Curriculum of BS Physics Program at PIEAS.

Course Code Course Title Cr.Hrs.

Semester-1
CMS-104 English-I (Composition & Grammar) 3
PAM-101 Maths-1 (Calculus – I) 3
CIS-101 Computer Fundamentals & Programming 4
PAM-132 Fundamental of Mechanics 3
CMS-107 GOF-I ( Professional Ethics) 3
PAM-133 Lab-I (Mechanics) 1

Total 17
Semester-II
CMS-105 English-II (Communication Skills) 3
PAM-202 Maths-II (Calculus – II) 3
CME-200 GRF-I (Applied Chemistry) 3
PAM-160 Heat and Thermodynamics 3
PAM-170 Electricity and Magnetism 3
PAM-171 Lab-II (Heat, Electricity and Magnetism) 1

Total 16
Semester-III
CMS-206 English-III (Technical Writing) 3
PAM-210 Waves and Oscillations 3
PAM-242 Maths-III (Linear Algebra) 2
PAM-220 Modern Physics 3
CMS-108 GOF-II (Logic and Critical Thinking) 3
PAM-221 Lab-III (Sound, Waves and Oscillations Lab) 1
CMS-101/2 Islamic Studies / Ethics 2
Total 17
Semester-IV
NE-404 GRF-II (Basic Nuclear Engineering) 3
PAM-270 Optics 3
CMS-201 GOF-III (Principles of Management) 3
PAM-256 Maths-IV (Ordinary Differential Equations) 3
CMS-103 Pakistan Studies 2
PAM-267 Probability and Statistics 3
PAM-271 Lab-IV (Optics and Spectroscopy Lab) 1
Total 18
Semester-V
PAM-301 Mathematical Methods of Physics-I 3
PAM-320 Electromagnetic Theory-I 3
PAM-330 Thermal & Statistical Physics 3
PAM-340 Classical Mechanics 3
EE-120 Electronic Devices and Circuits 3
PAM-343 Lab-V (Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab) 2
Total 17
Semester-VI
PAM-370 Mathematical Methods of Physics –II 3
PAM-372 Quantum Mechanics -I 3
PAM-374 Electromagnetic Theory-II 3
EE-212 Electronic Circuit Design 3
PAM-378 Nuclear Physics 3
PAM-377 Lab-VI (Modern Physics + Electronic Circuit Design Lab) 2

Page 1 of 22
 Total 17

Semester-VII
PAM-401 Quantum Mechanics -II 3
PAM-402 Basic Atomic & Molecular Physics 3
PAM-403 Solid State Physics-I 3
PAM- Elective-I 3
PAM-499 Research Project 3
PAM-449 LAB-VII (Advanced Experiment Lab) 2
Total 17
Semester-VIII
PAM-450 Solid State Physics-II 3
PAM- Elective-II 3
PAM-499 Research Project 3
Total 9
GOF= General Subjects from Faculties other than Science
GRF= General Subject from Science Faculty
Total Credit Hours: 128

LIST OF ELECTIVE COURSES

Course Code Course Title Cr.Hrs.
PAM-410 Principles of Lasers 3
PAM-411 Opto-electronics 3
PAM-412 Introduction to Photonics 3
PAM-413 Introduction to Quantum Computing 3
PAM-414 Introduction to Quantum Optics 3
PAM-415 Computer Simulations in Physics 3
PAM-416 Computational Physics 3
PAM-360 Numerical Methods 3
PAM-417 Introduction to Medical Physics 3
PAM-418 Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine 3
PAM-419 Modern Radiotherapy 3
PAM-504 Radiation Detection and Protection 3
PAM-420 Fluid Mechanics 3
PAM-421 Physics of Semiconductor Devices 3
PAM-422 Physics of Low Dimensional Systems 3
PAM-423 Micro/Nano Fabrication 3+1
PAM-409 Introduction to Fiber Optics 3
PAM-425 Plasma Physics 3
PAM-426 Chemical Physics 3
PAM-427 Biophysics 3

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CMS-101 ISLAMIC STUDIES
2 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Tauheed: Arguments for the existence and oneness of Allah; Purpose of creation; Impact of tauheed on human life.
Risalat: Need for prophets; Finality of prophet hood; Seerat (The life of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.)); Khutba Hijjat-ul-
Wida; The importance of Sunnah. Aakhirat: The life after death; The Day of Judgment; The concept of
accountability and its impact on daily life. The Holy Quran: Its revelation and compilation; Introduction to Aijaaz-ul-
Quran and the principles of Tafseer-ul-Quran; Sura al-Fatiha; 1st Raku of Sura al-Baqarah; Sura Al-Hujraat and
lessons from Sura Yaseen. Hadith: Its authenticity and importance; an introduction to Sihah-i-Sitta; Types of
Ahadith; Chehal hadith (Forty Ahadith). Ibadah: The concept of Ibadah; Major Ibadaat (Salaat, Saum, Zakat, Hajj
and Jihad). Moral, Social and Political Philosophy of Islam: The concept of good and evil; Akhlaq-i-Hasanah, Kasb-
i-Hilal; Responsibilities of the head of state; Rights and duties of the citizens. Applications of Islamic teachings to
social and economic developments of the modern age such as interest free economy, etc.
References:

 Ibn-i-Kasir, Tafseer Ibn-i-Kasir, Dar Ibn Hazam, Beirut, Lebanon, 2005.

 Baqilani, A, B., Al-Intisaar Lil-Quran, Dar Ibn Hazam, Beirut, Lebanon, 2005.
 Majalis-ul Abrar (for forty Ahadith), Mir Muhammad Kutubkhana, Markaz-i-Ilm-o-Adab, Karachi, 2005.
 Nauwawi, I., Arbaeen Hadith, Mir Muhammad Kutubkhana, Markaz-i-Ilm-o-Adab, Karachi, 2005.
 Naumani, M. (Maulana), Deen-o-Shariat, Mir Muhammad Kutubkhana, Markaz-i-Ilm-o-Adab, Karachi, 2005.

CMS-103 PAKISTAN STUDIES

2 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Important geological and geographical features of Pakistan; Pakistan’s geographical location in a regional and
global perspective. Earliest human settlements in Pakistan; The Indus Valley civilization; Aryan settlement and the
Gandhara civilization; The advent of Islam in Pakistan; The work of Al-Beruni and early sufi-savants in Pakistani
lands. The British domination and its causes; Brief chronology of the freedom movement; The founding documents
of Pakistan including Allama Iqbal’s 1930 Allahabad address, the Lahore Resolution of 23rd March 1940, and
Quaid-i-Azam’s presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Political and constitutional phases in
Pakistan since 1947; important features of the 1973 constitution and its current status. Current issues in Pakistan
including: Administrative infra-structure; Population growth; Water, energy and mineral resources; Agricultural
resources and industrial infra-structure; Educational problems; economic growth pattern and budgetary issues;
Environmental problems; Foreign policy issues.
References:

 K. A. Saeed, The Economy of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2007.

 J. Hussain, A History of the Peoples of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2006.
 J.Briscoe and U. Qamar, Pakistan’s Water Economy: Running Dry, Oxford University Press, 2006.
 Jinnah: Speeches and Statements 1947-48, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2000.
 The New Oxford Atlas for Pakistan, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1998.
 J.M. Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, Oxford University Press, Karachi,1998.
 L.A. Sherwani (Editor), Speeche , Writings and Statements of Iqbal, Iqbal Academy, Lahore, 1995.

CMS-104: COMPOSITION AND GRAMMAR

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Elements of Rhetoric, Modes of Persuasion (Pathos, Logos, Ethos) Pre-writing techniques (cubing, looping, mind-
maps, brainstorming, free-writing, narrowing and Focusing), Audience, Voice, Critical Reading and Analysis,
Return to the Modes of Persuasion, Thesis Statements, Outlining and Organizing the Essay, Theory of Introductory
Paragraphs (Exigence, Kairos), Developing the Essay, Paragraphing, Summary and Paraphrase, Synthesis
Essays, Basic Sentence Analysis/Usage, Basic Sentence Analysis/Usage, Figures of Speech, Satire/Irony Correct
sentences, Paragraph types including exemplification, narration, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, and
persuasion, Argumentative Writing, Analysis and critical thinking practice, Toulmin Model of Argument, Writer’s
Position in Argument, relevance and sufficiency of evidence, value of truth in argument, Fallacies in argumentation,

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Claim, Support, and Warrant, Counterarguments/Rebuttals, Revision Techniques and Editing, Peer Reviews,
Grammar: sentence elements, sentence types, coordination & subordination, stative verbs, irregular verbs, verb
tenses, sentence types, fragments, run-ons, subject-verb agreement, count/non-count nouns, comparatives/
superlatives, and social modals. Mechanics: commas, capitalization and punctuation
References

 P. Hartmann, Laurie Blass, Quest 2 – Reading and Writing, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill ESL/ELT, 2007
 P. Hartmann, Laurie Blass, Quest 2 – Listening and Speaking, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill ESL/ELT, 2007
 Kolln and Funk, Understanding English, 7th edition, 2005
 Ellen Balleisen, Susan Kesner Bland, Intermediate Grammar: From Form to Meaning, Oxford University Press,
USA; Teacher’s edition, 1996

