put on a grounding strap if there is any and follow its instructions to avoid ground by touching a
metal part of the chassis.
6. Take out the back panel of the computer as needed.
7. Remove old video card. Put the new video card into that slot if it will fit physically.
8. If upgrading from a PCI card to an ISA card, find an open PCI slot.
9. Knock out or unbolt the metal plate on slot holder on the back panel of the computer.
10. Seat the video card gently but firmly into a slot.
11. Reseat the back panel and any detached screws.
12. Reconnect the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
13. If the monitor displays properly, the card is working.
14. Follow onscreen instructions to install driver and additional software.
15. Adjust controls on the monitor and settings in the Display control panel.
17. Place again the computer cover.
Installing a Sound Card
Page | 54

2. Disconnect machine from the surge protector.
3. Disengage all peripherals from the computer.
4. Uncover the chassis and lay computer on its side if it is a tower
5. Ground oneself to the computer.
6. Remove the back panel, if necessary.
7. Trace the existing sound card when one was installed.
8. If the computer does not already have a sound card, find an open slot.
9. Knock out or unbolt the metal plate on the card's slot holder on the back panel.
10. Insert the sound card gently but firmly into the slot.
11. Connect cables from the CD-ROM drive to the sound card.
12. Cover the back panel with screws.
13. Reconnect monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
14. Turn on the speakers and restart the computer.
15. If Windows detects the sound card upon startup, follow instructions to install the card's driver and
additional software.
16. Play music CD to test sound card.
17. Shut down computer.
18. Place again the cover of computer.
Installing a Modem
Page | 55
1. Open the side of the computer. Typically, it will be held in place with a pair of Phillips screws;
however some models use "thumb screws," which is handier.
2. Ground by touching the metal part of the computer case.
3. Insert the modem card with the silver colored slat (where the plugs are located for inserting a
telephone wire) facing toward the back of the computer, directly over the PCI slot.
4. Close up the computer; plug the telephone wire into the back of the modem card and the other end
into your telephone jack.

Test Your Self!
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Supply the missing word(s). Write your answer on the space provided.
1. ________________ and modem cards should both be in PCI form.

2. Be sure __________________________ is spinning before closing the side.
3. IDE Cables and _________________________ for both CD-ROM and hard drives should be secure and
properly installed.
4. Install the video card into the appropriate _________________________ by pressing down firmly it is
well seated.
5. Make sure your ________________________ is installed properly with the tab securely in the folder.
6. Many builders suggest assembling and __________________ your basic system before installing
unnecessary expansion cards.
7. The ______________________ to the Power switch, Reset switch, Power LED, HD LED, and speaker
should be connected in the proper place as recommended by the motherboard manual.
8. The sound card and modem are installed in the same manner in the motherboards ________________.
9. Video Cards are sold in PCI and _________________ configurations.
10. Your ______________________should be connected to the motherboard.
Page | 56
APPLICATION: Create a final checklist of installation. Provide additional sheets if necessary. (30 points)
Page | 57
LESSON 14: WHAT IS A NETWORK?
Objectives:
• Define what a network is
• Know the advantages and disadvantages of being connected to a network
• Identify the different network media types
What is a Network?
A Network is a collection of two or more computers, as well as other related devices, connected
together so that information can be exchanged between or among them.
Sharing resources like a common internet connection and improving communications are two of the
greatest advantages of using computer networking. Aside from easily distributing files and sharing printers,
you can also share storage media such as network-attached storage without the need for plugging in any
additional cables.
In fact, some homes even have built-in networks so television set can share movies from one repository, or
so that multiple digital music players can share music files from just one storage device. Today, almost all
popular software applications or programs are developed with networking in mind to either enhance
communication or encourage sharing and collaboration.
Page | 58
Advantages and Disadvantages of Networking
Computer networks have many advantages. Among the many benefits are:
 Reduced Costs. Everyone in your home or office can share a single printer and a single high speed
internet connection at the same time.
 Increased Efficiency. You can access data, pictures, and many other files on any connected
computer without having to save them into a USB Flash Drive or burning them in a CD.
 Economical. Purchasing software network licenses is relatively cheaper than purchasing individual
licenses.
 More productivity. Shared internet access means no one need to wait to use the internet or email.
Everyone can work simultaneously.
 Increased access to communication channels. You can communicate with others in the network
using the email or an Instant Email (IM) software.
 More efficient patching of software. Software updates need only be installed once. A patch is a
piece of software designed to fix or update the data of a computer program.
However, it also has some disadvantages; among these are as follows:
 Some of the organization’s activities depend on the network to be up and running. If the network
fails, the users lose access to information and the ability to communicate electronically.
 In a server/client relationship network, server faults may prevent you from using some applications,
or even from accessing your computer.
 Your system is open to hackers, especially if it is connected to the Internet at all times.
 Networks are vulnerable to virus attacks. A virus introduced in one workstation can spread quickly
to other workstations.
 Resources, such as printers, might be located too far from your table.
Network Media Types

