=FRP

Reference worc
Study the explanations and examples in the chart. Make your own examples.

Pronouns can be used to point back to previously mentioned nouns in the same or a previous
sentence. A pronoun usually (but not always) refers to the last noun or nouns that agrees in
number and gender, but it can also refer to another previous noun (or clause), depending on the
meaning.

he, she, it, they, I, we, you An Earth-sized planet was discovered
(subject pronouns) in 2011. It is a rocky planet that does
not have any liquid water.

his, her, its, their, my, our, Many planets orbit very close to their
your sun. Their surface temperature is too
Personal pronouns hot to support life.
(possessive pronouns)

him, her, it, us, me. you,
them
(object pronouns)
There are eight Planets and five dwarf
planets in our solar system, although
only one of them — Earth — is known
to be habitable.

this, that, these, those The universe is thought to have up

(demonstrative pronouns)
Demonstratives
this, that, these, those
(demonstrative adjectives
can refer back to a noun or a
clause)
to two billion galaxies containing a
possible 200 million trillion nlanets Is
it possible that only one of these has
had the capacity to develop life?
Stars emit light and for this reason
they are much easier to detect than
planets.
Planets do not emit light and this
makes them more difficult to detect.

one, ones (or the one, the
ones)
Indefinite pronoun
Larger telescopes will enable
scientists to photograph more
planets. In addition, they will be able
to detect smaller ones.

Note: Watch out for ("Ages where the referent is separated from the noun it refers to by a long clause
or phrase. For example: Although humans have speculated about life on other nlaneN for centuries,
there has been no scientific evidence to suggest that It exists.

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 GRAMMAR: REFERENCE WORDS

Practice Exercises
A Circle the correct noun or clause that each underlined word refers to.
As we discover more planets that are similar in size to Earth, the possibility of finding one that is
habitable is becoming more likely.
a planet b size c Earth
Some planets may have reservoirs of water or ice beneath their surface where life may exist.
a planets b reservoirs c water or ice
Scientists have developed many large telescopes for hunting WORD BUILDING
planets. There are three major ones that are used to locate The prefix tele- means far away. A
telescope is an instrument that sees
exoplanets.
faraway objects. Use your dictionary
a scientists b telescopes c planets to find out what these words
mean: tereport, telecommunications,
The Kepler telescope transmits data for 100,000 stars. This teleworking
enables scientists to study multiple stars at once.
a telescope b data c transmits data for 100,000 stars
Even if life forms existed on other planets, an asteroid collision or any number of other disasters
may have destroyed them.
a life forms b planets c disasters
B Complete the paragraphs with the correct words from the chart.
For a planet to support life, a must lie within a certain zone from
host star. Planets that are too close to a star
will be too hot If ° are too far away, there will not be enough light or
heat. An Earth-sized planet was discovered in 2011 discovery could
indicate that our planet is not the only that has conditions to support life.
surface has a temperature of about 767 degrees Celsius (1,410 degrees
Fahrenheit). For" reason, it is not capable of sustaining life as we know it.

There are eight planets and five dwarf planets in our solar system. It is possible that some of
a may have supported life in the past. Mars and Jupiter's Moon Europa
may once have had, or may still have, water under ° surface, but so far
There is no concrete evidence to support ° If scientists find evidence
of life on these planets, ° is most likely to consist of tiny microbial
organisms. To find a planet with signs of life, it will be necessary for scientists to look for
o that is outside our solar system.

STUDY TIP

Find a study partner to help you practice for the test. Find academic articles and make questions for
each other based on those you might find in the test. Be sure to include some reference questions. If you
cannot find a study partner, practice making your own test questions for academic articles. They will help
you understand how the questions are constructed and how the text is organized.

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GRAMMAR FOR THE TOEFL TEST

Test Practice

TEST TIP: Reading section (reference questions)

This question asks you to identify the relationship between different parts of the passage. These questions
are often about a pronoun, a demonstrative, or a relative pronoun. When making your choice, try
substituting your chosen answer for the highlighted word to see Wit still makes sense.

Read the passage and answer the questions.

Searching for Exoplanets

The possible discovery of life on other planets has been one of the most tantalizing and challenging
questions for science and one that recent advances in scientific space technology have brought closer
to reality. The search for exoplanets — planets outside our solar system — is one of the newest and most
exciting developments in the field of astronomy.
Previously, scientists were only able to find large hot planets that orbit their star within a very close
range. These planets are so hot that there is very little likelihood of finding life on them. Larger and more
powerful telescopes are now enabling scientists to track down smaller exoplanets. The aim is to find
planets that are similar in size to Earth and are in a habitable zone. This means that their orbit does
not take them so close to the sun that they are extremely hot and not so far away that they do not get
enough heat or light for life to form.
One problem in detecting planets is that they do not emit any light, so it is difficult to observe them
directly. Telescopes, such as the Kepler telescope launched by NASA in 2009, observe thousands of stars
constantly. One method of locating planets is the transit method. When a planet orbits a star, some of the
starlight is blocked by the planet, so the star appears to dim slightly. When this occurs at regular intervals, it
establishes the presence of a planet. This method can be used to measure the planers size and mass.
The first exoplanet that is similar to the size of Earth was found in 2011. Named Kepler 20-e, it has
a radius of approximately 0.87 times that of Earth and has a rocky surface, just like Earth. Its orbit is
very close to its star and takes just 6.1 days. For this reason, it is extremely hot and does not have the
conditions to support water or life.
In the coming years, scientists predict that it is very likely that telescopes will discover more planets
that are Earth-analogues, and it is possible that some of them will be in the habitable zone.

1. What does one refer to in paragraph 1?

discovery planet
life question

2. What does this refer to in paragraph 2?

to find planets in a habitable zone
a similar size to Earth not too hot

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3. What does this refer to in paragraph 3?

The planet is observed by telescope. The planet orbits the star.
The presence of a planet The star becomes less bright.

4. What does this reason refer to in paragraph 4?

It is smaller than Earth. It travels close to its star.
Its orbit is six days. It has a rocky surface.

5. All of these are true of the Kepler telescope EXCEPT

it observes many stars and planets. it can estimate the size of a planet.
it records any decrease in light from it observes planets directly.
stars.

6. Which is closest in meaning to the highlighted word in paragraph 5?

They can be reached from Earth. 0 They are near to Earth.
They are like Earth. 0 They are habitable.

7. An introductory sentence for a summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the
summary by selecting the THREE answer options that express the most important ideas in the
passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary. Because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

This passage describes the search for exoplanets.

Answer options
New telescopes have made it possible to find planets outside our solar system.
Habitable exoplanets are neither too close nor too far away from their star.
It is easy to identify stars because they emit light.
It may be possible to find life on an exoplanet one day.
Planets without water are often very hot.
Kepler 20-e is slightly smaller than Earth.

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