CMS-105: COMMUNICATION SKILLS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Overview and Importance of Effective Communications, Business Communication and the Ethical Context,
Business Communication and the Technology Context, Successful Listening, Communicating in Teams and
Mastering Listening and Nonverbal Communication Skills, Strategies for Successful Speaking and Successful
Listening, Leading by Feel, Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate, General principles of Communication, The
Seven C’s of Effective Communication, Format and Layout of Business Documents, Preparing Effective Business
Messages, Good News, Bad News and Neutral Messages, Persuasive Written Messages, Writing Resumes and
Application Letters, Interviewing for Employment and Following Up, Reports, Proposals and Presentations,
Research Process, Communicating Information Through Visuals, Short Reports, Formal Reports, Proposals Oral
Communication, Impromptu & Extempore Talks , Onion Ring Activity, Individual Talks, Meetings and Group
Dynamics, Member Roles and Leadership in Groups, Member Roles and Leadership in Groups, Communicating in
Teams, Mastering Listening, Nonverbal Communication Skills, Strategies for Business and Group Meetings,
Preparation for Presentations, Planning, writing, and Completing Oral Presentations, Strategies for Successful
Speaking and Successful Listening
References

 John V. Thill, Courtland L. Bovee, Business Communication Today, Prentice-Hall, 8th Intl. Edition, 2004
 T. Fulwiler, A.R. Hayakawa, C. Kupper, The college writer’s reference, Prentice Hall, 1999
 H. A. Murphy, H. W. Hildebrandt, J.P. Thomas, Effective Business Communications, 8th , Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin,
1997
 Corporate Classrooms. Get a grip on grammar: language skills for today’s business world, Prentice Hall, 1992

CMS 106: TECHNICAL WRITING

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Overview of the Field, Manuals and Handbooks, Technical Reports, Technical Articles, Technical Sales Literature,
Technical Training Material, Technical Presentations, Educational Textbooks, Software Documentation Outline and
Design, The Requirement, Specification, The Outline Design, Sources of Information , Library Classifications ,
Contacts , Meetings , Information Gathering, Verbal Information, Visual Information, The Synopsis, The Work
Schedule, Costing Development Phase: First Draft, Style of Writing, Technical Vetting, Editing, Final Draft,
Commercial Books, Production Phase: Camera Copy, Proofreading, Printing; Illustrations: Technical Illustrations,
Diagrams/Line Illustrations, Perspective Drawings, Half-tones, Validating Illustrations Miscellaneous Topics:
Materials and Equipment, Translations, Abstracting and Abridging, Indexing, Development of a Documentation
System, Diagnostic/Maintenance Documentation, Network Planning, Copyright, Contracts
References:

 Tech Biz Writing, “TechBiz Writing Course: A Free Course in Technical and Business Writing which builds
gradually into a valuable resource”, [Online]. Available: http://www.techbizwriting.com.
 R. W. Kristin, Writing for the Technical Professions, 4th Edition, Longman, 2007

CMS 107: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Ethical Concepts and Principles; Understanding the Codes of Conduct; Caring for Company Assets; Avoiding
Conflicts of Interest; Confidential Information and Intellectual Property; Business Gifts and Hospitality; Electronic
Communications; Antitrust and Fair Competition; Ethics in Research, Documentation and Treatment of Research
Data; Reporting and Assistance Deception; Harassment and Bullying; Privacy and Confidentiality; Cultural

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Conflicts; Misunderstanding and misusing Jokes, Innuendos, and Banter at work; Lack of Stewardship of Company
Assets (funds, physical property, intellectual property); Cheating and Plagiarism by Students and Researchers
Identifying and Resolving Ethical Dilemmas; Need for and Characteristics of a Corporate-level Ethics Program;
Best Practices in the Development of Code of Ethics; Embedding an Ethics Policy (and Code) into the day to day
working of an Organization; Training Methods; Characteristics of an Effective Corporate Ethics Program; Corporate
Social Responsibilities
References:

 M. W. Martin, M. Martin and R. Schinzinger, Ethics in Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2004.

 Charles Mitchell, A Short Course in International Business Ethics: Combining Ethics and Profits in Global
Business, World Trade Press, 2003.
 Joan C. Callahan, Ethical Issues in Professional Life, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

CMS 108: LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Identifying Point of Conflict and Corroboration; Information Gathering; Identifying or Developing Criteria of
Credibility of Evidences; Application of Criteria to Contexts, Documents and Witnesses; Evaluation of Credibility of
Evidence; Assessing the Balance and Weight of Evidence in the Context of the Dispute; Elements of Arguments;
Understanding, Evaluating and Reconstructing Arguments; Logical Fallacies; Assessing the Strength of
Arguments; Critical Reasoning Identifying Problems of Definition; Establishing a Continuum of Decision Choices;
Establishing and Applying the Criteria of Judgment to the Continuum of Choices; Applying Ethical Principles.
References:

 R. T. Carroll, Becoming a Critical Thinker - A Guide for the New Millennium, 2nd edition, Pearson, 2005
 B. N. Waller, Critical Thinking: Consider the Verdict, 5th Edition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005

CMS 201: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Introduction to Management and Organizations; Organizational Vision, Mission and Strategies; Organizational
Culture; Socially Responsible Organizations Foundations of Planning; Planning Tools and Techniques;
Organizational Structure and Design; Human Resource Management; Foundations of Behavior; Leadership and
Motivation; Operations and Value Chain Management; Performance Management Project Portfolio Management
System; Project Networks; Scheduling; Resource Allocation and Resource Leveling; Project Execution and
Controlling; Introduction to PMBOK
References:

 C. F. Gray, E. W. Larson, Project Management: The Managerial Process, Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2008
 S. P. Robbins, M. Coulter, Management, 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2007.
 A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), 3rd Edition, Project Management
Institute.

PAM-101 CALCULUS-I
3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Functions, Limits and Continuity; Derivatives and its Applications; Rules of Differentiation; Implicit Differentiation;
Extreme Values of Functions; Mean Value Theorem; Linearization and Differentials Integration and its Applications;
Indefinite integrals; Rules of Integration; Riemann Sum; Definite Integrals; Improper Integrals; Integration by Parts;
Partial Fractions; Trigonometric Substitution; L’Hospital Rule; Infinite Series; Limits of Sequence of Numbers;
Series of Non-negative Terms; Power Series; Taylor and Maclaurin Series; Application of Power Series. Complex
numbers and their algebra, D’Movires theorem.
References:

 G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, AWL, 11th Edition, 2005
 E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley and Sons, 10th ed. 2011.
 W. Kaplan Advanced Calculus, Addison-Wesley, 5thEdition, 2002.
 R. Ellis, D. Gulick, Calculus: One and Several Variables, Saunders College Publishing, 1991.

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PAM-202 CALCULUS-II
3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Calculus-I

Motivation and Geometric background (Conic sections, Parameterized curves, Polar coordinates, Vectors in space;
Dot and Cross Product; Lines and Plane in Space; Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces; Vector Valued Functions and
motion in space). Multivariable Functions and Their Derivatives; Limits and Continuity in Higher Dimensions; Partial
Derivatives; The Chain Rule; Linearization and Differentials; Extreme Values and Saddle Points; Lagrange
Multiplier; Partial Derivatives with Constrained Variables; Taylor’s Formula for Two variables; Multiple Integrals;
Double integrals; Areas, Moments and Centre of Mass; Double Integral in Polar and Rectangular Coordinates;
Masses and Moments in Three Dimensions; Triple Integrals in Rectangular and Spherical Coordinates; Integration
in Vector Field; Work, Circulation and Flux; Path Independence; Potential Functions and Conservative Fields;
Green’s Theorem in Planes; Surface Area and Surface Integrals; Parameterized Surface; Stokes Theorem;
Divergence Theorem and Unified Theory.
References:

 G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, AWL, 11th Edition, 2005
 E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 10th Edition, 2011.
 H. Anton, I. C. Bivens, and S. Davis, Calculus, Willey, 10th Edition, 2012.

PAM-242 LINEAR ALGEBRA

2 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Calculus-II

System of Linear equations; Introduction to Matrices and Their Properties; Elementary Row Operations; Echelon
Forms; Gaussian elimination method; Gauss-Jordan method; Rank and Inverse of a Matrix; Determinants; Vector
Spaces; Linear Combination; Linear Transformation; Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors; Orthogonality and Least
Squares; Symmetric Matrices and Quadratic Forms.
References:

 D. C. Lay, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, 2008.
 A. Howard and C. Rorres, Elementary Linear Algebra, John Wiley and Sons, 9th Edition, 2005.
 G. Strang, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Harcourth Brace Jovanovich,3rd edition, 1998.

PAM-256 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Calculus-I

First Order Differential Equations; Linear Equation with Variable Coefficients; Separable Equations; Exact Equation
and Integrating Factor; The Existence and Uniqueness Theorem; Mathematical Modeling with Differential Equation;
Higher Order Differential Equations; Homogeneous Equations with Constant Coefficients; Linear Independence
and Wronskian; Characteristic Equations and Types of Roots; Non-homogeneous Differential Equations; Method of
Undetermined Coefficients; Method of Variation of Parameters; System of Linear Differential Equations; Eigenvalue
Method; Series Solution of Second Order Differential Equations; Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations using
Laplace Transform.
References:

 E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley and Sons, 10th ed. 2011.
 W. E. Boyce and R. C. DiPrima, Elementary Differential Equations, John Willey, 7th Edition, 2001

PAM-267 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Frequency Distributions, Histograms, and Frequency Polygons, Mean, Median, Mode, and Other Measures of
Central Tendency, Standard Deviation and Other Measures of Dispersion, Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis,
Combinatorial Analysis, Probability and Conditional Probability, Dependent and Independent Events, Mutually
Exclusive Events, Probability Distributions, Binomial, Normal, and Poisson Distribution, Mathematical Expectation,
Curve fitting and Method of Least Squares.
References:

 A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variablesand Stochastic Processes, McGraw Hill, 1984.

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 David Freedman, Robert Pisani and Roger Purves, Statistics, 4/E, W. W. Norton, 2007
 Charles M. Grinstead and J. Laurie Snell, Introduction to Probability, American Mathematical Society, 1997.