Computer network can be built using either wired or wireless technology. Wired technology has been the
traditional choice in homes, but WI-FI wireless technology is quickly gaining ground.
Wired Network
Despite the proliferation of wireless data technology in the home, office, and mobile environment,
having wired connection is still the most efficient and practical method of networking. It is important to keep
in mind that whether wired or wireless, computer networking follows the same basic principles of sharing
information and resources.
Page | 59
Wired connections are typically used at the network core to interconnect servers at network equipment. It is
more reliable over the long term, much faster, and more economical. Wireless technology is usually only
used for connecting users to the network, especially for those who demand a certain degree of mobility
such as laptop or tablet computer users who roam and transfer to different workplaces from time to time.
Wireless Network
This is quickly becoming the connection option of choice as it does not require any cables to be set
in your home or office. Cellphone, home and office are currently the three types of connections.
In order to be connected in a wireless environment, each computer must have a computer card
with wireless interface and access point. Wireless devices work with radio frequencies for data
transmission.

CROSSWORD: Fit the words correctly into the grid. The keywords are the advantages and disadvantages of
networking. (10points)
Across:
6. Networked computers increase on this
through the use of email or instant
8 1 7 messaging (IM) software.
8. Your system is open to _____,

especially if it is connected to the
2 3 internet all times.
9. Resources, such as printers, might be

located too far from your table.
4 5
Across:
1. You can access files without having to
save them into a USB flash drive.
6 2. All will be _____ as everyone can

work simultaneously.
3. Purchasing a software network

10 license is relatively cheaper than
individual licenses.
9
4. A software to fix or update data
5. It reduce _____ as everyone can

share a single printer at the same time.
7. Some of the organization’s activities

depend on the network to be up and
running.
10. Networks are vulnerable to ______

attacks that can easily spread to one
workstations quickly to another
workstations.
Page | 60
LESSON 15: TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Objectives:
• Identify the different types of computer networks; and
• Understand the concepts of the internet, intranet, and extranet.
With the increasing number of users relying on electronic devices, the need for access, sharing,
interconnectivity, and control of these devices and the data therein become necessary. These needs range
from a simple network within individual work areas to a connection that requires international or global
transfer of personal data. The range of control or reach of these networks dictates the type of network they
belong to.
Network Types
 PAN (Personal Area Network) is a computer network used to interconnect devices centered on an
individual workplace.
Personal Area Networks can be created using USB Cables, Bluetooth, infrared, or other wireless
technologies. It generally covers a network ranges of less than 10 meters and is viewed as a
special type of Local Area Network.
 LAN (Local Area Network) is a type of network where two to as much as hundreds of computers
are connected with each other using a network sharing device known as a hub or switch to enable
sharing of files, printers, and other resources.
Page | 61
Network Bridge connects different local area networks together. It is used to avoid congestion in
the data network when there are too many users. It was popular when switches were still too
expensive to use.
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a larger network than a LAN. It involves connecting several
networks together that reside within a city, town, or metropolis, On a MAN, users may be several
miles apart, but resources appear on the network just as if they were located within the same
buiding.
 WAN (Wide Area Network) is simply a network consisting if interconnected LANs. It is usually
dispersed over a very wide area, and it is not uncommon to see WANs reaching across continents
to link office networks with one another in several international branch offices.
Page | 62
A Virtual Private Network (PVN) is a method of securing point-to-point data communications

