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SSCE1793: Differential Equations
SSCE1793: Differential Equations
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
CHAPTER 1
CONTENTS PAGE
2
1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES
Differential equation
Examples:
Examples:
u – dependent variable
x, y – independent variables
3
u – dependent variable
x, t – independent variables
u – dependent variable
x, y – independent variables
Independent Variable:
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂u xy xy
2
+ + =e =¿ u xx +u xy +u y =e
∂x ∂ x ∂ y ∂ y
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variable:
4
Degree of Differential Equation
More examples:
dy 2
a) ( )
dx
+ y=sin x Order : Degree:
∂2 u 2
b) ∂ t2
+u =cos t Order : Degree:
∂2 w ∂ w 2
c) ∂x 2
+( )
∂x
+ w=e
x
Order : Degree:
4
∂3 z ∂z 2
d) ( )( )
∂ y3
+
∂y
+ z=0 Order : Degree:
5
Examples:
Linear
Nonlinear – because
dy
the derivative dx is
not of degree 1
Nonlinear – why?
Nonlinear – why?
6
Examples :
d2 y dy Initial Conditions:
2
+2 + y +sin x
dx dx
d2 y dy Boundary Conditions:
2
+2 + y +sin x
dx dx
y ( 0 )=1 ; y ( 1 )=2
7
Types of first order ODE
- Separable equation
- Homogenous equation
- Exact equation
- Linear equation
- Bernoulli Equation
How to identify?
dy
Suppose f ( x , y )= dx =u ( x ) v ( y )
dy
=u ( x ) dx
v( y)
1
∫ v ( y) dy=∫ u ( x ) dx
Before we proceed with the complete examples, let’s try to rewrite the
following functions into separable form:
8
9
Example 1:
dy y cos x
= , y ( 0 )=1
dx 1+2 y 2
Solution:
dy 2
Show that the differential equation dx =(x + y ) can be reduced to a separable equation
by using substitution z=x + y . Then obtain the solution for the original differential
equation.
Solutions:
11
Questions from past year Test 1:
How to identify?
dy
Suppose f ( x , y )= dx , f ( x , y ) is homogenous if
f ( λx , λy )=f ( x , y )
Method of Solutions:
12
Example 1:
a) dy x 2+ y 2
=
dx ( x− y ) (x+ y )
b) dy
x − y =x √ x2 + y 2
dx
Solutions:
a) dy x 2+ y2
f ( x , y )= =
dx ( x− y )(x + y )
f ( λx , λy )=¿
b) dy y
f ( x , y )= = + √ x2 + y 2
dx x
Example 2:
Note:
Example 3: Non-homogenous can be reduced to a homogenous equation by
using the right substitution.
14
Find the solution for this non-homogenous equation
dy y −2 (1)
=
dx x + y−5
by using the following substitutions
x=X + 3 , y =Y +2 (2),(3)
Solutions:
15
Questions from past year Test 1
How to identify?
−M ( x , y)
Suppose f ( x , y )= N ( x , y ) ,
dy −M ( x , y)
=
dx N (x , y )
¿> M
⏟ ( x , y ) dx + ⏟
N ( x , y ) dy=0
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
∂M ∂ N
=
∂ y ∂x
∂M ∂ N
=
∂ y ∂x 16
∂M ∂ N
=
∂ y ∂x
u ( x , y )=∫ M ( x , y ) dx+ ϕ1 ( y )
(3)
u ( x , y )=∫ N ( x , y ) dy +ϕ 2(x )
(4)
, where A is a constant
Example 1:
18
Exercise :
19
Try to solve Example 1 by using Method 2
Note:
Some non-exact equation can be turned into exact
equation by multiplying it with an integrating factor.
Example 2:
20
Show that ( xy + y 2 + y ) dx + ( x+ 2 y ) dy=0is not exact. Then, by multiplying both
sides with the integrating factor, μ ( x , y )=e x, solve the equation.
Solutions:
21
Questions from Past Year Test 1
22
1.2.4 LINEAR EQUATION
How to identify?
23
The general form of the first order linear DE is given by
dy
NOTE:
Must be +¿ here!!
24
Example 1:
dy 1+ x ex
dx ( )
+
x
y=
x
Solution:
i) Determine p ( x) and q ( x )
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iv) Final answer
ex C
y= +
2 x x ex
Note:
Non-linear DE can be converted into linear DE by using
the right substitution.
Example 2:
dy
x2 y −x y 2=1 ; y (1 ) =1
dx
Solutions:
dy
i) Differentiate z= y 2 to get dx and replace into the non-linear
equation.
26
ii) Change the equation into the general form of linear equation
& determine p ( x ) and q ( x )
27
iv) Find y
28
Questions from Past Year Test 1
29
1.2.5 BERNOULLI EQUATION
How to identify?
wheren ≠ 0 , n≠ 1
To reduce the equation to a linear equation, use substitution
z= y 1−n (2)
Method of Solution :
i) Divide ( 1 ) with y n
dy (3)
y−n +b ( x ) y 1−n=c ( x )
dx
dy
ii) Differentiate ( 2 ) wrt x ( to get dx )
dz dy
=( 1−n ) y−n
dx dx
1 dz dy (4)
= y −n
( 1−n ) dx dx
30
Example 1:
Solve
dy 1
+ y =e x y 4
dx 3
Solutions:
31
32
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER ODE
33
Example 1:
dT
=−k (T −T s )
dt
Solution:
35
Exercise:
3. (Past Final)
4. (Past final)
36
1.3.2 Natural Growth and Decay
Example 1:
Solution:
2) Solve the DE
37
3) Use the initial & boundary conditions
dI R E0
+ I=
dt L L
R E0
Hence, p (t)=
L
, q (t)=
L
∫ ( RL ) dt
μ ( t ) =e
Rt
¿e L
Rt Rt
d L
dt
(
e I = eL ) ( ) ( EL ) 0
41
Rt Rt
( e I )=∫ ( e )( EL ) dt
L L 0
Rt
[ ]
−Rt
I=
1
Rt
( e )( EL )( RL )+ C = ER +C e
L 0 0 L
eL
dI
L + RI=E 0 sin wt
dt
i) Write into the linear equation form and determine p (t) and q ( t )
dI R E0
+ I = sin wt
dt L L
R E0
Hence, p (t)=
L
, q ( t ) = sin wt
L
∫ ( RL ) dt
μ ( t ) =e
Rt
L
¿e
iii) Write down the equation with the integrating factor
Rt Rt
E
d L
dt
( ) ( )
e I = e L 0 sin wt
L
42
Rt
E0
I=
1
( )(
e
Rt
L
L )∫ ( e ) sin wt dt
L
(1)
complete solution to I.
Example 1:
Example 2:
Consider the circuit given in the figure with R=4, L=2, and V=cos 3t. Find
the current, I(t) .
Example 1:
44
A parachutist falling towards earth with velocity v. His acceleration is given
by
dv
32 2v
dt .
Assume that the parachutist starts from rest (i.e at t 0, v(0) 0 ). Find the
velocity v = v(t) and the distance, x = x(t) that the parachutist has fallen
after t seconds.
Example 2:
45
A particle moves vertically under the force of gravity, g against air
resistance k v 2, where k is a constant. The movement of the particle is
govern by the differential equation
dv
=g−k v 2 .
dt
If the particle starts off from rest, show that the velocity of that particle at
any time t is given by:
λ ( e 2 λkt −1 )
v=
( e 2 λkt +1 )
g
such that λ= √ k
. Then, find the velocity as the time approaches infinity.
Solutions:
46
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