CIS-101 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING

3+1 Credit hours, Pre-requisite: NIL

Fundamental ideas about computers and Programming, central processing unit, memory, program, data storage,
program execution, fetch-decode-execute cycle, number system, input and output (I/O) devices, buses, I/O
interfaces, operating systems, Programming languages, process of developing programs, algorithms, flow charts,
introduction to C++, Basic constructs of the language: variables and reading/writing, expressions, operators, if
statement, while statement, for statement, arrays, Functions: Function declaration, declaration scope and visibility,
reference parameters, recursive functions, Types: Enumerated types, pointers, void type, object oriented program
development.
References:

 P. K. Sinha, Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publications, 2004.

 Robert Lafore, Object-Oriented Programming in C++, 4/E, Sams Publisher, 2002.
 Bjarne Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language: Special Edition, 3/E, Addison Wesley, 2000.

NE-404 BASIC NUCLEAR ENGINEERING

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisite: Modern Physics

Natural and Artificial Radioactivity; Radioactive Decay; Half Life; , and Decay Mechanisms; Nuclear Reactions;
Fission; Fusion; Role and Importance of Nuclear Energy; Nuclear Cross Sections; Reaction Rates; Nuclear Fission
and Chain Reaction; Reactor Control Requirements; Criticality Conditions; Conversion and Breeding; Reactor
Components and Their Characteristics; Classification and Design Features of Research, Production, and Power
Reactors; Introduction to Fast and Fusion Reactor Systems; Different Types of Nuclear Fuel Cycles; Front End and
Back End Fuel Cycle Operations; Fuel Burn-up; In-core Fuel Management Principles; Radiation Units; Radiation
Sources; Biological Effects of Radiation; Radiation Protection Standards; Radiation Dose Calculations; Radiation
Shielding; Radiation Protection Principles; Safety Aspects of Nuclear Power Plants.
References:

 J.K. Shultis and R.E.Faw, Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, CRC Press, 2nd Edition, 2008.
 J.R. Lamarsh and A.J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, Prentice Hall, Inc., 3rd Edition, 2001.
 S. Glasstone and A. Sesonske, Nuclear Reactor Engineering,Chapman and Hall, Inc.,4th Edition, 1991.

CME-200 APPLIED CHEMISTRY

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisite: NIL

Atomic and molecular structure; Thermodynamics; Chemical equilibrium and dynamics; Phase equilibrium and
phase rule; Polymers, Resins, Plastics and elastomers; Composite materials; Metallurgy of copper, iron and
aluminum etc; Steel manufacturing; Crystal structures; Structures of solids; Ceramics; Refractories;
Electrochemistry; Battery and battery technologies; Corrosion; Lubricants; Protective coating; Fuel and combustion;
Environmental chemistry and pollution control; Instrumental techniques in chemistry.
References:

 S S Dara, S Chand, A textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S Chand & Co., 2005

 Salahuddin, Chemistry for Engineers, National book Foundation, 1985
 Maron and Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan, 1974.

PAM-132 FUNDAMENTAL OF MECHANICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: NIL

Physical quantities and Units, Vectors Components of a vector, Addition of vectors, Multiplication of
vectors, Selected Problems, Motion with constant acceleration, Two dimensional motion, Projectile motion ,
Uniform circular motion, Relative motion, Force and mass, Newton's Laws, Applications of Newton's Laws,
Frictional forces, Dynamics of uniform circular motion, Time dependent forces, D rag force, Work done by a
constant force, Work done by a variable force (1 & 2 dimensional cases), Kinetic energy and work energy theorem,
Conservative forces, Potential energy, One and two dimensional conservative system, Collisions in one and

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two dimensions, Impulse and momentum, Conservation of momentum, Gravitation, Newton's law of universal
gravitation, Gravitational potential energy, Motion of planets and satellites, Kepler’s Laws,
References

 D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley & Sons, 10th ed. 2013.
 R. A. Serway and J. W. Jewett, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, Golden Sunburst Series, 9th ed. 2013.
 R. A. Freedman, H. D. Young, and A. L. Ford (Sears and Zeemansky), “University Physics with Modern
Physics”, Addison-Wesley-Longman, 13th International ed. 2010.
 F. J Keller, W. E. Gettys and M. J. Skove, “Physics: Classical and Modern, McGraw Hill. 2nd ed. 1992.
 D. C. Giancoli, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with Modern Physics”, Addison-Wesley, 4th ed. 2008
 C. Kittel, W. D. Knight, and M. A. Ruderman, “Mechanics: Berkeley Physics Course. vol. 1”. McGraw-Hill, 2nd
ed. 1973.

PAM-170 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Calculus I

Vector and Scalar Fields, Gravitational Fields, Electric Fields, Charge, Dipoles, Continuous Charge Distributions,
Line and Surface Integrals, Electric Potential, Gauss' Law, Electric Field of Continuous Charge Distributions,
Conductors and Insulators, Electrostatic Force, Capacitors and Dielectrics, Gauss' Law, DC Circuits, Ki rchhoff's
Loop Rules, Capacitance, Working with Circuits, Measuring V, I, R, RC Circuits, Magnetic Fields, Charges moving
in B Fields, Magnetic Force, Magnetic Field, Ampere's Law, Ampere's Law Revisited, Vector Potential, Biot- Savart
Law, Faraday's Law, Lenz's Law, Mutual and Self Inductance, Magnetic Field Energy, RL Circuits, Undriven RLC
Circuits, Phasor Representation.
References

 D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley & Sons, 10th ed. 2013.
 R. A. Serway and J. W. Jewett, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, Golden Sunburst Series, 9th ed. 2013.
 R. A. Freedman, H. D. Young, and A. L. Ford (Sears and Zeemansky), “University Physics with Modern
Physics”, Addison-Wesley-Longman, 13th International ed. 2010.
 F. J Keller, W. E. Gettys and M. J. Skove, “Physics: Classical and Modern, McGraw Hill. 2nd ed. 1992.
 D. C. Giancoli, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with Modern Physics”, Addison-Wesley, 4th ed. 2008.

PAM-160 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Fundamentals of Mechanics

Basic Concepts and Definitions in Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system types and Boundaries. State and its
Extensive and Intensive properties, Equilibrium, Processes and Cycles. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and its
Consequence. Heat and Temperature: Temperature, Kinetic theory of ideal gas. Internal energy of an ideal gas:
Equipartition of Energy, The Virial expansion, The Van der Waals equation of state. Thermodynamics: First law of
thermodynamics and its applications. Reversible and irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics,
Carnot theorem and Carnot engine. Heat engine, Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines.
Thermodynamic temperature scale: Absolute zero, Entropy, Second law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic
Functions, Maxwell’s relations, TdS equations, Joule-Thomson effect. Thermoelectricity: Thermocouple, Seabeck’s
effect, Peltier’s effect, Thomson effect.
References

 D. Halliday, R. Resnick and K. Krane, “Physics”, John Wiley, 5th ed. 2002.
 D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley, 10th ed. 2013.
 M. W. Zemansky, “Heat and Thermodynamics”, Mc Graw Hill, 7th ed. 1997.
 M. Sprackling, “Thermal Physics” McMillan 1991.
 B. N. Roy, “Principle of Modern Thermodynamics”, Institute of Physics, London 1995.

PAM-210 WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Electricity and Magnetism

Mechanical vibrations and waves, simple harmonic motion, mass-spring system, simple pendulum, normal
modes, forced vibrations, physical pendulum, resonance, coupled oscillations, two spring-coupled masses, two
coupled LC circuits, driven coupled oscillators, vibrations of continuous systems, transverse waves,
longitudinal waves, reflection and refraction, phase and group velocity, polarization, Rayleigh scattering, Snell's
law, Fresnel equations, interference, thin films, Huygens's principle, Fraunhoffer diffraction, and gratings.

Page 8 of 22
Applications to: Musical instruments, blue skies, red sunsets, haloes around the sun and the moon, glories,
rainbows, glass bows, Doppler effect.
References

 J. Pain, “The Physics of Vibrations and Waves”, John Wiley, 6th ed. 2005.
 A. P. French, “Vibrations and Waves”, CBS Publishers (2003).
 F. S. Crawford, Jr., “Waves and Oscillations”, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
 A. Hirose, and K. E. Lonngren, “Introduction to Wave Phenomena”, Krieger Publications, 2003.

PAM-220 MODERN PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Nil

Experimental basis of quantum physics: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, black body radiation,
photons, Franck-Hertz experiment, the Bohr atom, electron diffraction, De Broglie waves, and wave-particle
duality of matter and light. e/m ratio, spin and Stern Gerlach expt., quantum numbers, selection rules,
Zeeman effect, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, periodic table, X ray spectra. General structure of quantum
mechanics, Introduction to wave mechanics: wave functions, wave packets, probability amplitudes, stationary
states, continuity equation, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and zero-point energies, correspondence
principle, Schrodinger's equation. Introduction to nuclear physics: basic properties of a nucleus, mass and
atomic numbers, isotopes, mass and size of a nucleus, nuclear force (basic idea), nuclear radii, nuclear masses,
binding energy, mass defect. Natural radioactivity: Laws of radioactive decay, half life, mean life, chain
disintegration, decays, measuring ionization radiation.
References

 R.A. Serway, C.J. Moses and C.A. Moyer, “Modern Physics”, Brooks Cole, 3rd ed. 2004.
 Paul A. Tipler and Ralph A. Llewellyn, “Modern Physics”, W H Freeman and Company 6th ed. 2012.
 Arthur Beiser, “Concepts of Modern Physics”, McGraw-Hill, 6th ed. 2002.
 R. M. Eisberg and R. Resnick, “Quantum Physics of Atoms, molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles”, John
Wiley, 2nd ed. 2002.