between your network and another remote network or computer.
Firewall – a computer system that protects the network against external threats.
Internet
The internet is a collection of networks and a location for digital resources existing in a common
medium with the ability to share information. The internet was created by the US Department of Defense
when they started a project in 1969 to allow researchers and military personnel to communicate with each
other in an emergency. This worldwide computer network allows people to communicate and exchange
informations
Page | 63
The Intranet is a private network based on the internet standards and is similarly designed. It is
used mostly by big corporations and is a closed network. This means it can be accessed only by the
employees or other authorized users and not by the public. Like the Internet, intranets are used to share
information and files such as documents, pictures, and databases. It also allows the employees to create
forums and discussions within the company that can be helpful in improving the company’s products and
services. One of the key advantages of an intranet is the broad availability and use of software applications
unique to the needs of a corporation.
An intranet is so named because it looks like a World Wide Web and is based on the same
technologies; however, it is strictly internal and confidential to the organization and is not connected to the
internet proper. Some intranets also offer access to the internet, but such connections are directed through
a firewall that protects the internal network from the external web.
Extranet on the hand is an extension of some combination of corporate, public, and private intranet
using World Wide Web technology to facilitate communication with the corporation’s suppliers customers
and associates. An extranet allows customers, suppliers, and business partners to gain limited access to a
company’s intranet in order to enhance the speed and efficiency of their business relationship. The need
for security and limited access is why the extranet exists as an add-on to a corporation’s intranet; hence,
the term EXTRA-net.

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the network type that best describes the following scenarios. Shade the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Home internet connection shared through a wireless router from an internet provider.
a. Personal Area Network b. Local Area Network c. Metropolitan Area Network d. Wide Area Network
2. A network printer and storage accessible in a small office setup.

3. Students’ grades are made available to the parents by accessing the school’s portal in the Web.
4. Sales inventory being accessed by store branches within the same locale.
5. Police records accessed by government organizations to verify personal profiles.

6. Images transferred directly from a mobile device into a laptop unit.

7. A city government providing direct network access to institutions under it using private communications lines.
8. ATMs sending and retrieving information from bank’s database.

9. The BCS is using an enrollment system.

10. Playing online games in the computershop.

Page | 64
LESSON 16: THE INTERNET
Objectives:
 Define what is internet is
 Know the internet fundamentals and how it works
 Be aware of how the internet started
 Enumerate the different internet services
 Know how to get connected to the internet
 Be familiar with the different types of internet connections
What is Internet?
The Internet, or simply the Net, is a collection of

computer networks that link billions of different
computers around the world. A Computer Network
is a group of connected computers that exchange
information. Once your computer is connected to
the internet, you can “travel” to any of the
millions of computers that are hooked up to the
Internet, computers that might be thousands of
miles away. This is the reason why the internet
is also called the Information Superhighway.
For example, an internet user in Manila can get the information he needs from another computer
located in Tokyo. An individual in London can send an email and be confident that it will reach his friend in
Canada in minutes or less. A child in New York can chat online with her mom who is working in Moscow at
real time without paying long distance charges. Amazing, right? So how can the internet do all these?
How Does it Work?
Let’s take email as an example of how the internet is works. Your email travels by being relayed
from one computer on a network to another computer in another network until it reaches its destination. As
the information travels, each network that is reached passes the information to the adjacent network until it
gets to the target destination, which may be in a different city or country. The electronic universe of
information available through the internet is referred to as cyberspace.
Each network “speaks” to one another using

