]

This is the second agricultural revolution

FYI:
During the Middle Ages in Europe there was the Open
Field System. Under this system each village or manor
had two to three large fields in which they divided into
multiple small strips of land that were cultivated by
individual peasants or famers.

In the early 1700s, there was an "enclosure

movement" that was a cause of the industrial
revolution in England. The enclosure movement was this:
wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then
benefited from economies of scale in farming huge
tracts of land for crops or grazing animals usually with
fences or hedges around it (hence the name enclosure
movement since they enclosed the land).
The enclosure movement led to
improved crop production, such as the rotation of
crops. Small farmers who sold their farms began moving
to cities, where they could more easily work in factories
than on farmland. In England, population growth caused
former farmers or children of farmers to migrate from
southeastern England to the northwest, where
factories were being built.
Continue
reading about
women HERE!

Now go back to “Effects on Mass Culture”

and finish page
The ‘Invisible Hand” that Smith talks
about is a metaphor for a free market.
He said that a free market economy
(aka capitalism) is ran by an invisible
hand which represents the people’s
demands. Smith also said that the
government should NOT interfere with
the market because it will take care of
itself.
Utopian socialism is a label used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified
by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Étienne Cabet, and Robert Owen. Utopian
socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal
societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists
and critics of utopian socialism viewed "utopian socialism" as not being grounded in actual material
conditions of existing society, and in some cases, as reactionary. These visions of ideal societies competed
with Marxist-inspired revolutionary social democratic movements.
The term is most often applied to those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were
ascribed the label "utopian" by later socialists as a pejorative in order to imply naiveté and to dismiss their
ideas as fanciful and unrealistic. A similar school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century
is ethical socialism, which makes the case for socialism on moral grounds.
One key difference between utopian socialists and other socialists (including most anarchists) is that
utopian socialists generally do not believe any form of class struggle or political revolution is necessary for
socialism to emerge. Utopians believe that people of all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society
if it is presented convincingly. They feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among like-
minded people within the existing society, and that their small communities can demonstrate the feasibility
of their plan for society.
Proletariat= working class
Bourgeoisie=upper class (factory owners)
ARE THESE IN YOUR NOTES???