PAM-270 OPTICS
3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisites: Waves and Oscillations

Brief History: 19th and 20th century optics, electromagnetic waves, photon-spectrum. Propagation of Light:
Rayleigh scattering, Huygens’ Principle, Fermat’s Principle, laws of reflection and refraction, total internal reflection,
Geometrical Optics: lenses, mirrors, prisms, fiber optics, optical system, wavefront shaping, gravitational lensing.
Thick and thin lens systems, analytical ray tracing, aberrations, GRIN systems. Polarization: polarizers,
birefringence, retarders, optical activity. Interference: conditions of interference, interferometers, applications of
interferometry. Diffraction: Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction, boundary diffraction waves.
References

 F. Pedrotti, L. S. Pedrotti and L. M. Pedrotti, “Introduction to Optics”, Pearson Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 2007.
 E. Hecht, “Optics”, Addison-Wesley, 4th ed. 2002.
 K. K Sharam, “Optics: Principles and Applications”, Academic Press,2006.
 C. A. Bennett, “Principles of Physical Optics”, John Wiley, 2008.

PAM-301 MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS-I

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisite: Calculus II

Complex numbers, Complex variables, Vector calculus, differentiation, integration, space curves, scalar and
vector fields, gradient, divergence and curl, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates, general curvilinear
coordinates, Kronecker delta and Levi cevita, definition of tensors, contraction, direct product, quotient rule, pseudo
tensors, dual tensors, tensor derivative operators, Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Residue theorem, group theory,
Fourier and Laplace transforms, evaluation of integrals, Special functions: Legendre, Laguarre, Bessel functions,
spherical harmonics, summation of series, Asymptotic solutions to initial- and boundary-value problems,
eigenvalue problems.
References

 Tai L. Chow, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”, Cambridge University Press, 1st Edition, 2000.
 E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley and Sons, 10th Edition, 2011.
 M. Hamermesh, “Group Theory and its Applications to Physical Problems”, Dover Publications 1989.

Page 9 of 22
PAM-320 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY-I
3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Electricity and Magnetism, Calculus-II

Electrostatics: electric field, Coulomb’s law, Divergence and curl of electrostatic fields: field lines, flux and Gauss’s
law, the divergence of E, the curl of E. Electric potential, Poisson’s equation and Laplace’s equation, Work and
energy in electrostatics. Conductors: basic properties, induced charges, surface charge and the force on a
conductor, capacitors. Special Techniques: Laplace’s equation, boundary conditions and uniqueness theorems.
The Method of Images, Approximate potential at large, the monopole and dipole terms. Electric Fields in Matter:
Polarization: dielectrics, induced dipoles, alignment of polar molecules, polarization. The field of a polarized object:
bound charges, physical interpretation of bound charges, and the field inside a dielectric. The electric
displacement: Gauss’s law in the presence of dielectrics, boundary conditions. Linear Dielectrics: susceptibility,
permittivity, dielectric constant, energy in dielectric systems, forces on dielectrics. Magnetostatics: The Lorentz
Force law, The Biot-Savart Law, steady currents. The divergence and curl of B. Magnetic Vector Potential: the
vector potential, magnetic boundary conditions, Magnetization, diamagnets, paramagnets, ferromagnets, atomic
orbits, bound currents, and the magnetic field inside matter. The auxiliary field H: Ampere’s law in magnetized
materials. Linear and nonlinear media: magnetic susceptibility and permeability, ferromagnetism.
References

 D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, Prentice Hall, 4th ed. 2013.

 M. N. O. Sadiku, ”Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Press, 6th ed. 2014.
 F. Melia, “Electrodynamics”, University of Chicago Press, 2001.
 Hearld J and W. Muller-Kristen, “Electrodynamics”, World Scientific Publishing, 2nd ed. 2011.

PAM-340 CLASSICAL MECHANICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Fundamentals of Mechanics

Review of Newtonian mechanics, Frame of reference, orthogonal transformations, angular velocity and angular
acceleration, Newton’s laws of motion, Galilean transformation, generalized coordinates and principle of virtual
work problem, conserved quantities, conservation laws, Lagrange and Hamilton principle, Lagrangian with
constraints, Lagrange equations of motion, central force motion, Kepler’s problem, orbits, stability of circular orbits,
hyperbolic orbits, elastic collisions, Rutherford scattering, inelastic scattering, Lagrangian for rigid bodies,
inertia, symmetric top, angular momentum, free top, Euler angles, Hamiltonian equation of motion, Noether's
theorem, canonical equations and phase space, canonical transformation, Poisson brackets.
References

 T. L. Chow, “Classical Mechanics”, John Wiley, 2nd edition 2013.

 T. Kibble and F. Berkshire, “Classical Mechanics”, World Scientific, 5th ed. 2004
 H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole, J. L. Safko, “Classical Mechanics” Addison-Wesley, 3rd Edition, 2001.

EE-120 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

3+1 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Electricity and Magnetism

Semiconductor Basics; PN Junction Diode; Voltage and Current Characteristic; Zener Diodes; Rectifier Circuits,
Clipping and Clamping Circuits; Schottky-Barrier, Varactors, Photodiodes and Light-Emitting Diodes; SPICE Diode
Model and Simulation; Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT); BJT Biasing; Current-Voltage Characteristics; BJT as
Amplifier and Switch; Common Base, Common Emitter and Common Collector Amplifiers; Brief overview of
Frequency Response of Common-Emitter Amplifier; MOSFET’s; Device Structure and Operation, Current and
Voltage Characteristics, MOSFET as Amplifier and Switch; MOSFET Biasing; Small-Signal Operation and Models;
Single-Stage MOS Amplifiers; Common Source, Common Gate and Common Drain; Brief overview of High-
Frequency Model and Frequency Response of the CS Amplifier; CMOS Digital Logic Inverter; Performance
parameters of digital circuits; Introduction to Digital Logic Families; CMOS logic gate circuits, Pseudo NMOS logic
circuits, Pass Transistor logic, TTL and ECL circuits, Latches and Flip-flop circuits.
References

 S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition 2003.
 D. L. Schilling and C. Belove, Electronic Circuits Discrete and Integrated, Wiley, Tata McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition,
2005.
 T. F. Bogart, Electronic Devices and Circuits, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition, 2003.

Page 10 of 22
PAM-370 MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS-II
3 Credit hours, Pre-requisite: Mathematical Methods of Physics-I

Partial Differential Equations: Introduction to important PDEs in Physics (wave equation, diffusion equation,
Poisson’s equation, Schrodinger’s equation), general form of solution, general and particular solutions (first order,
inhomogeneous, second order), characteristics and existence of solutions, uniqueness of solutions, separation of
variables in Cartesian coordinates, superposition of separated solutions, separation of variables in curvilinear
coordinates, integral transform methods, Green’s functions. Complex Analysis: Review (polar form of complex
numbers and de Moivre’s theorem, complex logarithms and powers), functions of a complex variable, Cauchy-
Riemann conditions, power series in a complex variable and analytic continuation with examples, multi-valued
functions and branch cuts, singularities and zeroes of complex functions, complex integration, Cauchy’s theorem,
Cauchy’s integral formula, Laurent series and residues, residue integration theorem, definite integrals using
contour integration.
References

 G. Arfken, H. J. Weber, and F. E. Harris, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”, Academic Press, 7th ed.
2012.
 K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson, S. J. Bence, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”, Cambridge University Press,
2006.
 E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 10th Edition, 2011.

PAM-372 QUANTUM MECHANICS-I

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Modern Physics

Historical motivation: wave-particle duality, photo-electric effect, instability of atoms, black body catastrophe.
Observables and operators, postulates of mechanics, measurement problems, the state function and expectation
values, time dependent and independent Schrodinger equation, solutions to Schrodinger's equation in one
dimension: transmission and reflection at a step, barrier penetration (tunneling), potential wells, Schrodinger’s
equation in three dimensions: central potentials, Hydrogen atom, angular momentum and spin, the radial equation
and operator methods, addition of angular momentum, the simple harmonic oscillator, introduction to
Hydrogenic systems, atomic spectra, introduction to the quantum mechanics of identical particles.
References

 D.J. Griffiths, "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics", Addison-Wesley, 2nd ed. 2005.

 R. Liboff, "Introductory Quantum Mechanics", Addison-Wesley, 4 ed. 2002.
 N. Zettili, "Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications", John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2009.
 Stephen Gasiorowicz “Quantum Mechanics” Wiley International, 3rd Ed. 2003

PAM-374 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY-II

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Electromagnetic Theory-I

Electrodynamics: Electromotive force: Ohm’s law, electromotive force, motional emf, electromagnetic induction:
Faraday’s law, inductance, energy in magnetic fields, Maxwell’s equations: electrodynamics before Maxwell, how
Maxwell fixed Ampere’s law, Maxwell’s equations, magnetic charges, Maxwell’s equations in matter, boundary
conditions. Conservation Laws: the continuity equation, Poynting’s theorem, momentum, conservation of linear and
angular momentum. Electromagnetic Waves: Waves in one dimension: the wave equation, boundary conditions,
reflection and transmission, polarization, electromagnetic waves in vacuum: energy and momentum, waves in
matter: propagation in linear media, reflection and transmission, absorption and dispersion: electromagnetic waves
in conductors, the frequency dependence of permittivity, guided waves: the waves in a rectangular wave guide, the
coaxial transmission line. Potentials and Fields: The potential formulation: scalar and vector potentials, gauge
transformations, continuous distributions: retarded potentials, Jefimenko’s equations, point charges: Lienard-
Wiechert potentials, the field of a moving point charge. Radiation, Dipole Radiation: electric and magnetic dipole
radiation.
References

 D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, Prentice Hall, 4th ed. 2013.

 M. N. O. Sadiku, ”Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Press, 6th ed. 2014.
 F. Melia, “Electrodynamics”, University of Chicago Press, 1st ed. 2001.
 Hearld J and W. Muller-Kristen, “Electrodynamics”, World Scientific Publishing, 2nd ed. 2011.

Page 11 of 22
EE-212 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN
3+1 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Electronic Devices and Circuits

Design of single stage transistor amplifiers considering frequency response caused by internal capacitances,
coupling and bypass capacitances; Characteristics of Op-amps circuits and their applications; Output stages for
amplifiers: class A, class B, class AB amplifiers; Signal generators: sine, triangular, square wave and pulse train
generation using multivibrators, Voltage controlled oscillators, Phase lock loop (PLL) ; Miscellaneous Topics:
precision rectifiers, peak detectors, analog switches, sample and hold circuits, Digital to analog and analog to
digital converters, voltage regulators, photo electronic devices.
References

 S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.
 D. L. Schilling and C. Belove, Electronic Circuits: Discrete and Integrated, 3rd Ed., Wiley, Tata McGraw-Hill,
2005.
 S. Franco, Design With Operational Amplifiers And Analog Integrated Circuit, 3rd Ed., 2002.

PAM-330 THERMAL & STATISTICAL PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Heat and Thermodynamics

Review of Thermodynamics: micro and macrostates of a thermodynamic system, thermodynamic functions and
Maxwell’s relations, specific heat; Introduction to probability theory: elementary statistical concepts, random walk
problem, calculation of mean values, Gaussian probability distribution, Maxwell velocity distribution; Ensemble
Theory: concept of a statistical ensemble, phase space of a classical system, basic postulates of ensemble
theory, partition function, microcanonical ensemble, quantum states and phase space; Canonical ensemble:
a system in a canonical ensemble, partition function, statistical definition of entropy, classical systems
(equipartition and virial theorems), ideal monoatomic gas and Gibb’s paradox, ideal diatomic gas, system
of harmonic oscillators, paramagnetism, two-level systems and negative temperatures; Grand canonical
ensemble: system in a grand canonical ensemble, physical significance of t he statistical quantities,
examples; Kinetic theory of gases: Maxwell’s velocity distribution and mean values, examples; Quantum
Statistics of ideal gases: Maxwell-Boltzman statistics, photon statistics and black body radiation, Bose-
Einstein statistics, Fermi-Dirac statistics, conduction electrons in metals.
References

 F. Reif, “Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics”, Waveland Pr Inc, 2008.

 W. Brewer, F. Schwabl, “Statistical Mechanics”, Springer, 2nd ed. 2006.
 T. L. Hill, “Statistical Mechanics”, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2004.
 K. Huang, “Statistical Mechanics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 1987.

PAM-401 QUANTUM MECHANICS-II

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics-I

Motion of a particle in a central potential. Separation of variables, effective potential, solution for the Coulomb
problem. Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Spin as an internal degree of freedom, intrinsic magnetic moment,
intrinsic angular momentum, spin-orbit interaction and total angular momentum. ldentic~articles: Many-particle
systems, system of distinguishable nopinteracting particles, systems f identical particles, symmetrization postulate,
Pauli exclusipn principle and the periodic able. Time-independent perturbation theory: Nondegenerate perturbation
theory, degenerate perturbation theory. The variational principle: Variational theorem, variational approximation
method, the ground state of helium atom. The WK.B approximation: WK.B wave functions, general connection
rules across a classical turning point, tunneling. Time-dependent perturbation theory: A perturbed two-level system,
perturbation by an electromagnetic wave, transition into a continuum of states-Fermi's golden rule, Oscillator
strengths, selection rules. Scattering: Classical scattering theory, quantum scattering theory, partial wave analysis,
phase shifts, the Born approximation. The adiabatic approximation: The adiabatic theorem, Berry's phase, the
Aharonov-Bohm effect.
References

 D.J. Griffiths, "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics", Addison-Wesley, 2nd ed. 2005.

 R. Liboff, "Introductory Quantum Mechanics", Addison-Wesley, 4 ed. 2002.
 N. Zettili, "Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications", John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2009.
 Stephen Gasiorowicz “Quantum Mechanics” Wiley International, 3rd Ed. 2003.

Page 12 of 22
PAM-402 BASIC ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics I

Central force and angular momentum, commutator algebra, orbital angular momentum, solution of hydrogen atom,
spin angular momentum, addition of angular momentum. Shell Model of atom, angular momentum of complex
atoms, matrix elements of the Hamiltonian, one-electron operator, two-electron operator, average energy of a
configuration. Hartree-Fock equations. Electro- and Magnetostatic interactions: Fine structure, Zeeman effects,
Stark effect, hyperfine structure. Transition probabilities: spontaneous emission, lifetimes, selection rules, oscillator
strength. Absorption. Electronic structure of diatomic molecules: Hydrogen molecular ion, Born-Oppenheimer
approximation, molecular orbitals for , variational calculation of ground-state and first excited state of hydrogen
molecular ion. Hydrogen molecule, state designation of diatomic molecules, bonding and antibounding orbitals.
Vibrations and rotations of diatomic molecules: transition and selection rules, effects of nuclear spin for
homonuclear molecules, labeling of rotational bands.
References

 R. L. Brooks, “The Fundamentals of Atomic and Molecular Physics”, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2013.
 C. J. Foot, “Atomic Physics”, Oxford University Press, 2005.
 B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, “Physics of Atoms and Molecules”, Pearson Education, 2nd ed. 2008.
 W. Demtroder, “Atoms, Molecules and Photons”, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2nd ed. 2010.
 J. M. Hollas, “Basic Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy”, John Wiley, 2002.

PAM-403 SOLID STATE PHYSICS I

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics I

Lattice Translation Vectors, Basis and Crystal Structure, Lattice Types, Indexing planes, simple crystal structures,
Imaging of atomic structures, Bragg Law, Scattered wave amplitude, Brillioun Zones, structure factor, atomic form
factor, Crystals of Inert Gases, Ionic Crystals, Symmetry and Defects, Phonons and Crystal Vibrations, vibration of
crystals with monatomic basis, vibration of crystals with two atoms per primitive cell, quantization of elastic
waves, phonon momentum, inelastic scattering by phonons, Plank's distribution, Phonon Heat Capacity, thermal
conductivity, thermal resistivity of phonon gas, umklapp processes, Free electron gas, energy levels in 1d, fermi
Dirac distribution, free electron gas in 3d, heat capacity, hall effect, thermal conductivity of metals, Energy bands,
origin of energy band, magnitude of energy band, Bloch Functions and Kronig- Penny Model, Wave Equation of
electron in periodic potential, Introduction to semiconductors, superconductivity, and magnetic materials.
References

 John Single, “Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids”, Oxford University Press, U.S.A, 2001
 David L. Sidebottom, “Fundamentals of Condense Matter and Crystalline Physics”, Cambridge University
Press, 2012
 Neil W. Ashcroft, “Solid State Physics”, Harcourt College Publishers, 1976
 S. Elliott, “Physics and Chemistry of Solids”, Willey, 1998
 Philip Phillips, “Advanced Solid State Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 2012

PAM-450 SOLID STATE PHYSICS II

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Solid State Physics I

Free Electron Fermi Gas, Energy levels in one dimension, effect of temperature on the Fermi-Dirac distribution,
free electron gas in three dimensions, heat capacity of the electron gas, experimental electrical resistivity of metals,
umklapp scattering, motion in magnetic fields, Hall effect, thermal conductivity of metals, ratio of thermal to
electrical conductivity, nanostructures. Energy Bands, Nearly free electron model, origin of the energy gap,
magnitude of the energy gap, Bloch functions, Kronig-Penney model, wave equation of an electron in a periodic
potential, restatement of the Bloch theorem, crystal momentum of an electron, solution of the central equation,
empty lattice approximation, approximate solution near a zone boundary, number of orbital in a band, metals and
insulators, Tight-Binding Method. Semiconductors, Band gap, equation of motion, effective mass, physical
interpretation of the effective mass, effective masses in semiconductors, silicon and germanium, intrinsic carrier
concentration, intrinsic mobility, impurity conductivity, donor states, acceptor states, thermal ionization of donors
and acceptors, thermoelectric effects, semimetals, superlattices. The semiclassical treatment of inhomogeneous
solids, fields and carrier densities in the equilibrium p-n junction, elementary picture of rectification by a p-n
junction, drift and diffusion currents, collision and recombination times fields, carrier densities and currents in the
nonequilibrium p-n junction. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism,
References

Page 13 of 22
 John Single, “Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids”, Oxford University Press, U.S.A, 2001
 David L. Sidebottom, “Fundamentals of Condense Matter and Crystalline Physics”, Cambridge University
Press, 2012
 Neil W. Ashcroft, “Solid State Physics”, Harcourt College Publishers, 1976
 S. Elliott, “Physics and Chemistry of Solids”, Willey, 1998
 Philip Phillips, “Advanced Solid State Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 2012

PAM-378 NUCLEAR PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisites: Modern Physics

Properties of nuclei, nuclear size, mass, binding energy, nuclear spin, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole
moment, nuclear forces, Yukawa's theory of nuclear forces. Nucleon scattering, charge independence and spin
dependence of nuclear force, isotopic spin, models of nuclei, Liquid drop model, Fermi gas model, Shell model,
Collective model, nuclear decays, electromagnetic interactions, weak interactions, passage of nuclear
radiations through matter and methods of detection, nuclear reactions, Conservation laws of nuclear reactions,
Q-value and threshold energy of nuclear reaction, energy level and level width, cross sections for nuclear
reactions, compound nucleolus theory of nuclear reaction and its limitations, nuclear reactions in sun, introduction
to nuclear fission and fusion, nuclear reactors, neutron physics, quarks in nuclei, heavy-ion reactions, introduction
to high-energy accelerators.
References

 E. Segre, “Nuclei and Particles”, Benjamin-Cummings, 2nd ed. 1977.

 Kaplan, “Nuclear Physics”, Addison-Wisely, 1980.
 Green, “Nuclear Physics”, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
 K. S. Krane, “Introducing Nuclear Physics”, John Wiley, 3rd ed. 1988.
 B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, “Particle and Nuclei”, 1999.

PAM-360 NUMERICAL METHODS

3 Credit hours, Pre-Requisite: Ordinary Differential Equations

Floating point number system, Sources of errors, Error definitions and analysis, Taylor’s theorem, Solutions of
equations of one variable, Interpolation and polynomial approximation, Numerical differentiation and integration,
Iterative methods for system of linear equations, Approximating eigenvalues, Numerical solution of ordinary and
partial differential equations.
References

 R. L. Burden, J. D. Faires, Numerical Analysis, 10th Edition, Brooks Cole, 2015.

 E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 9th edition, 2005.
 C.F. Gerald, P.O. Wheatley: Applied Numerical Analysis, Addison-Wesley7th Edition 2004.

PAM-417 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Nil

History and origin of Medical Physics, Introduction to the cross disciplinary nature of Medical Physics, Medical
Physics sub- specializations: Radiotherapy, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Radiation Biology and its contribution
in Medical Physics, Duties of a Medical Physicist as Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) in nuclear medical centers,
Staffing requirements of Medical Physicists, Treatment and Imaging Equipment: Co-60 teletherapy machine and its
accessories, Medical linear accelerator (LINAC), head design and principal components, Computed Tomography
(CT) machine for imaging and CT simulation in radiotherapy, Gamma Camera, components and
radiopharmaceuticals, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners and cyclotron, x-ray sources used for
quality assurance, Duties of a Medical Physicist, Training ,education and ethical requirements in Medical Physics,
Recent research trends in Medical Physics
References

 Roles and Responsibilities, and Education and Training Requirements for Clinically Qualified Medical
Physicists. IAEA Human Health Series No. 25, IAEA Vienna, 2013
 Serago, Christopher F., et al. "Recommended ethics curriculum for medical physics graduate and residency
programs: Report of Task Group 159."Medical physics 37.8 (2010): 4495-4500.
 Encyclopedia of Medical Physics (2 volumes), Tabakov S., Milano F., Strand S.-E., Lewis C., Sprawls P. CRC
Press; , Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2013

Page 14 of 22
PAM-418 DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE
3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Introduction to Medical Physics

Introduction to Radiology, Medical Image Quality: noise, spatial resolution, contrast, contrast to noise-ratio, signal
to noise ratio, detective quantum efficiency. Dose to patient versus image quality, Medical Imaging informatics:
DICOM, PACS and teleradiology, Imaging Modalities: X-ray production, x-ray tubes, and x-ray generators,
Diagnostic X-ray, Fluoroscopy, Mammography and Computed Tomography (CT), Ultrasound and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Introduction to Nuclear Medicine, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
(SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) based Nuclear Medicine acquisitions, Internal dosimetry,
computers in nuclear imaging, image reconstruction techniques in radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Quality control
in diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
References

 Bushong, Stewart C. Radiologic science for technologists: physics, biology, and protection. Elsevier Health
Sciences, 2013.
 Dance, D. R., S. Christofides, and Andrew DA Maidment. "Diagnostic radiology physics: A handbook for
teachers and students.", IAEA, Vienna, 2014.
 Cherry, Simon R., James A. Sorenson, and Michael E. Phelps. Physics in nuclear medicine. Elsevier Health
Sciences, 2012.

PAM-419 MODERN RADIOTHERAPY

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Introduction to Medical Physics

Cancer treatment modalities and rationale for radiotherapy, Historical developments in radiotherapy, Types of
radiotherapy: External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) and Brachytherapy, Radiotherapy chain: Computed
Tomography (CT) simulation and patient data acquisition, Treatment planning using modern treatment planning
systems (TPS), classes of treatment planning algorithms, response of TPS algorithms in modeling heterogeneities,
Role of Monte Carlo techniques in radiotherapy dose computation, Pre-delivery verification in humanoid phantoms,
Post-delivery verification using Electronic Portal Imaging Devices (EPIDs) and diode detectors, 2D classical
radiotherapy, Introduction to 3D-Conformal treatments, transition to Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT),
Introduction to particle therapy, Overall quality assurance in radiotherapy.
References

 Khan, Faiz M., and John P. Gibbons. Khan's the physics of radiation therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2014.
 Pawlicki, T., Starkschall, G., Scanderbeg, D.J. and Hendee, E.G.,.Hendee's Radiation Therapy Physics. John
Wiley & Sons.Cherry, 2016
 Mayles, Philip, Alan Nahum, and Jean-Claude Rosenwald, eds. Handbook of radiotherapy physics: theory and
practice. CRC Press, 2007.

PAM-504 RADIATION DETECTION AND PROTECTION

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Nil

Interaction of radiation with matter, Basic principles of radiation detection; ionization chambers, Proportional and
Geiger-Muller counters: Various types of scintillators; Scintillation detectors; Radiation spectroscopy using
Scintillation detectors: Semiconductor detectors; CdZnTe detectors, Neutron detection techniques. Basic electronic
circuits and electronic equipment used in nuclear radiation detection systems; Probability distributions (discrete &
continuous); Counting statistics. Radiation quantities & units, Safety standards for medical exposure, Estimation &
control of external & internal exposure hazards, absorbed dose estimation from external exposure, Shielding
design of neutron and gamma sources, Dose estimation from internally deposited radionuclides, IAEA Safety
regulations for transport of radioactive materials, Radiation accident management & early medical treatment of
radiation injury, Radioactive waste disposal methods, Calibration of survey meters
References

 Knoll G. F. Radiation Detection & Measurements, 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
 Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Ed., Pergamon Press, 2009.
 Martin, A. and Harbison, S.A., An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 4th Ed., Chapman and Hill, 1996.
 Lamarsh, J. R. Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3rd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001.
 Naeem Ahmed, Physics and engineering of Radiation Detection 2nd Edition Elsevier 2014
 Martin, Alan, et al. An Introduction to Radiation Protection 6E. CRC Press, 2012.
 James E. Martin Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition Wiley, 2013.

Page 15 of 22
PAM-410 PRINCIPLES OF LASERS
3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Quantum Mechanics-I

Introductory Concepts: Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, Stimulated Emission, Pumping Schemes, Absorption
and Stimulated Emission Rates, Absorption and Gain Coefficients, Resonance Energy Transfers. Small Signal
Gain and Loop Gain Pumping Processes Optical pumping: Flash lamp and Laser, Threshold Pump Power,
pumping efficiency, Electrical Pumping: Longitudinal Configuration and Transverse Configuration, Gas Dynamics
Pumping, Chemical Pumping. Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed Lasers: Rate Equations, Threshold Condition
and Output Power, Laser gain saturation. Matrix Formulation of Geometrical Optics, Optical Resonators: Plane
Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator, Concentric (Spherical) Resonator, Confocal, Resonator, Generalized Spherical
Resonator, Ring Resonator, Stable Resonators. Unstable Resonators. Wave Reflection and Transmission at a
Dielectric Interface, Stability Condition Standing and Traveling Waves in a two Mirror Resonator, Longitudinal and
Transverse Modes in a Cavity. Properties of Laser Beam: Monochromaticity, Coherence, Directionality, Brightness,
Optimum Output Coupling, Line broadening, Laser Tuning, Shari Pulse in Lasers, Q-Switching and Mode Locking.
References:

 O. Svelto, “Principles of Lasers”, Springer, 5th ed. 2009.

 J. Eberly and P. Milonni, “Lasers Physics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2010.
 M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy, “Quantum Optics”, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
 W. T. Silfvast, “Laser Fundamentals”, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed 2008.

PAM-411 INTRODUCTION TO OPTOELECTRONICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Optics

Nature of light, polarization, principle of superposition, interference, diffraction Black body radiation, units of light.
Radiation sources, light emitting diode, electroluminescent sources, gas-discharge lamps. Elements of solid state
physics, energy bands in solids, conductors, semiconductors, insulators. Electrical conductivity. Semiconductor,
intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, excitons. Carrier concentration, the work function. Excess carriers
in semiconductors, diffusion and drift of carriers. Junction: p-n junction in equilibrium, current flow in forward and
reverse biased p-n junction, junction geometry and depletion layer capacitance. Semiconductor lasers, population
inversion, optical feedback, threshold condition, lasers modes. Modulation of light, Optical fiber fundamentals,
splicers, connectors, and couplers. Radiation detectors, external and internal photoelectric detectors. Applications
of optoelectronics systems.
References:

 E Uiga, "Optoelectronics", Prentice-Hall International, 1995.

 J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes, "Optoelectronics: An Introduction", Prentice-Hall International 1993.
 S.O. Kasap, "Optoelectronics & Photonics: Principles & Practices", Pearson 2012-
 J Eberly and P. Milonni, "Lasers Physics", John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2010.
 W. T. Silfvast, "Laser Fundamentals", Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed 2008.

PAM-412 INTRODUCTION TO PHOTONICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Waves and Oscillations, Optics

Optics: Planar slab waveguides, Rectangular channel waveguides, Single and multi-mode optical fibers, waveguide
modes and field distributions, waveguide dispersion, pulse propagation Gaussian Beam Propagation: ABCD
matrices for transformation of Gaussian beams, applications to simple resonators Electromagnetic Propagation in
Anisotropic Media: Reflection and transmission at anisotropic interfaces, Jones Calculus, retardation plates,
polarizers Electro-optics and Acousto-optics: Linear electro-optic effect, Longitudinal and transverse modulators,
amplitude and phase modulation, Mach-Zehnder modulators, Coupled mode theory, Optical coupling between
waveguides, Directional couplers, Photoelastic effect, Acousto-optic interaction and Bragg diffraction, Acousto-optic
modulators, deflectors and scanners Optoelectronics: p-n junctions, semiconductor devices: laser amplifiers,
injection lasers, photoconductors, photodiodes, photodetector noise.
References:

 B.E.A. Saleh, "Fundamentals of Photonics", Wiley India 2012,

 J-M. Liu, "Photonic Devices", Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 A. Yariv, "Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications", 5th ed., Oxford University Press, 2007.
 E. Hecht, "Optics", Addison-Wesley, 5th ed. 2016.

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PAM-413 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING
3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Quantum Mechanics-I,

A brief history of quantum computing, quantization, state vectors and Dirac notation, probability interpretation,
eigenstates and eigenvalues, unitary operators, product state and entangled state, Hamiltonian, unitary evolution,
operators and observables, from classical to quantum bits, some fundamental logic gates, qubits and their physical
realization, bell state/EPR pair, quantum circuits, no cloning theorem, quantum teleportation, superdense coding.
References:

 Dan C. Marinescu and Gabriela M. Marinescu, “Approaching quantum computing”, Person Prentice Hall, NY
2005.
 M. A. Nielson and I. I. Chuang, “Quantum computation and quantum information”, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2010.
 David McMahon, “Quantum Computing Explained”, Wiley, NY, 2008.

PAM-414 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM OPTICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Quantum Mechanics-I,

Classical optics and review of quantum mechanics, radiative transition in atoms, photon statistics, photon
antibunching, photon number states, atom-photon interaction, the two-level atom approximation, coherent
superposition of states, the density matrix approach, time dependent Schrodinger equation, probability amplitude
method, the weak-field limit, Einstein’s B coefficient, the strong-field limit, Rabi oscillations.
References:

 M. Fox, “Quantum Optics: An introduction”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011.

 C.C. Gerry and P. L. Knight, “Introductory Quantum Optics”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.

PAM-415 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Programming for Scientific Computation: Unix/Linux basics, the editing-coding-compiling-debugging-optimizing-

visualizing-documenting production chain, Fortran95. Numerical Programming: Functions: approximation and
fitting, Numerical calculus. Ordinary differential equations, Matrices, Spectral analysis, Partial differential equations.
Modeling and Simulation: Molecular dynamics simulations, modeling continuous media Monte Carlo simulations.
Project: A project will be chosen by the student in consultation with the instructor. Selection of the project should be
done soon after the module on modeling and simulation starts and continue over the course of the rest of the
semester. The final part of the course is reserved for presentation of preliminary and final results.
References:

 T. Pang, “An Introduction to Computational Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

 R. Landau, M. Paez, C. Bordeianu, “A Survey of Computational Physics”, Princeton University Press, 2008.
 M. L. De Jong,”Introduction to Computational Physics”, Addison Wesley, 1991.

PAM-416 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Computer Fundamentals and Programming

Computer Languages: A brief introduction of the computer languages like Basic, C. Pascal etc. and known
software packages of computation Numerical Methods: Numerical Solutions of equations, Regression and
interpolation, Numerical integration and differentiation. Error analysis and technique for elimination of systematic
and random errors Modeling & Simulations: Conceptual models, the mathematical models, Random numbers and
random walk, doing Physics with random numbers, Computer simulation, Relationship of modeling and simulation.
Some systems of interest for physicists such as Motion of Falling objects, Kepler's problems, Oscillatory motion,
Many particle systems, Dynamic systems, Wave phenomena, Field of static charges and current, Diffusion,
Populations genetics etc.
References:

 H. Gould, J. Tobochnik and W. Christian, “An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods”, Addison Wesley,
3rd ed. 2006.
 M. L. De Jong,”Introduction to Computational Physics”, Addison Wesley, 1991.
 S. T. Koonini, “Computational Physics”, the Benjamin-Cummings, 1998.

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 S. C. Chapra and R. P. Chanle,”Numerical Methods for Engineers with Personal Computer Applications”,
McGraw-Hill, 4th edition 2001.
 S. C. Chapra, “Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists”, McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed.
2006.

PAM-420 FLUID MECHANICS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Fundamentals of Mechanics

Introduction, Fluid Statics, Pressure at a point, Incompressible and compressible fluid,Elementary Fluid Dynamics:
The Bernoulli Equation, Newton’s Second Law, Examples of the use of Bernoulli’s Equations. Fluid Kinematics,
Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions, Reynold’s Transport Theorem Finite Control Volume Analysis,
Conservation of Mass, Energy equation, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow, Fluid
Kinematics and Conservation Laws, Dimensional Analysis Basic Concepts, Similitude and Modelling, Some basic
Introduction to Viscous Flow in PIPES, Flow Over Immersed Bodies and Open Channel flow
References

 B. R. Munson, W. W. Huebsch, A. P. Rothmayer, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Wiley, 7 edition, 2012.

 F. White, Fluid Mechanics, F.M White 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education; 8th edition, 2015.
 J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasoriek, J. Swaffield, L. Jack, Fluid Mechanics, Second Edition, Prentice Hall; 5 edition,
2006.

PAM-421 PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Solid State Physics II

Overview of crystal structures, band structures and density of states concepts, Semiconductors in equilibrium, Drift
and diffusion current density, Hall effect, Carrier generation and recombination, continuity equation, Ampbipolar
transport, surface effects, structure and characteristics of pn junction, metal semiconductor schottky and ohmic
contacts, heterojunctions, bipolar junction transistor, Field effect transistor characteristics, non-ideal effects,
MOSFET operation and characteristics, ballistic transport, channel length modulation, special semiconductor
devices and advanced processes.
References

 D. A. Neamen, Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 4th Ed., McGraw Hill, 2012.
 S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
 Y. Taur, and T. H. Ning, Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 S. O. Kasap, Principles of Electrical Engineering Materials and Devices, McGraw Hill, 2000
 R.F. Pierret, Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, 2nd Ed., Addison -Wesley, 1996.

PAM-422 PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS

3 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Solid State Physics II

Introduction to low dimensional systems, top-down and bottom-up approaches to fabricate low dimensional system.
2D electron gas, density of states in low dimensional systems, quantum transport in 1D wires, 0D quantum dots, and
2D nanoscale films highlighting Coulomb blockade, single-electron transport phenomenon, diffusive and ballistic
transport, tunneling transport, quantum wells and their optical properties, Hall effect, Giant magnetoresistance, spin
transport in a magnetic field, quantum hall effect.
References:

 M. J. Kelly, Low-dimensional Semiconductors: Materials, Physics, Technology, Devices, Clarendon Press 1996.
 J. H. Davies, The physics of low-dimensional semiconductors: an introduction, Cambridge University Physics
2009.
 E. L. Wolf, Nanophysics and Nanotechnology, Wiley-VCH 2007.
 K. Barnham and D. Vvedensky, Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures: Fundamentals and Device
Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

PAM-423 MICRO/NANOFABRICATION
3+1 Credit hours, Pre Requisite: Solid State Physics-I

Overview of semiconductor fabrication technology, silicon and gallium arsenide crystal growth techniques, wafer
shaping, crystal characterization and properties, thermal oxidation, clean rooms, photolithography: pattern transfer

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process, exposure tools, masks, photoresists and resolution enhancement techniques, next-Generation lithographic
methods, comparison of various lithographic methods, dry and wert etching techniques, doping by diffusion process
and ion implantation, thin film deposition techniques: evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition and epitaxy,
MOS Process Integration, Bipolar process integration, packaging and yield, Moore’s law, future trends and
challenges.
References:

 Stephen A. Campbell, Fabrication Engineering at the Micro- and Nanoscale, Oxford University Press, 2012.
 Gary S. May, Simon M. Sze, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004.
 Sami Franssila, Introduction to microfabrication, John Wiley& Sons Inc. 2010.
 Richard C. Jaeger, Introduction to Microelectronic Fabrication, Prentice Hall, 2002.
 Marc J. Madou, Fundamentals of Microfabrication, CRC Press, 2002.
 Ivor Brodie, Julius J. Muray, The Physics of Micro/Nano-Fabrication (Microdevices), 1992.

PAM-409 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTICS

3 Credit hours Pre Requisite: Electromagnetic Theory-I

Review and limitations of various communication media, salient features of optical fibers, review of basic optical
laws, light propagation in the optical waveguides, numerical aperture, modes of a fiber, fiber attenuation, absorption
losses, scattering losses, bending losses, step-index and graded-index fibers, signal distortion in fibers, multimode
and single mode optical fibers, intermodal and interamodal dispersion, chromatic dispersion waveguide dispersion,
material dispersion, dispersion compensation, introduction to laser diodes, laser modulation, photo detection, optical
receivers, optical amplifiers, basics of WDM systems, applications of fiber based systems
References:

 G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 5th ed. McGraw Hill, New York, 2013.
 Agrawal G P, “ Optical Fiber Communication System,” Wiley, 2011
 H. Kolimbiris, “Fiber Optics Communications”, Pearson, , 2011
 Ghatak A K and Thyagarajan K, “Introduction to Fiber Optics”, Cambridge University Press, 1998

PAM-425 PLASMA PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to plasmas, how plasmas are produced, Debye length, plasma frequency, number of electrons in a
Debye sphere, the de-Broglie wavelength and quantum effects, representative plasma parameters. Motion of a
charged particle in a static uniform magnetic field and in the presence of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields,
gravitational drift, gradient and curvature drifts. Motion in a magnetic mirror field, drift-motion in a time varying
electric and magnetic fields, adiabatic invariants, conservation of J in time independent fields, the Hamiltonian
method and chaotic orbits. Fluid equations for a plasma, continuity equation, momentum balance equation, equation
of state, and two-fluid equations. Waves in cold plasma, Fourier representation of waves, plasma oscillations,
electron and ion waves, sound waves, electrostatic ion waves perpendicular to magnetic field, lower-hybrid
frequency. Electromagnetic waves for unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas, Alfven waves, magnetosonic waves,
and ray paths in inhomogeneous plasmas. Introduction to controlled fusion: Basic nuclear fusion reactions, reaction
rates and power rates and power density, radiation losses from plasmas, operational conditions.
References

 Robert J. Goldston and Paul H. Rutherford, “Introduction to Plasma Physics”, Institute of Physics Publishing,
Bristol and Philadelphia; 1st Edition, 1995.
 Gurnett, D. A., Bhattacharjee, A., “Introduction to Plasma Physics: with Space and Laboratory
Applications”,Cambridge University Press; 1st Edition, (2005).
 Chen, F. .F., “Introduction to Plasma Physics”, Springer Publications, 1974 Edition, 2012.

PAM-426 CHEMICAL PHYSICS

3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: NIL

Introductory thermodynamics and chemical kinetics (the laws of thermodynamics; kinetic theory of gases; rate
equations; reaction order) - Introductory molecular spectroscopy and photophysics (electronic, vibrational, and
rotational spectra; fluorescence and phosphorescence) - Electrochemistry (cell thermodynamics; electrochemical
kinetics; the Butler–Volmer equation; Fick’s first and second laws) - Electron transfer theory (Marcus–Gerischer

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theory; Marcus–Hush theory) - Selected experimental techniques (transient absorption; voltammetry; impedance
spectroscopy)
References

 P. Atkins, J. de Paula, Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 10th Edition, 2014.
 F. Battaglia, T. F. George, Fundamentals in Chemical Physics, Springer, 1st edition, 1998.
 D. A. Skoog, F. J. Holler, S. R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage Learning, 6th Edition,
2007.
 Weller, Overton, Rourke, and Armstrong, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 6th Edition, 2014.

PAM-427 BIOPHYSICS
3 Credit hours, Pre-requisites: NIL

Introduction to Bio-mechanics, physics of the skeleton, sound and hearing, pressure and motion of fluids in the
body, heat and temperature, electricity and magnetism in the human body: neuro-biophysics (nerve signals, action
potentials, synapses, brain); electrical stimulation of the heart; molecular nature of vision and hearing; diffusion;
membrane potential; fluorescence in bio-molecules; lasers in biology and medicine, electrocardiography,
cardiovascular instrumentation, optics and the eye, biological effects of light, Use of tracers and nuclear diagnostic
techniques such as CAT – Computer Assisted Tomography and PET – Positron Emission Tomography.
References:

 J. R. Cameron, J. G. Skofronick, R. M. Grant, Physics of the Body (Medical Physics Series), Medical Physics
Pub Corp; 2nd edition, 1999.
 J. G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 4th edition, Wiley, 2009.
 L. A. Geddes and L. E. Baker, Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, Wiley, 3rd Edition 1991.

LAB DETAILS
List of experiment in various labs is given below. Out of the list a number of experiment in each lab will be
chosen for students depending upon the availability of the equipment and lab facilities

Mechanics:
1. One dimensional motion (verification of Newton's laws of motion, measurement of forces, speed, acceleration
and linear momentum, collisions and conservation of momentum, impacts, free fall and acceleration due to
gravity)
2. Two dimensional motion with simple pendulum and stop watch
3. Rotational motion, conservation of angular momentum, friction, static and dynamic equilibrium, compound
pendulum
4. Study of motion of spring to find spring constant, value of g, modulus of rigidity,
5. Moment of inertia.
6. Characterizing rolling motion along inclined planes
7. Simple harmonic motion, masses attached to springs and Hooke's law,
8. Damped motion and the regimes of damping (overdamped, underdamped and critically damped)
9. Demonstration of Atwood machine

Heat, Sound, Waves and Oscillations:

1. Experiment related to calorimetry and heat transfer
2. Newton's cooling under ambient and forced convection and radiation
3. Measurement of temperature using Si diodes, thermistors, thermocouples and RTD's, blackbodies
4. Experiment on heat pumps and heat engines
5. Investigation of gas laws and laws of thermodynamics
6. Thermal conductivity by pulsed heating of a metal rod
7. Measurement of latent heats and specific heat capacities
8. Temperature control using PID (proportional integral derivative) schemes
9. Thermal expansion and its measurement using strain gauges
10. Resonance in a stretched string
11. Normal modes of oscillation
12. Dispersion relations for mono and diatomic lattice

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13. Experiment using coupled oscillators
14. Nonlinear oscillations exemplified by resistance-inductance-diode circuits
15. Magnetic pendulums, accelerometers
16. Measurement of the speed of sound under conditions of varying temperature
17. Lorentz pendulum, waves in water, beats, super-positions of harmonic motion (Lissajous patterns), sonometer.

Electricity and Magnetism:

1. Verification of OHMs Law
2. Parallel and Series Resistive Circuits
3. Power in DC circuits
4. Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws
5. Passive electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors)
6. Static charge and electric fields
7. Direct and alternating currents
8. Electrical measurement instrumentation (voltmeters, ammeters, power supplies, variable transformers, cathode
ray oscilloscope, electrometer)
9. Demonstration of electromagnetic induction, inductors and transformers, motors
10. Demonstration of magnetic fields due to currents and permanent magnets
11. Ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity (determination of hysteresis curves, determination of Curie point, magnetic
susceptibility and its temperature dependence)
12. Dielectric properties measurement
13. Mapping of magnetic fields using Hall sensors
14. Demonstration of properties of the light bulb.

Optics (basic and advanced) and Spectroscopy:

1. Characterization of light sources including bulbs, light emitting diodes, laser diodes and gas lasers
2. Experiments demonstrating optical phenomena such as interference, diffraction, linear motion, reflection,
refraction, dispersion, Michelson interferometry
3. Measurement of refractive index using interferometry
4. Measurement of the speed of light, diffraction gratings and multiple-slit interference, thin film interference and
Newton's rings
5. Use of digital cameras for optics experiments
6. Mode structure of lasers
7. Use of spectrometers and monochromators
8. Wavelength tuning of laser diodes, rainbows
9. Emission spectroscopy of low-pressure gases (hydrogen)
10. Alkali spectra and fine structure
11. Hyperfine structure of rubidium
12. Vibrational spectrum of nitrogen
13. Lambert-Beer's law
14. Optical polarization
15. Magneto-optical Faraday rotation.

Electronic Devices and Circuits:

1. Diode Characteristics
2. Zener Diode Wave Shaping
3. Half Wave Rectification
4. Design and Development of Regulated Power Supply
5. BJT Fixed Biasing Circuit
6. Voltage Divider Bias and DCV Load Line
7. Common Base Amplifier
8. Common Emitter Amplifier
9. Common Base Amplifier With Emitter Resistor
10. Common Collector Amplifier
11. Common Source Amplifier
12. Op-Amplifier as Inverting, Non-Inverting and Summing Amplifier

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Electronic Circuit Design:
1. Learning the use of Digital Oscilloscope to Measure Spectrum (Fast Fourier Transform - FFT) of a Signal.
2. Design and Implementation of a 10kHz Wien Bridge Oscillator.
3. Studying the Effects of Different Values of R and C for the Same RC Product in the Design of a Wein Bridge
Oscillator.
4. Controlling the Amplitude of a Sinewave in a Wein Bridge Oscillator through Adjustment of Loop Gain and
Clamping Circuits.
5. Study of the Effects of Limited Slew Rate and Gain-Bandwidth Product of Op-Amp on an Oscillator’s
Implementation.
6. Design and Implementation of a Triangular and Square Wave Generator.
7. Investigation of Signal Distortions in a Triangular and Square Wave Generator.
8. Using LM555 IC as Mono-stable and Astable Multivibrator.
9. Learning use of Photo-Transistors and Optocouplers as Isolators.

10. Using LM380 IC (Fixed Gain Audio Amplifier) and Investigating its Power Efficiency at Different Values of Vcc.
11. Design and Implementation of a Class AB Amplifier for a 10W/4Ω Speaker.
12. Design and Implementation of a 10MHz/5V Colpitt’s Oscillator.

Modern Physics:
1. Experiment to demonstrate photoelectric effect
2. Frank-Hertz's quantization of energy levels
3. Determination of Planck's constant (e.g. using a light bulb)
4. Verification of Moseley's law using X-ray fluorescence
5. Experiment to demonstrate Compton Effect
6. Millikan's experiment for determination of charge of electron
7. Properties of nuclear radiation (absorption in different media and response to external magnetic fields)
8. Statistical nature of radioactivity, determination of the half-life of radioisotopes, Geiger-Muller tubes, cloud
chambers, energy spectroscopy of gamma rays, experiments on medical physics

Advanced Experiments:
Experiments to demonstrate the following phenomenon;
1. Nuclear magnetic resonance
2. Electron spin resonance
3. Zeeman effect
4. Optical pumping
5. Lifetime of muons
6. Surface Plasmon resonance
7. Brownian motion
8. Vacuum (may take help of DMME or NINVAST at NCP)
9. Low temperature physics
10. Superconductivity (DMME)
11. Synthesis of nanomaterials and their characterization (DMME)
12. Electromagnetically induced transparency
13. Mossbauer spectroscopy.

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