different data transmission techniques like telephone
lines, wireless radios, or even satellite dishes. Using a
standardized collection of rules and conventions called
protocols, computers can exchange information
regardless of their type or brand. For the computer to be
able to “talk” to each other over an ordinary telephone
line, a device called a modem is needed.
Since the internet started more than two decades ago, it has grown very fast and is now used for
commercials, educational, and personal purposes; but how did the internet get here?
Page | 65
How a Modem Works
A modem is a device that lets computers “talk” to each other via telephone lines. It serves as a
translator. The computer produces digital signals to transmit images, documents, programs, etc. On the
other hand, telephones were designed to transfer voice or analog signals. The digital signals produced by
the computer must be converted to analog signals to be able to use the telephone lines and vice-versa. The
modem’s job is to convert the digital signal to analog in a process called modulation, and the analog signal
to digital signal, which is called demodulation. That is where the name Modulator-Demodulator or Modem
is derived from. There are two types of modems: the external modem and the internal modem.
History of the Internet
During the 1960’s, there was a demand for computer networks to help scientists and researchers
from widely dispersed areas. They needed to work as if they were in one place by sharing their files and
resources. For this reason, the US Defense Department made an experiment that led them to the
development of connected computer networks that worked as a coordinated whole.
Unfortunately, the Cold War existed at that time and networks were unprotected from enemy
attack. Whenever a single server failed, the entire network failed. Consequently, it was realized that a
“bomb proof” network was needed, one that would be operational even when one part of the network
shutdown. To solve this problem, the Defense Department created ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network) in 1969. It was an experimental network based on packet switching techniques.
The resulting effect was that when part of it failed, information found a new route with help from the
surviving parts.
The success of ARPANET led to its widespread growths as more government agencies,
universities and research institutions joined the network. ARPANET became the forerunner of today’s
internet.
In the following years, while some of the early networks had shut down, a larger number of newer
and faster networks came into existence.
Internet Services
Page | 66
Surfing on the internet offers dun and exciting features and services such as electronic mail, the
WORLD WIDE WEB, Internet Relay Chat, newsgroup, and more.
A. Electronic Mails. Electronic Mail or email is the worldwide system of sending

and receiving mails in an electronic format. It is one of the most popular
activities on the Net. The speed and ease by which an email can be sent to an
intended recipient or recipients thousands of miles away makes it one of the
most popular among all the internet services.
B. Newsgroup. Another service called Usenet allows access to

news group. A Newsgroup is a collection of people that share in
group discussions on specific topics. It has little to do with “news”;
Instead, it provides a unique opportunity for public discussion and
debate. Some newsgroup focus on buying or selling items while
others on current issues. Somebody posts a message and
anyone who wants to respond posts his or her response. This goes on back and forth until there of a dialog
of infinite length. There are thousands of newsgroup available on Usenet.
C. Internet Relay Chat. The internet relay chat (IRC) or chat

enables a group of people, usually using aliases or “screen
names” to send typed messages and follow audio
conversations with one another om real time across the globe.
This service is especially popular among young people.
D. World Wide Web. Another part of the internet is what is known as the world
wide web, or simply “the WEB”. It is a system of linking documents that may
be on different computers and located in many countries. The WEB is
composed of a large collection of documents called web pages that are stored
in computers around the world. The software used to surf the Net is called
web browser. You can access a website on the internet by its URL.
What are internet addresses?
The web address, sometimes called a URL or Uniform Resource Locator, typically starts with a
protocol name, followed by the name of the organization. The suffix identifies what kind of organization it is.
For example, the URL address http://www.move.com/newsa.htm* provides the following

information.
http - This web server uses the http protocol.
www - This site is on the World Wide Web
move - The name of the domain ismove.com
.com - A commercial organization
news.htm - This is the actual document or file that your browser loads.
Another type of address is the email address. It identifies the person in the internet. Suppose you
want to send an email to a friend with the address sims@philsign.edu. In this sample address the person’s
log-in is “sims”. The next word “philsign” might be the person’s employer or his/her email service provider,
and educational organization identified by “edu”.
Page | 67
E. File Sharing and Search Engine. Individuals can share their files over the internet. For example, a farmer
who wants to know more about organic farming can find someone on the internet who can provide him the
materials about organic farming. How is he going to start? He can use the search engine.
F. Search engines or search sites allows users to search the internet

using keywords. Some examples of search engines are Google
(www.google.com), MSN Search (www.msn.com), and Yahoo!
Search (www.yahoo.com). The user types a word or a phrase and
then the search engine will display lists of internet locations based on
the keywords. For examples, typing “organic farming” in a search engine will result to hundreds of
thousands of related links in more or less than one second.
Getting Connected
The primary way for you to get an internet account is through an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
An ISP is a company that provides you connectivity to the internet. You subscribe to their network and pay
a regular user fee. A connection between your computer and the ISP is usually established through a
telephone network system. You can connect your PC to the ISP by dialling up a standard telephone line, or
if you have a broadband connection, usually a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or even thorugh your cable TV
provider
To be able to connect to the internet and browse the World Wide Web, you basically need a
computer, NIC, internet account, modem, and usually a telephone line. In choosing a modem, you should
look for the one that is most suited to your needs. You have to decide whether you want an external or
internal modem. An external modem is more expensive than the internal one, but it allows you to easily
transfer the modem to other computers without having to open your system unit. Today, most brand-new
computers have modems included or “built - in” in the system unit. You may also want to consider the
speed and reliability of the modem.
For dial-up connection, another way to get an account is through prepaid internet cards. All you
have to do is buy one and follow the instructions at the back of the card.
Countries with the fastest internet in the world 2020
Rank Country/Territory Average internet speed (MB/s)
1 Taiwan 85.02
2 Singapore 70.86
3 Jersey 67.46
4 Sweden 55.18
5 Denmark 49.19
6 Japan 42.77
7 Luxembourg 41.69
8 Netherlands 40.21
9 Switzerland 38.85
10 San Marino 38.73
https://www.swedishnomad.com/fastest-internet-in-the-world/
Types of Internet Connection
Page | 68
1. Narrowband
Dial-up. Dial-up connection are the most common type of internet connection for home users. Dial-
up connections today are considered the slowest, but have the reputation of being the most inexpensive.
Connection rates for dial-up modems tend to fall between 24kbps and 56 kbps.
Another drawbacks of dial-up is that you cannot use the telephone for internet and phone calls at
the same time. If anyone calls you while you are using the internet,
the caller will get a busy signal.
ISDN. ISDN or Integrated

Services Digital Network connection
is a type of digital telephone
connection that offers data transfer
rates of up to 128 kbps. This can be better than dial-
up, however ISDN connections are still considered
outdated.
2. Broadband
Cable connection. Cable connections offer very fast and reliable connections with a fixed monthly
fee. Because cable connections use a different medium to connect you to the internet, it will not affect how
you use your telephone. Cable broadband internet connections offer data transfer rates of approximately
1.5 Mbps up to 7.5 mbps. You have to check though with your local cable company if its service is available
in your area.
DSL Broadband. Digital Subscriber Line or DSL connections are becoming widely available and
can provide you with an excellent internet connection. DSL allows you to use the phone normally while
connected to the internet. The disadvantage is DSL connections can be costlier than dial-up. DSL operates
at 512 kbps up to 20 mbps.
Dedicated Leased Line. A dedicated leased line is a point-to-point, high-speed communication line
that directly connects your computer to your ISP’s Network. The speed of your internet access depends on
the type of leased line you have. Some are capable of transferring data at 1,544,000 bits-per-second. The
phone companies call this a T1 Line. This type of line allows you to download and upload large documents
quickly. Upload and download speeds are the same (symmetric), unlike DSL, wherein upload speed is
slower than its download speed (asymmetric). This advantage is that a leased line is much more expensive
than cable or DSL connections.
Page | 69
T1 capacity is the most commonly used broadband digital line in the United States, Canada, and
Japan.
Wireless connections. The popular term for wireless

connection is WI-FI (wireless fidelity). Now, anyone with a laptop can
be connected to the internet anywhere in the world without any cords
or wires for as long as you are in a Wi-Fi “hotzone”.
One disadvantage of wireless broadband connections is that
you have to stay within a certain radius to connect to a Wi-Fi device.
Bit Rate
The Speed at which data is transmitted over telephone lines is measured in bits per second
(abbreviated bit/s or bps). This is also a common measure for computer modems. As the term implies, the
speed in bps is equal to the number of bits sent or received each second. Larger units are sometimes used
to denote high data speeds. For example:
1,000 bps = 1kbps (kilobit per second)

1,000 kbps = 1 mbps (megabit per second) or 1,000,000 bps
You should not confuse this with the Bps (with the capital B), which stands for bytes per second. Bits per
second (bps) should always be expressed with a small letter “b”.

Activity What Do You Want to Be?
Page | 70
What kind of career do you want to pursue after you finish your studies? Search about this in the Net, then
list the duties and responsibilities of your dream job. Write your answers inside the box below.
LESSON 17: NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Objectives:
 Understand network topologies and access methods;
 Identify the different network topologies; and
 Know the advantages and disadvantages of each topology.
Page | 71
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Network Topology refers to the layout or structure of the network in relation with the flow of data. It is the
way in which the elements such as computers, printers, servers, and other computing appliances are
arranged in a network.
Logical Topology it depicts how information flows from one device to another within the network, regardless of its
physical design.
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
A. Linear Bus Topology

 It uses one long cable, referred to as a backbone, to which computers and other devices are
attached.
Terminator
=> Is a placed at each end of the backbone to keep the signals from bouncing back and being received
again by the nodes (such as server, clients, printers, scanners, etc.) in a network.
Node
 Is an active electronic device that is attached to a network and is capable of sending, receiving, or forwards
information over a communication channel.
Advantages of bus topology
1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable.

2. Less cables required than Mesh and star topology
Disadvantages of bus topology
1. Difficultly in fault detection.

2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable.
B. Star Topology
 uses a central device called hub (a more efficient device “switch” is also used) with cables
extending in all directions.
Page | 72
Advantages of Star topology
1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be connected with hub with
one link.
2. Easier to install
3. Less amount of cables required because each device needs to be connected with the hub only.
4. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
5. Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified.
Disadvantages of Star topology
1. If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub.
2. Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the central system of star topology.
C. Ring Topology
 Is a type of network topology wherein nodes are connected to each other forming one contiguous
pathway in a ring formation.
In other words, data need to travel from one node to the next with each one receiving data traffic and
passing it along to the next until it reaches its final destination.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

 Is a set of standards for data transmission on fiber optic lines in a local area network (lan) that can
extend in a range up to 200 km (124miles)
Advantages of Ring Topology
1. Easy to install.
2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two links are required to be
changed.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
Page | 73
1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due to failure.
2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
D. Mesh Topology
 It means that all nodes on the network can route data traffic on their own, which makes them more
reliable and resilient than ordinary network topologies.
This makes them more reliable and resilient than ordinary network topologies. Think of it this way:
edge nodes on a typical star network must pass through the central device if it wants to connect to a file
server, a printer, or another PC connected to the network. The central device handles all data traffic and
user requests. If the connection to the central hub breaks down, then all communication is lost between that
node and the network.
Advantages of Mesh topology
1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which means the link is only
available for those two devices.
2. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other links and the
communication between other devices on the network.
3. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point link thus unauthorized access is not possible.
4. Fault detection is easy.
E. Hybrid Topology
 It is simply a network that uses a mix of any two or more different topologies in such a way that the
final network does not exhibit one of the characteristics of the standard topologies.
Hybrid networks are mostly found in high-preformance or supercomputing systems due to the
speed and number of processors that can handle computing tasks. Ordinary network and bus topology
would act as bottlenecks, reducing overall efficiency.
Page | 74
Advantages of Hybrid topology
1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is our concern then we
can use star topology instead of bus technology.
2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing networks with different
topologies.
Disadvantages of Hybrid topology
1. Fault detection is difficult.

2. Installation is difficult.
3. Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive.

A. Identify what type of topology is shown below.
1. _______________________ 2. _______________________ 3. _______________________
4. _______________________ 5. _______________________
B. Identify what is being referred to in the following sentences.
______________________ 1. It is the physical arrangement of the devices on a network.

______________________ 2. It is a network topology that has a central mode with each device connected
directly to it.
______________________ 3. It is a network topology where all the nodes are attached to a cable.
______________________ 4. It is a network topology where all nodes are attachedin the shape of a closed
loop.
______________________ 5. It is network topology that uses a mix of any two or more topologies.
LESSON 18: ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
Objectives:
 Compare the basic elements of communication to networking;
Page | 75
 Identify the elements that make up a computer network; and
Process Question:
1. Compare the communication process of before and during computer age?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. Is it important to have the presence of communication technology? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
Communication is a process of passing information from one person to another. Its basic elements are:
Message
The message refers to the data or information that is being transmitted from the sender to the receiver. It
may consist of text, images, audio, video, graphics or pictures, etc.
Sender
The sender is a device that creates a message and sends it. The message may consist of text, numbers,
pictures, graphics, audio, video, etc. The sender is also called a source or transmitter or node. In general,
the computer participates as a sender in data communication systems.
Receiver
The receiver is a device that receives a message sent by the sender. It is also called a sink. The receiver
normally located at a different place from the sender. It can be a computer, printer or another computer-
related device. Furthermore, the receiver must have the ability to accept the message.
Transmission Medium
It is the channel or physical path through which the message is carried from the sender to the receiver.
The transmission medium can be wired like twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable or wireless like
laser, radio waves, and microwaves.
Medium is a physical path or way that is used to carry out the message from the sender to the receiver. It is
compulsory because it also joins the sender and receiver. The medium may be consisting of twisted-pair
wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable or wireless like laser, radio waves, and microwaves.
Page | 76
Elements that Make Up A Computer Network
Network Devices
1. Sender Device
These are used to communicate with one another. It can be a computer, server, tablet, mobile phone, or
any appliance that has access to the network.
2. Medium
This is how devices are connected together. It can be a wired or wireless form of media.
3. Network Devices
These are the devices that connect the end devices together to allow them to communicate. They can be in
the form of switches, hubs, or concentrators.
4. Message
Information or data that travel over the medium. Nowadays, data can even come in the form of voices or
video.
5. Receiving Device
These are used to communicate with one another. It can be a computer, server, tablet, mobile phone, or
any appliance that has access to the network.
Any device requesting for information is called a client, and any device responding to the request is called a
server. The client and server are known as end devices on the network.

WORD SEARCH. Find the terms you have learned from the puzzle. Encircle the word and write it on the space below
on each statement to make it correct. X3 (21 points)
Clues for the terms to find:
Elements of Basic Communication
1. Message _____________________ is the sender or origin of the message.

2. Message _____________________ is the final recipient or the one who receives the message sent by the
message source.
Elements that Make Up a Computer Network.
3. This is how the devices are connected together. It can be a wired or wireless form of media.
___________________
Page | 77
4. These are devices that connect the end devices together to allow them to communicate. They can be in the
form of switches, hubs, or concentrators.
5. Information or data that travel over the medium. Nowadays, data can even come in the form of voice or
video. ______________.
Other terms
6. Any device requesting for information is called a ___________________________.
7. Any device responding to the request is called a ___________________________.
V O C J D P S D C G N R A N D S C G O B
T Q R P G S T N E F P P Q L L X T A A Q
H M O D W Y Y R D S K Z F G D E U Z Z Y
W T U X Y Z H R E Z T Y I G K A J X Z W
O C Z I N P F E X F F I A V B L J D T V
G F F B D J K V U D H F N K A S W J Q G
J W G R G E U R S T D H Z A C F S P T J
Q K S X B B M E H B P J U P T S N I N U
W L I K M X Q S T P O R I U G I S K R L
B K S J U Q A B H G I N M M X H O U K F
J N E T W O R K D E V I C E S F P N B E
R G A N D O V V A J P V U L A H E N Q B
L P J A I C B W Y H W M E C Q C P I O E
G B L V H C T I W S E V F H R U V G M L
X P G X W X D T Z S L Q T U H F D T Q Z
Z I T O Q F U H S X P A O N B I P K V W
J T M D J T O A D K U S M A E D A B Z U
X H O O D V G U T C N H U B D I W V P F
X V X V S E S A L L G G M Y Y U L X Q Q
L H V R C R G D P E R Y U C A H L C W X
LESSON 19: HUB, SWITCH, AND ROUTER
Objectives:
Page | 78
 Learn about the common communication devices that make up a network;

 Understand how these devices work; and
 Differentiate each device according its effect on the network.
Router, hubs and switches

are network devices that tend to be used interchangeably.
The function of the three are quite different from one another, even though at times, they’re all integrated
into a single device
The Hub
A hub is a simple device that directs data packets to all devices connected
to it. Basically, a hub does nothing except provide a pathway for the
electrical signals and regenerate signal before it forwards it to all connected
devices.
In a HUB the message is passed along or “broadcast” to

everyone of it’s port. The HUB has no way of
distinguishing which port a message should be sent to.
The Switches
Similar to hubs, switches are the connectivity point of
a wired network. Devices are connected via twisted-pair
cabling, one cable for each device. The difference
between the two is in how the devices deal with the data
they receive.
If a hub forwards the data it receives to all ports on the device, a switch forwards the data it receives only
to the port that connects to the destination device.
A SWITCH is a multiport network bridge that uses media access control addresses to forward data at the
data link layer of the OSI model.
The Router
The router is a completely different device. If hub or switch is

concerned with transmitting frames, routers route packets to
other network until that packet ultimately reaches its
destination. It can transmit through wired and wireless
networks .

Page | 79
My Network Diagram
A hub, switch, and a router may all be in the same network. Draw a network diagram design that includes
these three devices. A space is provided below. (50 points)
Pages 64-74
https://beginnersbook.com/2019/03/types-of-computer-network-lan-man-and-wan/
Page | 80
References:
https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/24#701
https://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading01.htm
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Computers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExxFxD4OSZ0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware
https://www.crucial.com/articles/pc-builders/what-is-computer-hardware
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkhyZRe8is8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peopleware
https://prezi.com/ovxgranfoon1/hardware-software-dataware-peopleware/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34vFyKWC7cE
https://www.dummies.com/computers/pcs/commonsense-rules-for-computer-assembly/
https://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Assemble-A-Basic-Desktop-PC/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQfTftCrPx4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_case
https://www.utilizewindows.com/types-of-computer-cases-and-motherboard-factors/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5ars4Bb4oU
https://erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/eg2068/course/mem.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/microprocessor-system
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiSXN41gfeA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_card
https://quizlet.com/96545208/types-of-adapter-cards-flash-cards/
Page | 81

Grade 10 PC Assembly and PC Troubleshoot

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 10 PC Assembly and PC Troubleshoot

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPUTER HARDWARE 10 | 4th QUARTER

Unit 1 : The Computer System

 Review basic components of a computer

Lesson 1: Introduction to Computer

 Define what Computer and EDP are

An IBM 704 mainframe (1964)

DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.) PDP-8M

A typical personal computer

Electronic Data Processing

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Name: ____________________________ Grade & Section: ________________

TEST YOUR SELF:

B. Three (3) Components ofEDP (3 points each)

Surf the net:

Lesson 2 : Computer Hardaware

 Define computer hardware

All general-purpose computers require the following

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

Mass storage device:

PC Main Hardware Parts

1. Motherboard- a rectangular board with integrated security that connects

5. Internal Buses - connect the CPU to the other

a. NORTH BRIDGE memory controller - for RAM and PCI Express

keyboards. It is typically used in laptops, where sizing issues make it difficult to

• OLED (Organic Light Emitting Display)

 Microphone- an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting

2. Solid-State Drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving

3. Raid Array Controller

Types of Removable Storage Devices

• DVD (digital versatile disc)

Name: ______________________________Grade & Section:

Test your self

B. Nine (9) internal hardware

C. Four (4) External Hardware

Draw the Your Device:

Lesson 3 : Software and Peopleware

Guess the Pic

1. Do’s devices are important in computer setup? Why?

3. What is software, hardware and peopleware?

There are two main types of software.

• BIOS and Firmware - -

Desktop publishing software:

Concept of Peopleware in the software community

Name: ________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________________

Lesson 4 : PC Assembly Guidelines

Activity – Where Do I belong.

The following should be taken into consideration when building a PC:

Security and Safety in PC Assembly

Tips for PC Components Handling

To avoid zapping your components with static

Anti-static wrist band is being used in action.

2. Touch the parts where they’re the least sensitive to being

Name: _______________________________________Grade & Section: ________________________

Test your self

1. How can the static electricity affect your computer?

II. ENUMERATION: Enumerate the following.

A. Five (5) Safety measures before starting Assembling the Computer.

B. Five (5) Materials to be prepared when building a computer.

Name: _______________________________________Grade & Section: ________________________

Unit 2 : Inside the System Unit

At the end of this unit, the student will be able to:

Lesson 5: Computer Cases and Motherboard

4. Desktop Case was once the most popular style. It

• The Motherboard is the most important component in computer

Name: ____________ Grade & Section:

Name: ____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section:

Name: _______________Grade & Section: