Syllabus BS Physics For BOS 30-11-2018

Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta
Board of studies recommendations for BS Physics 4 years program held on 30-11-2018
• Admission criteria for BS Physics 4 years program
BS Admission: Intermediate with Physics and Mathematics from any recognized board or equivalent
with at least 45% marks and entry test conducted by NTS.
• Scheme of Studies for BS Physics 4 years Program:
First Semester
S. Course Code Course Title Pre-Req Credit Hours
No. Theory Lab
1 PHY-108 Mechanics 3 0
2 PHY-103L Lab-I * 0 1
3 MATHP-167 Calculus-I 3 0
4 ENG-161 Reading and writing skills 3 0
5 HUM-102 Pakistan Studies 2 0
6 CS-118/CS-118L Computer Fundamentals 2 1
Total 13 2 = 15
Second Semester
S. No. Course Code Course Title Pre-Req Credit Hours
Theory Lab
1 PHY-236 Electricity and Magnetism-I 3 0
2 PHY-107 Heat and Thermodynamics 3 0
3 PHY-203L Lab-II ** 0 1
4 HUM-101/HUM-112 Islamic Studies/ Ethics 2/2 0
5 GEOE-102/102L Introduction to Geology 2 1
6 MATHP-267 Calculus-II Calculus-I 3 0
7 ENG-361 Communication & Presentation Skills 3 0
Total 16 2 = 18
Third Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY-336 Electricity and Magnetism-II Electricity and Magnetism-I 3 0
2 PHY-102 Waves and Oscillations 3 0
3 PHY-346 Modern Physics 3 0
4 PHY-237L Lab-III *** 0 1
5 MATHP-111 Linear algebra 3 0
6 ENG-261 Academic reading & writing 3 0
7 STAT-201 Statistics-I 3 0
Total 18 1 = 19
Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Page No. 1
Fourth Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY-207 Optics Waves and Oscillations 3 0
2 PHY-247L Lab-IV **** 0 1
3 MATHA-214 Differential Equations 3 0
4 PSY-101 Introduction to Psychology 3 0
5 STAT-301/STAT-301L Statistics-II 2 1
6 CHE-109/CHE109L Introduction to Chemistry 2 1
7 CS-114/CS-114L Programming Fundamentals 2 1
Total 15 4 =19
*Lab-1 includes experiments on Mechanics, Fluid Dynamics and General Experiments
**Lab-II includes experiments on Heat, Electricity and Magnetism
***Lab-III includes experiments on Waves and oscillation, Sound and Modern Physics
****Lab-IV includes experiments on Optics and LASER Physics
Fifth Semester
S. Course Code Course Title Pre-Req Credit Hours
No. Theory Lab
1 PHY-386 Mathematical Method of Physics -I 3 0
2 PHY-238 Electromagnetic Theory-I 3 0
3 PHY-301 Classical Mechanics 3 0
4 PHY-248 Basic electronic devices -I 3 0
5 PHY-487 Statistical Physics 3 0
6 PHY-350L Lab-V * Lab-IV 0 2
Total 15 2 = 17
Sixth Semester
S. No. Course Course Title Pre-Req Credit Hours
Code Theory Lab
1 PHY-387 Mathematical Methods of Mathematical Method of 3 0
Physics-II Physics -I
2 PHY-348 Quantum Mechanics-I 3 0
3 PHY-337 Electromagnetic Theory-II Electromagnetic Theory-I 3 0
4 PHY-448 Atomic & Molecular Physics Modern Physics 3 0
5 PHY-351 Basic electronic devices -II Basic electronic devices -I 3 0
6 PHY-452L Lab-VI ** Lab-V 0 2
Total 15 2 =17
Seventh Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY-446 Quantum Mechanics-II Quantum Mechanics-I 3 0
2 PHY-447 Solid State Physics-I 3 0
3 PHY-421L Lab-VII *** Lab-VI 0 2
4 PHY-366 Project Part-I 0 2
5 Elective I 3 0
6 Elective II 3 0
Total 12 4= 16

Page No. 2
Eight Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY-495 Solid State Physics-II Solid State Physics-I 3 0
2 PHY-456 Nuclear Physics Modern Physics 3 0
3 PHY-466 Project Part-II 0 4
4 Elective III 3 0
5 Elective IV 3 0
Total 12 4=16
Total: 137 Credit Hours
*Lab-V includes experiments of Designing of Basic and Digital Electronics

**Lab-VI includes experiments of Modern Physics, Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy and Electronics
Materials
***Lab-VII includes experiments of Miscellaneous Advanced Experiments like nuclear physics
experiment
List of Elective Courses and each have three credit hours:
1. PHY- 458 Plasma Physics

2. PHY- 423 Methods of Experimental Physics
3. PHY-460 Introduction to Quantum Computing
4. PHY-462 Quantum Information Theory
5. PHY-461 Quantum Field Theory
6. PHY-450 Digital Electronics
7. PHY-451 Lasers
8. PHY- 477 Laser Engineering
9. PHY-459 Experimental Techniques in Particle and Nuclear Physics
10. PHY-468 Electronic Materials and Devices
11. PHY-402 Fluid Dynamics
12. PHY-476 Introduction to Photonics
13. PHY-454 Introduction to Materials Science
14. PHY- 455 Introduction to Nano Science and Nanotechnologies
15. PHY-493 Particle Physics
16. PHY-417 Computer Simulations in Physics
17. PHY- 494 Surface Sciences
18. PHY-416 Computational Physics (Pre-req: Programming Fundamentals)
19. PHY-453 Solid State Electronic Devices
20. PHY-435 Renewable Energy Resources
21. PHY-431 Environmental Physics
22. PHY-470 Medical Physics

Page No. 3
23. PHY-467 Dielectric Materials

24. PHY-469 Magnetic Materials
25. PHY-478 Quantum Optics
26. PHY- 424 Experimental Nuclear Physics

Page No. 4
First Semester
S. No. Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
Theory Lab
1 PHY-108 MECHANICS 3 0
Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to understand the different motions of objects on a
macroscopic scale and to develop simple mathematical formalisms to analyze such motions.
This is a calculus-based introductory course with maximum emphasis on applying the acquired
knowledge to solving problems.
Basic Concepts: Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Changing Units, Scalars and Vectors, Adding
Vectors: Graphical as well as Component Method, Multiplying Vectors: Dot and Cross Products.
Motion in One, Two and Three Dimensions: Position & Displacement, Velocity and
Acceleration, Motion under Constant Acceleration, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion,
Relative Velocity and Acceleration in One and Two Dimensions, Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames.
Newton’s Laws: Newton’s Laws of Motion and their Applications involving some particular
forces including Weight, Normal Force, Tension, Friction, and Centripetal Force, Newton’s Law
of Gravitation, Gravitational Potential Energy, Escape Velocity, Kepler’s Laws, Satellite Orbits
& Energy.
Work and Kinetic Energy: Work done by Constant and Variable Forces: Gravitational and
Spring Forces, Power, Conservative and Non-conservative Forces, Work and Potential Energy,
Isolated Systems and Conservation of Mechanical Energy, Work Done by External Forces
including Friction and Conservation of Energy.
System of Particles: Motion of a System of Particles and Extended Rigid Bodies, Center of
Mass and Newton’s Laws for a System of Particles, Linear Momentum, Impulse, Momentum &
Kinetic Energy in One and Two Dimensional Elastic and Inelastic Collisions.
Rotational Motion: Rotation about a Fixed Axis, Angular Position, Angular Displacement,
Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration, Rotation under Constant Angular Acceleration,
relationship between Linear and Angular Variables, Rotational Inertia, Parallel-axis Theorem,
Torque and Newton’s Law for Rotation, Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy, Power, Rolling
Motion, Angular Momentum for a single Particle and a System of Particles, Conservation of
Angular Momentum, Precession of a Gyroscope, Static Equilibrium involving Forces and
Torques, Determination of moment of inertia of various shapes i.e. for disc, bar and solid sphere.
Angular Momentum: Angular Velocity, Conservation of angular momentum, effects of Torque
and its relation with angular momentum.
Recommended Books:
1. D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley & Sons, 9 th
ed. 2010.
2. R. A. Serway and J. W. Jewett, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, Golden Sunburst
Series, 8th ed. 2010.
3. R. A. Freedman, H. D. Young, and A. L. Ford (Sears and Zeemansky), “University Physics
with Modern Physics”, Addison-Wesley-Longman, 13th International ed. 2010.
4. F. J Keller, W. E. Gettys and M. J. Skove, “Physics: Classical and Modern, McGraw Hill.
2nd ed. 1992.
5. D. C. Giancoli, “Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with Modern Physics”, Addison-
Wesley, 4th ed. 2008.
First Semester
Page No. 5
Theory Lab
2 PHY-103L LAB-I 0 1
Objectives:
To develop the experimental capability of students in understanding the concept of mechanics
Lab:
1. Modulus of rigidity by static & dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle)
2. Modulus of rigidity by static & dynamic method (Barton’s Apparatus).
3. To study the damping features of an oscillating system using simple pendulum of variable
mass.
4. Measurement of viscosity of liquid by Stoke’s method.
5. Measurement of viscosity of liquid by Poiseulli’s method.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary tube method.
7. To determine the value of “g” by compound pendulum.
8. To determine the value of “g” by Kater’s Pendulum.
9. To study the dependence of centripetal force on mass, radius, and angular velocity of a body
in circular motion.
10. Investigation of phase change with position in traveling wave and measurement of the
velocity of sound by C.R.O.
11. Determination of moment of inertia of a solid/hollow cylinder and a sphere etc.
12. To study the conservation of energy (Hook’s law).
13. To determine frequency of AC supply by CRO.
14. Expansion of a helical spring
15. Composition and resolution of forces
16. Studying laminar-turbulent transition for flow in a tube
17. Pressure distribution around a circular cylinder in high Reynolds number flow

Page No. 6
First Semester
Theory Lab
3 MATHP-167 CALCULUS-I 3 0
Objectives: To prepare the students with essential tools of Calculus to apply the concepts and
techniques in their respective disciplines.
(Calculus for Functions of one variable)
Functions and graphs (shifting and stretching), limits and continuity, differentiation (rates of change,
slope of the tangent to a curve, rules for differentiation, chain rule, implicit differentiation, extrema of
functions, mean value theorem, simple problems in optimization, use of derivatives in sketching,
asymptotic behaviour of functions, L'H'opital's rule), integration (indefinite integrals, introduction to
the idea of differential equations and their solution - the initial value problem, techniques of
integration, Riemann sums and definite integrals, physical interpretation as areas, mean value
theorem, areas between curves, finding volumes by slicing, volumes of solids of revolution, arc
lengths, areas of surfaces of revolution, centres of mass and higher moments, work), differentiation
and integration of transcendental functions (exponential and logarithmic functions and applications to
growth and decay problems, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions),
infinite series (limits of sequences of numbers, series, tests of convergence, power series, Taylor and
Maclaurin series).
Recommended Books:
1. Anton, Bivens, Davis, Calculus-Early-Transcendentals (10th edition), 2011, John Wiley, New
York
2. Stewart J, Calculus (7th edition), 2012, Brooks Cole
3. Joel Hass, Maurice D. Weir, George B. Thomas, Jr. Thomas' Calculus(12th edition), 2009,
Addison-Wesley
4. Frederick Shenstone Woods, Frederick Harold, Elementary Calculus Bailey, 2011,
Publisher: Nabu Press

Page No. 7
First Semester
Theory Lab
4 ENG-161 Reading and writing skills 3 0
Objectives: To enable the students to use grammar and language structure in context
Basics of Grammar : Parts of speech & use of Articles , Sentence structure, Practice in unified
sentence, Analysis of phrase & clause, Transitive & intransitive sentence, Conditional sentences,
Reported speech, Active and Passive Voice, Punctuation
Comprehension: Answer to questions on a given text
Enhance language skills and develop thinking.
Paragraph writing
Paraphrasing
Precise writing
Expansion
Vocabulary: Synonyms, Antonyms, Homonyms, Affix Phrasal verbs
Spelling rules
Essay writing
Recommended Books:
1- Michael Swan “ Practical English Usage” Oxford University Press 2003
2- ‘English Grammar & Composition ” by john E Worrins
3- Betty Schramphur“ Understanding and using English Grammar”2nd edition Prentice Hall 1990

Page No. 8
First Semester
Theory Lab
5 HUM-102 PAKISTAN STUDIES 2 0
Objectives:
1.Genesis of Muslim Nationalism in Sub-Continent, Evolution of Two Nation Theory, Pakistan
Movement, Leaders of Freedom Movement, Pakistan Affairs, Ideology of Pakistan, Contemporary
relevance.
2. Introduction to the Subject, to promote Patriotism, Nationalism and sense of solidarity, to explore
Ethnicity, Sectarian problems, Foreign policy.
1. Subject introduction
How Arabs entered in Subcontinent, Nationalism/ Ideology, Genesis of Muslim Nationalism in
Subcontinent, Muslims Rule in Subcontinent in Medieval and Modern period
2. Aligarh Movement
War of Independence 1857 , Roots of Pakistan Movement, Sir Syed Ahmed khan and his
services, Quaid-I, Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Hindi-Urdu Controversy 1867, Indian National
Congress
3. Pakistan Movement
Indian Muslim Nationalism in 20th Century, Partition of Bengal 1905, Formation of All Indian
Muslim League 1906, Indian Muslim after 1913 ( Jinnah join Muslim League in 1913),
Lucknow Pact 1916, Khilafat, Movement, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Jinnah’s
Fourteen Points , Allama Muhammad Iqbal and his services for the uplift of Indian Muslims,
Allahbad Address 1930, Three round table Conferences, Indian Act 1935, Congress Ministries
1937-39, Pakistan Resolution 1940 , Quit India Movement 1942, Cripps, Mission Plan 1942,
Jinnah-Gandhi Talks 1944, 1945-46 Elections, Indian Independence Act, 3rd June Plan 1947,
Partition 1947
4. Post partition
Early problems of Pakistan, Constitutional development, Political anarchy after partition, 1956
Constitution
1962 Constitution, 1973 Constitution, Military interventions, Failure of Democracy in Pakistan,
Ethnic diversity, Economic and energy crisis, Solutions to the contemporary problems in
Pakistan , regional organizations SCO, SAARC and ECO, Non-traditional security threats to
Pakistan: role of Non-state actors, Foreign policy of Pakistan since 9/11.
Text book:
M. D. Zafar, Pakistan Studies, Aziz Book Depot, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
Recommended Books:
1. Brief History of Pakistan by Wynbrandt, James. New York: InfoBase Publishing, 2009.
2. The Future of Pakistan. By Cohen Stephen. P. et al. Washington: Brookings Institute Press,
2011.
3. Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. By Schofield, Victoria. New
York: I.B.Tauria, 2003.
4. Pakistan Affairs. By Ikram Rabbani. Lahore: Caravan Enterprises, 2014.
5. Pakistan successful Culmination by Haroon Ur Rasheed. Lahore: Emporium Publishers,
2012.
6. The Emergence of Pakistan, by Chaudary M. Ali
7. The Making of Pakistan, by K.K.Aziz
8. Pakistan Studies for degree classes, Published by Allama Iqbal Open University.
9. Qureshi, I.H, The Struggle for Pakistan

Page No. 9
First Semester
Theory Lab
6 CS-118/CS-118L COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 2 1
Objectives:
Describe the main components of computer system.
Familiarity with Windows Operating system and its administration.
Ability to use MS-Word, MS-Excel, and MS-Power Point professionally.
Ability to analyze engineering problems and design algorithms
Course outline
Fundamental concepts in computer systems. The System Unit (CPU and Memory): CPU components, memory
unit, CPU-Memory-I/O architectures. I/ O modules, and computer peripherals. Data storage in various types of
memory. Introduction to Microsoft Windows. File management in Windows, operating system (Windows)
administration, Exploring the Internet and Web: Internet applications, E-Mail, Internet services, browsers,
organizational Internets and HTML, Microsoft Word: Creating and saving documents, tables, pictures and
printing. Microsoft Excel: Setting up a work sheet, formulas and calculations, and charts Presentations Software
(Microsoft PowerPoint): Creating presentations, work with presentations, templates, transition effects, and
animations. Diagramming tool (Microsoft Visio), Problem solving and programming, Algorithm development,
Pseudo code and flowchart, Development of basic algorithms, analyzing problems, designing solutions, testing
designed solutions.
Recommended Books:
1. Discovering Computers2013 Complete, Gary B. Shelly and Misty E. Vermaat, Shelly Cashman Series,
Course Technology, Cengage Learning, 2013
2. MaryAnnePoatsy,KeithMulbery,et.al.,ExploringMicrosoftOffice2013, Volume1,Prentice-
Hall,Published04/10/2013,ISBN-13:9780133142679
3. Introduction to Computers Written By Peter Norton, 6th Ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin publishers, 2004
4. Computer Fundamentals Written BY P.K Sinha, Bpb Publications, 2004
Lab Work: Hands on practice on related concepts covered in theory.

Practical list regarding MS- Word Processor
1. Apply the formatting options to that, like Bold, Italic, and Underline, 1.5 for each paragraph, numbers to all
pages of the document, headers or footers.
2. Write down an application to the head of an organization, and apply all the proper formatting according to
the application style.
3. Insert some picture in the word document and do apply the formatting steps to that picture (color, brightness
and contrast of the picture) along with text.
4. Use of columns, table, bullets, and numbers formats borders and shading and headings in word document.
5. Make some document and apply some themes on the document and shape it like a website. Also apply hyper
linking among all pages of the document.
Practical list regarding MS-Power Point
1. Make a presentation in power point by inserting the number of slides, and text, the slides number, date and
time in your presentations.
2. Make a presentation in power point, using the design templates. Also apply the animation to all the of the
slides
3. Make a presentation in power point, insert the pictures and clip arts also apply the audio sounds in the
presentations. Also do apply the slide transitions options.
Practical list regarding MS- Excel Sheets
1. Create a table in the excel sheets and apply the formats in that
2. Create a table in MS-Excel and also insert some graph in the table according to the values of two quantities,
which show the quantities along x-axis and y-axis.
3. Manage some data in excel sheet and do apply the following mathematical formulae Add, Subtract, Sort
(Ascend/Descend), Average And some trigonometric functions

Page No. 10
Second Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY- 236 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I 3 0
Objectives:
1. To give the concepts of electric field, electric potential and dielectrics
2. To understand the circuits
Course outline:
Electric Field: Field due to a point charge: due to several point charges, electric dipole, electric field
of continuous charge distribution e.g. ring of charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge, point
charge in an electric field, , electric flux: gauss’s law; (integral and differential forms) and its application.
Electric Potential: potential due to point charge, potential due to collection of point charges, dipole in an
electric field, torque and energy of a dipole in uniform field, potential due to dipole, electric potential of
continuous charge distribution, P oisson’s and L aplace equation without solution, field as the gradient or
derivative of potential, potential and field inside and outside an isolated conductor.
Capacitors and dielectrics: capacitance, calculating the electric field in a capacitor, capacitors of various
shapes, cylindrical, spherical etc. and calculation of their capacitance, energy stored in an electric field,
energy per unit volume, capacitor with dielectric, electric field of dielectric, an atomic view, application
of gauss's law to capacitor with dielectric.
DC Circuits: electric current, current density j, resistance, resistivity, ρ, and conductivity, σ, ohm’s
law, energy transfer in an electric circuit, equation of continuity, calculating the current in a single
loop, multiple loops, and voltages at various elements of a loop, use of K irchhoff's 1 st and 2nd law,
Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem and superposition theorem, growth and decay of current in an RC circuit
and their analytical treatment.
Magnetic Field Effects and Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetic force on a charged particle,
magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, Torque on a current loop. Magnetic dipole: Energy of
magnetic dipole in field, Lorentz Force with its applications in CRO, Biot-Savart Law: Analytical
treatment and applications to a current loop, force on two parallel current carrying conductors,
Ampere's Law, Integral and differential forms, applications to solenoids and toroids, Gauss's Law for
Magnetism: Discuss and develop the concepts of conservation of magnetic flux, Differential form of
Gauss’s Law, origin of atomic and nuclear magnetism, basic ideas, Bohr magneton, magnetization, defining
M, B, µ magnetic materials, paramagnetic, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis in ferromagnetic
materials.
Recommended Books
1. Corson and Lorrain. Introduction to Electromagnetic Field and Waves.
2. J. Reitz, F. Milford and R. Cristy, Foundations to Electromagnetic Theory, 4th Ed. Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co, 2008
3. Hugh & Young, University Physics, 5th ed. Addison, Wesley Pub. Co
4. David k. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition, Addison, Wesley Pub. Co, 1989
5. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press2010
6. A S. Mahajan, AA. Rangwala Electricity and Magnetism Tata McGraw-Hill 2007

Page No. 11
Second Semester
Theory Lab
2 PHY- 107 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS 3 0
Credit Hours: Three (3)
Objective(s):
To understand the fundamentals of heat and thermodynamics.
Basic Concepts and Definitions in Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, Surrounding and

Boundaries. Type of systems. Macroscopic and microscopic description of system. Properties and
state of the substance: Extensive and Intensive properties, Equilibrium, Mechanical and Thermal
Equilibrium. Processes and Cycles: Isothermal, Isobaric and Isochoric. Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics, Consequence of Zeroth law of Thermodynamics. The state of the system at
Equilibrium.
Heat and Temperature: Temperature, Kinetic theory of ideal gas, Work done on an ideal gas,
Review of previous concepts. Internal energy of an ideal gas: Equipartition of Energy,
Intermolecular forces, Qualitative discussion, The Virial expansion, The Van der Waals equation of
state.
Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics and its applications to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic
and free expansion. Reversible and irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot
theorem and Carnot engine. Heat engine, Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines.
Thermodynamic temperature scale: Absolute zero, Entropy, Entropy in reversible process, Entropy
in irreversible process. Entropy and Second law of thermodynamics, Entropy and Probability.
Thermodynamic Functions: Thermodynamic functions (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Gibb’s
functions, Entropy, Helmholtz functions), Maxwell’s relations, TdS equations, Energy equations
and their applications. Low Temperature Physics, Joule-Thomson effect and its equations.
Thermoelectricity: Thermocouple, Seabeck’s effect, Peltier’s effect, Thomson effect.
Introduction to Statistical Mechanics: Statistical distribution and mean values, Mean free path
and microscopic calculations of mean free path. Distribution of Molecular Speeds, Distribution of
Energies, Maxwell distribution, Maxwell Boltzmann energy distribution, Internal energy of an ideal
gas, Brownian Motion Legvaian equation, Qualitative description.
Recommended Books:
1. D. Halliday, R. Resnick and K. Krane, “Physics”, John Wiley, 5th ed. 2002.
2. D. Halliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, “Fundamentals of Physics”, John Wiley, 9th ed. 2010.
3. M. W. Zemansky, “Heat and Thermodynamics”, Mc Graw Hill, 7th ed. 1997.
4. M. Sprackling, “Thermal Physics” McMillan 1991.
B. N. Roy, “Principle of Modern Thermodynamics”, Institute of Physics, London 1995

Page No. 12
Second Semester
S. No. Course Code Course Title Marks Credit Hours
Lab Theory Lab
3 PHY-203L LAB-II 50 0 1
Heat, Electricity & Magnetism LAB
1. Measurement of resistance using a neon flash bulb and condenser

2. Conversion of a galvanometer into voltmeter & and ammeter
3. Calibration of an ammeter and a voltmeter by potentiometer
4. Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer
5. Comparison of capacitances by ballistic galvanometer.
6. To study the B.H. curve & measure the magnetic parameters.
7. Resonance frequency of a rejecter/acceptor circuit.
8. Measurement of self/mutual inductance.
9. Measurement of resistance coil by a Carey Foster bridge.
10. To determine conductivity of a material by Lee’s method.
11. Measuring the magnetic field for a straight conductor and circular conductor loops.
12. Confirmation of Coulomb’s law
13. Verification of Kirchhoff’s Law
14. To determine thermal emf and plot thermo emf vs temperature.
15. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a given wire.
16. Determination of “J” by Callender – Barnes experiment.
17. Determination of Stefan’s constant.
18. Calibration of thermocouple by potentiometer

Page No. 13
Second Semester
Theory Theory Lab
4 HUM-101 Islamic studies 100 3 0
1 ISLAM:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Comparison with other religions
1.3 Islam as the fastest growing religion in the world
1.4 Five Pillars of Islam
2. QUR’AN
2.1 Introduction to Quranic Studies
2.2 History of the Quran
2.3 SorahFurqan Translation and Commentary
2.4 SorahHujraat Translation and Commentary
3 HADIS
3.1 Hadis and its History
3.2 HadisTerms
3.3 Ten Selected Ahadis
4 JURISPRUDENCE
3.1 Resources of Jurisprudence
3.2 Terms of Jurisprudence Farz, Wajibetc
3.3 Introduction to Jurists
5 BIOGRAPHY (SEERAT) AND ISLAMIC HISTORY
4.1 Ancient Arabworld before Islamic revolution
4.2 Biography of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) (Complete)
4.3 Four Caliphs (MABPWT)
6 ISLAIMIC SYSTEM
6.1 Economics
6.1.1 Comparison of Existing Systems
6.1.2 Concept of Interest (Riba)
6.2 Politics
6.2.1 Concept of Islamic State
6.2.2 Criterion for Muslim Ruler
7. ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
6.1 Influence of Islam on the world
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. M.D Zaffar, Islamic Education (Compulsory), for degree clasees, Aziz Book Depot, Urdu
Bazar Lahore
2. IslamiTehzeeb-o-Tamaddun by Molana Abu Al Hasan Ali Nadvi, Published by:
MajlisNasharyat-e-Islam Karachi
3. Adab-e-Zindagi by Muhammad YousafIslahi
4. Islam or SiasiNazaryat by Mufti Mohammad TaqiUsmani, Published by:
MuktabaMaarifulQuraan Karachi
5. Seerat-e- Mustafa by MolanaIdreeskandahlwi

Page No. 14
Second Semester
Theory Theory Lab
4 HUM-101 Ethics 100 3 0
Objective of this course is to teach basic human values and human rights which would develop
among them the care for humanity regardless of people’s religion, colour and race.
Ethics:
• Introduction to ethics,
• Ethics and Religion,
• Impact of religion on ethics,
• Impact of belief on ethics;
• Concept of kindness and manners
• Why to be kind?
• The art of being kind
• Ethics and character building significance of moral values:
o Charity;
o Tolerance;
o Simplicity;
o Respect of mankind;
o Ethics and human psychology,
Social etiquettes;
• Etiquettes of Public Dealing ;
• Etiquettes of eating & drinking;
• Etiquettes of Social Life ;
Human Rights
• Rights of Parents
• Rights of children
• Animal Rights
• Women Rights
• Neighbor’s Rights
Books:
1. Husne-Ikhlaq by Dr. Tahir ulQadri, Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications, Lahore
2. JadeedJahiliyyat by Sayed Qutub, Albadar Publications , Lahore
3. Tazkiyah-e-Nafs by Ameeh Ahsan Islahi, Malik Sons, Faisalabad
4. Adab-e-Zindagi by Ameeh Ahsan Islahi, Albadar Publications, Lahore

Page No. 15
Second Semester
Theory Lab
5 GEOE-102/102L Introduction to Geology 2 1
Introduction and scope of geology its importance and relationship with other sciences. Geography
and its relation with earth sciences, Human geography, integrated geography, geomatics,
regional geography, Physical Geography, Earth as a member of the solar system; its origin, age,
composition and internal structure. Introduction to rocks and minerals, Introduction to plate tectonics,
mountain building processes earthquake and volcanoes. Primary sedimentary, igneous and met
amorphic structures. Introduction of folds, faults, joints, cleavage, foliation,
lineationandunconformities.Weatheringanderosion.Isostasy.Platetectonicstheory, Introduction to
sedimentology, origin, transportation and deposition of sediments, Geological Time Scale.
Geomorphological processes. Introduction to topographic maps, aerial photographs and satellite
imageries, Principles of stratigraphy; laws of superposition and faunal succession. Geological time
scale with divisions. Classification and nomenclature of stratigraphic units, Earth Interior and seismic
studies, The nature and classification of petroleum hydrocarbons, their origin, migration and
accumulation.
Lab: Study of relief features with the help of models and topographic maps. Identification of
different structures, Identification of rocks and minerals. Use of brunt on compass and GPS.
Books Recommended:
1. Principles of Physical Geology by Holmes, A., 1978, Nelson.
2. Foundation of Structural Geology by Park, R.G., 1983, Blackie.
3. Elementary Exercises upon Geological Maps by Platt,J.I., 1961, Thomas Murby& Co.
4. Principles of Sediment logy and Stratigraphy by Boggs, S., 2001, Prentice Hall.
5. Plate Tectonics: How it Works by Cox, A. & Hort, R.B., 1986, Blackwell.

Page No. 16
Second Semester
Theory Theory Lab
5 MATHA-267 Calculus-II 100 3 0
Pre – requisite: Calculus-I
Objectives:
1. To prepare the students not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools of calculus and
relative mechanics.
2. How to apply the concepts and tools in different areas and disciplines
Course outline:
Motivation and geometric background (conic sections, parametrized curves, polar coordinates,
vectors and analytic geometry in space, examples of vector fields in space relevant to physics),
partial derivatives (limits and continuity, partial derivatives, chain rule, role of constraints,
directional derivatives - gradient vectors and tangent planes, extrema and saddle points,
Lagrange multipliers, Taylor's expansion of a multi-variable function), multiple integrals (double
and triple integrals, centers of mass and higher moments, areas and volumes, integration in
spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems), calculus of vector fields with emphasis on
physical interpretation (line integrals and work, circulation and curl, conservative fields and
gradients, surface and volume integrals, divergence of a vector field, Green's theorem in a plane,
Stokes theorem, divergence theorem).
Recommended Books:
1. G. B. Thomas, R. L. Finney, “Calculus and Analytic Geometry”, National Book Foundation,
9th ed.
2. G. Strang, “Calculus”, Wellesley-Cambridge, 2nd ed., 2010.
3. E. W. Swokowski, M. Olinick, D. Pence, and J. A. Cole, “Calculus”; Pws Pub Co; 6th ed.
1994.
4. Anton, Bivens, Davis, Calculus-Early-Transcendentals (10th edition), 2011, John Wiley, New
York
5. Stewart J, Calculus (7th edition), 2012, Brooks Cole
6. Joel Hass, Maurice D. Weir, George B. Thomas, Jr. Thomas' Calculus(12th edition), 2009,
Addison-Wesley
7. Erwin Kreyszig Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10 edition 2011 Wiley.

Page No. 17
Second Semester
Theory Lab
6 ENG-361 Communication and Presentation Skills 3 0
Objective: Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Recognizing and Understanding Communication Styles : What is Communication?,

Passive Communication, Aggressive Communication, Passive-Aggressive Communication,
Assertive Communication
Verbal Communication : What Makes Up Verbal Communication?, How to Use Verbal
Communication Effectively, Verbal Communication: Case Study
Nonverbal Communication: Defining Nonverbal Communication, Why is Nonverbal
Communication Effective? Reading Nonverbal Cues, Nonverbal Communication: Case Study
Cultivating Conversational Skills : The Importance of Good Conversational Skills, Active
Listening, Be an Engaging Speaker
Group Communication: The Basics of Group Dynamics, Group Interaction and
Communication, How to Be Effective in Groups, Miscommunication
Communications Technology: Modern Technologies, Benefits of Communications
Technology, Drawbacks of Communications Technology
Barriers to Communication
Communicating in Writing : Using Written Communication, Pros and Cons of Written
Communication, Tips for Avoiding Misunderstandings in Written Communication
Discussion, General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the
discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students).
Books Recommended:
1. Murphey “Effective Business Communication” National Book Foundation

2. Business Communication- a case method Approach by Roy W. D.B.A 5th addition 2002
3. Business Communication –Building critical skills by Stephen Kyo Kaczmarek 2004
4. The Communication Skills Book by Mathew Mackey 2009

Page No. 18
Third Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY- 336 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-II 3 0
Pre – requisite: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I

Objectives:
1. To understand the laws of electromagnetic induction, and AC circuits
2. To know how generation and propagation of EM waves take place
Course outline:
Inductance: Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, induced electric fields,
calculation and application using differential and integral form, inductance, inductance of a
solenoid, toroid, LR Circuits, growth and decay of current, analytical treatment, energy stored in a
magnetic field, energy density and the magnetic field, electromagnetic oscillation, qualitative
discussion, quantitative analysis using differential equations, forced electromagnetic oscillations and
resonance.
Alternating Current Circuits: Alternating current, AC current in resistive, inductive and capacitive
elements, Single loop RLC circuit, series and parallel circuits i.e. acceptor and rejecter, analytical
expression for time dependent solution, graphical analysis, phase angles, power in A.C circuits: phase
angles, RMS values, power factor.
Electro-Magnetic Waves (Maxwell's Equations): Summarizing the electro-magnetic equations,
(Gauss's law for electromagnetism, Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s Law, Faraday Law), induced magnetic
fields and displacement current, applications, Maxwell's equations, (integral & differential forms),
generating an electromagnetic wave, travelling waves and Maxwell's equations, analytical
treatment, obtaining the velocity of light from Maxwell’s equations, energy transport and the poynting
vector, analytical treatment and discussion of physical concepts.
Recommended Books
1. Corson and Lorrain. Introduction to Electromagnetic Field and Waves. W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd; 2nd
edition 1970
2. Paul A. Tipler, Electricity and Magnetism, Light Vol. 4 , Freeman, W. H. & Company (1999)
3. Hugh & Young, University Physics, 5th ed. Addison, Wesley Pub. Co.
4. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th Ed

Page No. 19
Third Semester
Theory Lab
2 PHY- 102 WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS 3 0
Objectives:
1. To understand the basics of waves, mechanism of wave production, propagation and
interaction with other waves
2. Use of basic concept of waves in their application in daily life.
Course outline:
Harmonic Oscillations: simple harmonic motion (SHM), obtaining and solving the basic
equations of motion, longitudinal and transverse oscillations, energy considerations in SHM.
application of SHM, torsional oscillator, physical pendulum, simple pendulum, SHM and
uniform circular motion, combinations of harmonic motions, damped harmonic motion,
equation of damped harmonic motion, discussion of its solution, quality factor, forced
oscillations and resonances, equation of forced oscillation, natural frequency, resonance,
examples of resonance.
Waves in Physical Media: mechanical waves, travelling waves, phase velocity of travelling
waves, sinusoidal waves, group speed and dispersion, waves speed, mechanical analysis, wave
equation, discussion of solution, power and intensity in wave motion, derivation and discussion,
principle of superposition (basic ideas), interference of waves, standing waves, phase changes on
reflection.
Sound: beats phenomenon, analytical treatment.
Light: nature of light, light as an electro-magnetic wave, speed of light in matter, physical
aspects, path difference, phase difference etc.
Interference: coherence of sources, double slit interference, analytical treatment, adding
electromagnetic waves using phasors, interference in thin films, Newton’s rings
(analytical treatment), Febry-perot interferometer, working and analytical treatment,
Fresnel’s bi-prism and its use.
Diffraction: Diffraction at single slit; intensity in single slit diffraction using phasor treatment
and analytical treatment using addition of waves, double slit interference and diffraction
combined, diffraction at a circular aperture, diffraction from multiple slits, discussion to
include width of the maxima, diffraction grating, spectrographs, dispersion and resolving
power of gratings, introduction to holography.
Polarization: Basic definition, polarization by polarizing sheets, by reflection, by double
refraction and double scattering, description of polarization states, linear, circular, elliptical
polarization, specific rotation of plane of polarization, use of Polarimeter.
Recommended Books
1. Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, “Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with
Modren Physics” 13th ed. Addison, Wesley Pub. Co. 2012
2. Halliday, D. Resnick and Walker, Fundamental of Physics, Extended ed. John Wiley, 9th ed.
2011
3. Tim Freegarde, “Introduction to the Physics of Waves” Cambridge University Press, 2012
4. Ajoy K. Ghatak, Optics, Tata McGraw Hill, 5th ed 2012.
5. Francis Jenkins, Harvey White, “Fundamentals of Optics”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2011.

Page No. 20
Third Semester
Theory Lab
3 PHY-346 MODERN PHYSICS 3 0
Objective(s):
To understand the non-classical aspects of Physics, the emphasis is on the applications of
Quantum Physics in microscopic-scale Physics, atomic and molecular structure and processes.
Motivation for Non--Classical Physics: Quantum interference, blackbody radiation and
ultraviolet catastrophe, Planck's quantization.
Wace-Particle Duality: Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, production and properties of X-
rays, diffraction of X-rays, concept of matter waves, de Broglie relationship, electrons are
waves, electron diffraction, particulate nature of matter, contributions of Faraday (atoms exist),
Thomson (electron exists), Rutherford (nucleus exists) and Bohr (quantization of energies inside
an atom), wave packets and wave groups, dispersion, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, direct
confirmation of quantization through Franck-Hertz experiment and spectroscopy, working of
electron microscopes.
Quantum Mechanics in One Dimension: The concept of a wave function, time independent
Schrodinger equation and interpretation of the equation, solving the Schrodinger equation for a
free particle, for a particle inside an infinite box, relationship between confinement and
quantization, working of a CCD camera.
Quantum Mechanical Tunneling: Concept of tunneling, reflection and transmission of wave
functions from barriers, applications: radioactivity, scanning tunneling microscope, decay of
black holes.
Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions: The Hydrogen atom, orbitals, angular momentum
and its quantization, orbital magnetism, Zeeman effect, concept of spin, Pauli’s exclusion
principle, Building of the periodic table, magnetic resonance and MRI, why is iron magnetic?
White dwarfs, and neutron stars.
From Atoms to Molecules and Solids: Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, molecular
orbitals, how crystals are different from amorphous solids? Why and how do metals conduct
electricity? Bands in solids, semiconductors, introduction to LED's and lasers, introducing
grapheme.
Nuclear Structure: Size and structure of nucleus, nuclear forces, radioactivity and nuclear
reactions, radiocarbon dating.
Recommended Books:
1. R.A. Serway, C.J. Moses and C.A. Moyer, “Modern Physics”, Brooks Cole, 3rd ed. 2004.
2. Paul A. Tipler and Ralph A. Llewellyn, “Modern Physics”, W H Freeman and Company
6th ed. 2012.
3. Arthur Beiser, “Concepts of Modern Physics”, McGraw-Hill, 6th ed. 2002.
4. R. M. Eisberg and R. Resnick, “Quantum Physics of Atoms, molecules, Solids, Nuclei
and Particles”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2002.

Page No. 21
Third Semester
Theory Lab
4 PHY-237L LAB-III 0 1
Wave and Oscillations, Sound and Modern Physics
1. Study of the parameter of wave i.e. amplitude, phase and time period of a complex signal
by CRO.
2. To study the combinations of harmonic motion (Lissajous figures).
3. To study the parameters of waves (Beats phenomenon).
4. To study the laws of vibration of stretched string using sonometer
5. Investigating the Doppler effect with ultrasonic waves
6. Kundt's tube: determining the wavelength of sound with the cork-powder method
7. Determining the wavelength of standing sound waves
8. Coupled oscillators
9. Determining the wavelength of standing sound waves
10. Determination of Planck’s constant (h) by using the photoelectric effect.
11. Determination of ionization potential of mercury.
12. To determine the stopping potential by photo cell.
13. To investigate the relationship between light intensity and the distance by using photocell

Page No. 22
Third Semester
Theory Lab
5 MATHP-111 LINEAR ALGEBRA 3 0
Objectives: To prepare the students, not majoring in mathematics, with the essential tools of
geometry to apply its concepts and techniques in their respective disciplines.
Review of vectors in 3 dimensions[(arrows) with a view of abstraction into properties of vector

spaces in N dimensions (closure, associativity and commutativity of addition, existence of
identity and inverse, distributive of scalar multiplication), idea of vector norm in 3 dimensions,
orthogonality, expansion in a basis, multiplication of vectors in 3 dimensions, applications of
vector algebra to geometry and physics], vector spaces in N dimensions (definition, basis, inner
product), linear operators, matrices (matrix algebra, functions of matrices, transpose, complex
and Hermitian conjugates, trace, determinant, inverse, rank, special types of matrices diagonal,
triangular, symmetric and antisymmetric, orthogonal, Hermitian and anti-Hermitian, unitary,
normal, eigenvalue problem, similarity transformations and change of basis, diagonalization,
simultaneous linear equations), normal modes (oscillatory systems, elementary use of
symmetries to guess normal modes, Rayleigh-Ritz method), Fourier series as an application of
the ideas of linear algebra to the space of periodic functions (identification of the space of
periodic functions of a certain period as a linear vector space, identification of sinusoidal
functions as basis vectors in this infinite dimensional vector space, properties of Fourier series,
Parseval's theorem, handling of non-Periodic functions via extending the domain of definition of
function), sets of functions, eigenvalue problem in the context of differential operators, ad joint
and Hermitian operators, properties of Hermitian operators (reality of eigenvalues, orthogonality
of Eigen functions, completeness of Eigen functions - Eigen basis), Sturm-Lioville equations
(Hermitian nature of Sturm-Lioville operator, transforming an equation into Sturm-Lioville
form, Fourier-Legendre and Fourier-Bessel series).
Recommended Books:
1. K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson and S. J. Bence, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”,
Cambridge University Press 2006.
2. Peter V. O'Neil, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 7th ed. CL Engineering, 2011.
3. Linear Algebra with Applications, by Steven J. Leon, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall College,
1997
4. Liner Algebra, by Howard Anton, 10th Ed, Wiley Publishers, 2010
5. Linear Algebra by David C. Lay, 4th Ed, Pearson Publishers, 2011

Page No. 23
Third Semester
Theory Theory Lab
6 ENG-261 Academic reading and writing 100 3 0
Objectives: Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs
Writing different kind of applications (leave, job, complaint, etc.)

Three formats (Full Block, Semi-block and Modified) of letter writing
Oral presentation skills (prepared and unprepared talks, interview skills, interpersonal
and non written communication, public speaking)
Preparation a curriculum Vitae (CV), Difference between Resume and CV
Meeting skills (conduct a meeting writing minutes of meeting)
Use of visuals and audio to communicate material
Reading skills; Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading,
Paraphrasing
Précis writing
Essay Writing: Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Recommended Books:
1. Ellen, K. Maximize your Presentation Skills: How to Speak, Look and Act on your Way
to the top. 2002
2. Hargie, O. Hand book of communication Skills.
3. Mandel, S. Effective Presentation Skills: A practical Guide Better Speaking, 2000.
4. Mark, P. Presenting in English. Language Teaching Publications. 2010

Page No. 24
Third Semester
Theory Lab
7 STAT-201 STATISTICS-I 3 0
Objectives: The course will develop the basics of descriptive and inferential statistics and
probability, including frequency distributions, measures of location, variation, expected value,
probability distributions
Course outline
What is Statistics?
Definition of Statistics, Population, sample Descriptive and inferential Statistics, Role of
statistics in physics, Observations, Data, Discrete and continuous variables, Errors of
measurement, Significant digits, Rounding of a Number, Collection of primary and secondary
data, Sources, Editing of Data. Exercises.
Presentation of Data
Introduction, basic principles of classification and Tabulation, Constructing of a frequency
distribution, Relative and Cumulative frequency distribution, Diagrams, Graphs and their
Construction, Bar charts, Pie chart, Histogram, Frequency polygon and Frequency curve,
Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive, Histogram, Ogive for Discrete Variable. Types of
frequency curves. Exercises.
Measures of Central Tendency
Introduction, Different types of Averages, Quintiles, The Mode, Empirical Relation between
Mean, Median and mode, Relative Merits and Demerits of various Averages. Properties of
Good Average, Box and Whisker Plot, Stem and Leaf Display, definition of outliers and their
detection. Exercises.
Measures of Dispersion
Introduction, Absolute and relative measures, Range, The semi-Inter-quartile Range, The Mean
Deviation, The Variance and standard deviation, Change of origin and scale, Interpretation of
the standard Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Properties of variance and standard Deviation,
Standardized variables, Moments and Moments ratios. Exercises.
Regression and Correlation
Introduction, cause and effect relationships, examples, simple linear regression, estimation of
parameters and their interpretation. r and R2. Correlation. Coefficient of linear correlation, its
estimation and interpretation. Multiple regression and interpretation of its parameters.
Examples.
Probability and Random Variable.
Introduction to probability, sample Space, Events, Lows of probability with their applications,
Conditional probability, dependent and independent events, Bayes theorem and its applications.
Random variable discrete and continuous random variable with their application. Mathematical
Expectation, Mean, Variance etc.
Statistical Packages and data analysis.
SPSS software, Data analysis on excel and E Views etc.
Recommended Books
1 Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to Statistics”, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. New York.
2 Faqir Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz,
Bhawana Bazar Faisalabad.
3 Basic Statistics by B L Agarwal
4 Doing Data Analysis with SPSS version 14 By CARVER, NASH

Page No. 25
Fourth Semester
Theory Theory Lab
1 PHY-207 OPTICS 100 3 0
Pre-Requisites: Waves and Oscillations
Objective(s):
To understand the optical phenomena and their uses in physical systems
Propagation of Light & Image Formation: Huygens’ Principle, Fermat’s Principle, Laws of
Reflection and Refraction, Refraction at a Spherical Surface, Thin Lenses, Newtonian Equation
for a Thin Lens.
Matrix Methods in Paraxial Optics: Ray Transfer Matrices, Thick Lens, Significance of
System Matrix Elements, Cardinal Points of an Optical System with examples, Optical
Instruments including Simple Magnifiers, Telescopes and Microscopes, Chromatic and
Monochromatic Aberrations, Spherical Aberrations, Coma, Distortion, Stops, Pupils, Windows.
Superposition & Interference: Standing Waves, Beats, Phase and Group Velocities, Two-
Beam and Multiple-Beam Interference, Thin Dielectric Films,
Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometers, Resolving Power, Free-Spectral Range.
Polarization: Jones Matrices, Production of Polarized Light, Dichroism, Brewster’s Law,
Birefringence, Double Refraction.
Fraunhofer Diffraction: from a Single Slit, Rectangular and Circular Apertures, Double Slit,
Many Slits, Diffraction Grating, Dispersion, Resolving Power Blazed Gratings.
Fresnel Diffraction: Zone Plates, Rectangular Apertures, Cornu Spiral
Coherence & Holography: Temporal Coherence, Spatial Coherence, Holography of a Point
object and an Extended Object
Laser Basics: Stimulated Emission, Population Inversion, Resonators, Threshold and Gain,
Multi-layered Dielectric Films.
Recommended Books:
1. F. Pedrotti, L. S. Pedrotti and L. M. Pedrotti, “Introduction to Optics”, Pearson Prentice
Hall, 3rd ed. 2007.
2. E. Hecht and A. Ganesan, “Optics”, Dorling Kindersley, 4th ed. 2008.
3. M. V. Klein and T. E. Furtak, “Optics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 1986.
4. K. K Sharam, “Optics: Principles and Applications”, Academic Press, 2006.
5. C. A. Bennett, “Principles of Physical Optics”, John Wiley, 2008

Page No. 26
Fourth Semester
S. No. Course Course Title Credit Hours
Code Theory Lab
2 PHY-247L LAB-IV 0 1
Optics Lab
1. To determine horizontal / vertical distance by sextant.

2. The determination of wavelength of Sodium D- lines by Newton’s ring.
3. The determination of wavelength of light/laser by diffraction grating.
4. Determination of wavelength of sodium light by Fresnel’s bi-prism.
5. The determination of resolving power of a diffraction grating.
6. The measurement of specific rotation of sugar by polarimeter and determination of sugar
concentration in a given solution.
7. Setting up a Michelson interferometer on the laser optics base plate
8. Determining the velocity of light using a periodical light signal at a short measuring
distance
9. Determining the wavelength of the light of an He-Ne laser using a Michelson
interferometer

Page No. 27
Fourth Semester
Theory Lab
3 MATHA-214 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 3 0
Objectives: To prepare the students in mathematics with essential tools of differential
equations and their solutions, to apply the concepts and techniques in physics.
Introduction to ODEs (physical motivation), First order ODEs (separable variables,

homogeneous equations, exact equations, linear equations, Bernoulli equation and other
examples), applications of first order ODEs linear and non-linear, linear differential
equations of higher order (initial value and boundary value problems, linear dependence and
independence, solutions of linear equations, constructing a second solution from a known
solution, homogeneous linear equations with constant coefficients, undetermined
coefficients, variation of parameters), applications of second order ODEs (simple harmonic
motion, damped and forced oscillators, electrical circuits and springs), differential equations
with variable coefficients (Cauchy-Euler equation, power series solution of differential
equations - solutions about ordinary and singular points-Legendre's and Bessel's equations
as examples), Laplace transform (Laplace transform and its inverse and properties, use in
solving differential equations, Dirac delta function).
Recommended Books:
1. D. G. Zill and M. R. Cullen, “Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems”,
3rd ed. National Book Foundation.
2. E. Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley, 8th ed. 1999.
3. K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson and S. J. Bence, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”,
Cambridge University Press 2006.
4. Elementary Differential Equations, by Williams E. Boyce & Richard C. Diprima, 8th Ed
Wiley Pub, 2008.
5. Differential Equations, by Paul Blanchard & Robert L. Devaney, 3rd Ed, Brooks Cole
Publishers. 2005
6. Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems by D. Zill and M. Cullen, 8th Ed ,
Brooks Cole Publishers, 2012

Page No. 28
Fourth Semester
Theory Lab
4 PSY-101 Introduction To Psychology 3 0
Objectives:
To develop basic understanding of the psychological processes that shape and affect behaviour.
Course outline:
INTRODUCTION:
Definition, Nature of psychology: subject matter, psychology as a science, brief descriptions
of descriptive and experimental methods, Different areas of psychology
SENSATION & PERCEPTION
SENSATION: Processing, Thresholds, Adaptation, Psychophysics
PERCEPTION: Attention, types of attention
LEARNING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Definition, Basic processes in classical conditioning,
Principles of classical conditioning, Classical conditioning in everyday life
OPERANT CONDITIONING: Definition, Basic processes in operant conditioning,
Principles of operant conditioning, Schedules of reinforcement
LEARNING: Observational learning
STRESS Definition, The causes of stress, Impacts of stress, Coping strategies with stress
PERSONALITY
What is personality
Personality determinants
Introductory description of :
Big five model, Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, Roger’s Person-Centered Theory
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES: Attribution, Fundamental Attribution Error,
ATTITUDES: Components of attitudes, ABC model, Prejudice, Stereotypes: description,
advantages, disadvantages, Cognitive dissonance
RECOMMANDED BOOKS:
Wayne Weiten, Psychology: Themes and Variations, Wadsworth Publishing; 7th edition, 2007.
Karen Huffman , Psychology in Action. Seventh Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 22-Jan-2004
Atkinson R. C., & Smith, E. E. (2000).Introduction to psychology (13th ed.). NY: Harcourt
Brace College Publishers.
Coon, D., &Mutterer, J. (2008).Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior
(12th ed.). USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Fernald, L. D., & Fernald, P.S (2005).Introduction to psychology.USA; WMC Brown
Publishers.
Fredrickson, B., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Loftus, G., &Wagenaar, W. (2009). Atkinson
&Hilgard’sintroduction to psychology (15th ed.). USA: Wadsworth.
Glassman, W.E. (2000). Approaches to psychology.Open University Press.
Hayes, N. (2000). Foundation of psychology (3rd ed.). UK: Thomson Learning

Page No. 29
Fourth Semester
Theory Theory Lab
5 STAT-301/STAT-301L Statistics-II 100 2 1
Discrete Probability Distribution.

Bernoulli Distribution ,Binomial Probability Distribution, Poisson Probability Distribution,
Negative Binomial Distribution, Hyper Geometric Distribution, Geometric Probability
distribution, Multinomial Probability distribution with their properties and numerical
application.
Continuous Probability Distribution
Uniform Probability Distribution, Exponential Probability Distribution, Gamma Probability
Distribution, Beta probability distribution, Normal probability distribution, Whieball
probability distribution with their properties and numerical application.
Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Introduction, sample design and sampling frame, bias, sampling and non sampling errors,
sampling with and without replacement, probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling
distributions for single mean and proportion, Difference of means and proportions.
Hypothesis Testing
Introduction, Statistical problem, null and alternative hypothesis, Type-I and Type-II errors,
level of significance, Test statistics, acceptance and rejection regions, general procedure for
testing of hypothesis. Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence interval about the
population mean and proportion for small and large samples, Exercises
Testing of Hypotheses-Two or more Populations
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals about the difference of
population means and proportions for small and large samples, Analysis of Variance and
ANOVA Table. Exercises
Testing of Hypothesis-Independence of Attributes
Introduction, Contingency Tables, Testing of hypothesis about the Independence of attributes.
Exercises.
Recommended Books
1 Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to Statistics”, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. New York.
2 Faqir Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz,
Bhawana Bazar Faisalabad.
3 Basic Statistics by B.L. Agarwal
Lab
• Analyzing the properties of Good estimator for mean and proportion.
• Analysis of Simple Regression Model and
• Analysis of Multiple Regression models and Their Effects on dependent variable.
• Effects of Correlation between Variables.
• Difference between Sampling Techniques, Simple Random Sampling, Stratified
Random Sampling.
• Use of various Distributions,
• Binomial, Negative binomial
• Geometric, Hyper geometric
• Normal, t-distribution.

Page No. 30
Fourth Semester
Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
Theory Lab
6 CHE-109/CHE109L Introduction to Chemistry 2 1
Objectives: To develop ideas about basic concepts of chemistry e.g. atomic structure, chemical bonding,
acids and bases, nuclear chemistry, chemical kinetics and equilibrium, electrochemistry etc.
To develop understanding of the working and use of instrumental techniques used in chemistry.
To enable the students to contemplate applications of chemistry.
Atomic structure: structure of atom, main sub-atomic particles, history and discovery of sub-atomic particles,
atomic models interaction of matter and light, quantum numbers, Aufbua principle and Pauli’s exclusion
Principle.
Chemical Bonding: nature and types of chemical bond, covalent bond, coordinate covalent bond, polar and
non-polar bonds, and dipole moment.
Theories of acids and basis: Arrhenius theory, Lowry Bronsted theory, Lewis acid base theory, neutralization
and salt formation, types of salts.
Nuclear Chemistry: concepts of radioactivity, different types of radiations, artificial radioactivity, radio
isotopes and their applications.
Chemical Kinetics: introduction to chemical kinetics, order and molecularity of reaction, derivation of first,
second and third order reactions.
Chemical Equilibrium: reversible and irreversible reactions, concept of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constant, factors that affect the chemical equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s Principle.
Electrochemistry: electrolytes, electrolysis, faradays law of electrolysis, pH and pOH of solution, indicators,
buffers, electrochemical series.
Introduction to Instrumental Techniques: Photometry, conductivity, flame photometry, spectroscopy.
Green chemistry: definition, history, need, idea, application and uses.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler Stanley
R. Crouch, Hardcover:, Publisher: Brooks Cole
2. P.W. Atkins and J. De Paula, "Physical Chemistry" W. H. Freeman; 7th edition (2001)
3. Advanced organic chemistry Francis A. Carey, Richard A. Sundberg, 5th Edition, 2007
4 Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac) by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M.
West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, Hardcover:, Publisher: Brooks Cole
5 P.W. Atkins and J. De Paula, "Physical Chemistry" W. H. Freeman; 7th edition (2001)
6 Essentials of physical chemistry by ArunBahl and BS Bahl.
7. Green Chemistry, and the ten commandments of sustainability by Stanley E. ChemChar Research, Inc.
2005
8. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice by Paul T. Anastas, John C. Warner. Oxford University Press 2000
Experiments:
1. To investigate the unknown concentration of KMnO4 using spectrophotometer
2. Flame photometric determination of sodium and potassium of Tap water
3. To understand the working of pH meter in lab and calibration using buffers
4. Potentiometric titration of strong acid with strong base
5. Preparation of buffer solutions using pH meter
1) Detection of radioactivity by means of Geiger-Muller counter tube
2) Detection of number of pulses N and counter rate R of Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiations
4) To crystallize NaCl from its powder or grains in order to understand the process of crystallization
5) to sublime naphthalene

Page No. 31
Fourth Semester
Code Theory Lab
7 CS-114 Programming Fundamentals 2 1
Objectives:
To give better understanding of the programming language, Use of loops and functions, arrays and pointers
Course outline:
Programming: Introduction to programming, Programming languages, Types of Languages
1) Introduction To C Language: About C, C and Unix, Common C and ANSI C, Quick, Overview Of C,
Setting up the Integrated Development Environment, Files used in c program development, Using IDE, Basic
structure and construction of the program, Running the Program, White spaces, String constants, Directives,
Pre-processor directive, Header files, Escape Sequences
2) C Building Blocks : Variables, Variable Names Variables (scope and visibility) Variables naming rules,
Constants, Comments and its types, Input and output streams, Data types and their memory representation,
Constant and identifiers, Escape sequence, Format specifiers, Character constants, Expression Operators and
its types, precedence, Flow charts and its examples
3) Loops: Loops definitions Types of loops For Loop syntax , flow charts and examples Nested Loops While
loop definition, syntax and examples Do-while loop definition syntax and examples
4) Decisions: Decisions definition, syntax, flow chart, examples Types of decisions Syntax, flowchart and
examples of if, if else, if else if else and switch, Break and continue, The Conditional Operator, Go to
statements
5) Functions: Functions definition, declaration and its uses, Simple function, Parts of functions, Types of
functions (user defined and pre defined), Types of user defined functions, Returning values from function,
pass arguments from function (constant, values and variables), Overloading functions, Macros and header,
files pre-processor, directive Prototype versus classical K & R, Default arguments, Types of variables (local,
global, static and const), Scope of variables
6) Arrays and Strings: Arrays definition, syntax and example, Initialization of array, Accessing Array
elements, Passing array to functions, One dimension Array and multidimensional Array, Array of structure,
Structure of Array String and its initialization, Get string and put string operations, Array of Strings, Pass an
entire array from a function. String operations String comparison. String concatenation, String copy, length of
string function. Introduction to Structures, Unions, Pointers, Files
Recommended Books:
1. Let us C by Yashvant Kanetkar, Jones & Bartlett Publishers 10th edition 2010
2. C How To Program By Dietel & Dietel, Prentice Hall; 7th edition 2012
3. Waite Group's Turbo C Programming for the PC
Lab:
• Simple C++ Program – Hello world program
• Running the Programming and Debugging
• Formatting Program Output – Escape Sequences
• Adding two numbers using variables
• C++ Program for taking input from user.
• Comments
• Arithmetic Operators – Addition, Multiplication, Division and Subtraction Programs
• Conditions – Basic if else conditions, Program to check even and odd numbers
• Relational Operators – Program to check different Boolean expressions
• Logical Operators – Program to check if a number is even and multiple of 5
• Loops – Printing the table of any given number
• Functions–Function to calculate the area and perimeter of a rectangle
• Arrays – Program to store the prices of 10 items
• 2D Arrays – Program to store the marks of 5 students in 3 subjects
• Strings – Program to store and output the name of a person
• File Read and Write – Writing program output to text file and reading it back

Page No. 32
Fifth Semester
Code Theory Lab
1 PHY-386 MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS -I 3 0
Credit Hours: (Three) 3
Objective(s):
To develop the mathematical background of student in vectors, tensors, matrices and some of
their uses in the world of physics, to give basic understanding of group theory and complex
variables used in physics.
Review of vector analysis, definitions, rotation of coordinate axes, scalar product, cross product,
addition of vectors , divergence theorem, Green’s theorem, Stokes’ theorem, curvilinear
coordinates, orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, gradient in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates,
divergence and curl in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Laplacian, spherical polar
coordinates. Determinants, matrices, orthogonal and unitary matrices, matrix diagonalization,
trace theorem, relation between determinants and traces. Complex numbers, Euler’s formula,
elementary functions, analytic functions of complex variables, Cauchy-Riemann equation,
harmonic functions, complex integration, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor
and Laurent series, Contour integrals, singularities and residues, residue theorem, poles on the
real axis, branch points and integrals of multivalued functions.
Tensors, coordinate transformation, rank of a tensor, covariant and contravariant tensors,
Tensor algebra, metric tensor, Christoffel symbols, equation of geodesic, Riemann tensor.
Recommended Books:
1. G. Arfken, H. J. Weber, and F. E. Harris, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”,
Academic Press, 7th ed. 2012.
2. K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson, S. J. Bence, “Mathematical Methods for Physicists”,
Cambridge University Press, 2006.
4. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', John Wiley & Sons, New York
(1989).
5. C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Oxford University, Press, New York
(1991).
6. By Sadri Hassan, Mathematical Methods: For Students of Physics and Related Fields,
Springer, 2nd edition 2009.
7. Chattopadhyay, 'Mathematical Physics', Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.1990.
8. Zhong-Qi Ma, Group Theory for Physicists, World Scientific, 2007.
9. D G. Zill, M R. Cullen, WS. Wright Differential Equations With Boundary-Value
Problems, Brooks Cole; 7 edition (May 13, 2008)

Page No. 33
Fifth Semester
Theory Lab
2 PHY-238 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY-I 3 0

Review of Calculus: vector algebra and calculus, Cartesian coordinates spherical coordinates.
The divergence of r/r2, the one-dimensional and the three-dimensional Dirac delta functions. The
theory of vector fields: the Helmholtz theorem, potentials.
Electrostatics: The electric field: introduction, Coulomb’s law, the electric field, continuous
charge distributions. Divergence and curl of electrostatic fields: field lines, flux and Gauss’s law,
the divergence of E, applications of Gauss’s law, the curl of E. Electric potential: introduction to
potential, comments on potential, Poisson’s equation and Laplace’s equation, the potential of a
localized charge distribution, summary, electrostatics boundary conditions, Work and energy in
electrostatics: the work done to move a charge, the energy of a point charge distribution, the
energy of a continuous charge distribution, comments on electrostatic energy. Conductors: basic
properties, induced charges, surface charge and the force on a conductor, capacitors.
Special Techniques: Laplace’s equation: introduction, Laplace’s equation in one, two and three
dimensions, boundary conditions and uniqueness theorems, conductors and second uniqueness
theorems.
The Method of Images: The classic image problem, induced surface charge, force and energy,
other image problems.
Multi-pole Expansion: Approximate potential at large, the monopole and dipole terms, origin of
coordinates in multi-pole, expansions, the electric field of a dipole.
Electric Fields in Matter: Polarization: dielectrics, induced dipoles, alignment of polar
molecules, polarization. The field of a polarized object: bound charges, physical interpretation of
bound charges, and the field inside a dielectric. The electric displacement: Gauss’s law in the
presence of dielectrics, a deceptive parallel, boundary conditions. Linear Dielectrics:
susceptibility, permittivity, dielectric constant, boundary value problems with linear dielectrics,
energy in dielectric systems, forces on dielectrics.
Magneto statics: The Lorentz Force law: magnetic fields, magnetic forces, currents. The Biot-
Savart Law: steady currents, the magnetic field of a steady current. The divergence and curl of B:
straight-line currents, the divergence and curl of B, applications of Ampere’s law, comparison of
magneto statics and electrostatics. Magnetic Vector Potential: the vector potential, summary,
magnetic boundary conditions, multi-pole expansion of the vector potential.Magnetic Fields in
Matter: Magnetization, diamagnetism, paramagnets, ferrimagnets, torques and forces on
magnetic dipoles, effect of a magnetic field on atomic orbits, magnetization. The Field of a
Magnetized Object: bound currents, physical interpretation of bound currents, and the magnetic
field inside matter. The auxiliary field H: Ampere’s law in magnetized materials, a deceptive
parallel, boundary conditions. Linear and nonlinear media: magnetic susceptibility and
permeability, ferromagnetism.
Recommended Books:
1. D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 1999.
2. M. N. O. Sadiku, ’’Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Press, 5th ed. 2009.
3. F. Melia, “Electrodynamics”, University of Chicago Press, 2001.
4. Hearld J and W. Muller-Kristen, “Electrodynamics”, World Scientific Publishing, 2nd ed.
2011.
Page No. 34
Fifth Semester
Theory Lab
3 PHY-301 CLASSICAL MECHANICS 3 0
Pre-requisites: Mechanics
Review of Newtonian Mechanics: Frame of reference, orthogonal transformations, angular

velocity and angular acceleration, Newton’s laws of motion, Galilean transformation,
conservation laws, systems of particles, motion under a constant force, motions under variable
force, time-varying mass system.
The Lagrange Formulation of Mechanics and Hamilton Dynamics: Generalized co-
ordinates and constraints, D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s Equations, Hamilton’s
principle, integrals of motion, non-conservative system and generalized potential, Lagrange’s
multiplier method, the Hamiltonian of a dynamical system, canonical equations, canonical
transformations, Poisson brackets, phase space and Liouville’s theorem.
Central Force Motion: The two-body problem, effective potential and classification of orbits,
Kepler’s laws, stability of circular orbits, hyperbolic orbits and Rutherford scattering, center of
mass co-ordinate system, scattering cross-sections.
Motion in Non-inertial Systems: Accelerated translational co-ordinate system, dynamics in

rotating co-ordinate system, motion of a particle near the surface of the earth.
The Motion of Rigid Bodies: The Euler angles, rotational kinetic energy and angular
momentum, the inertia tensor, Euler equations of motion, motion of a torque-free symmetrical
top, stability of rotational motion.
Recommended Books:
1. T. L. Chow, “Classical Mechanics”, John Wiley, 1995.
2. T. Kibble and F. Berkshire, “Classical Mechanics”, World Scientific, 5th ed. 2004.
3. Goldstein, ‘Classical Mechanics’, 3rd. Ed., Addison Wesley, 2008.
4. T W. B. Kibble, F H. Berkshir, Classical Mechanics’ World Scientific Publishing Company;
5th edition 2004
5. David Morin, Introduction to Classical Mechanics: With Problems and Solutions, Cambridge
University Press; 2008
6. N.M.J. Woodhouse, ‘Introduction to Analytical Dynamics’, Oxford Science Publications,
Oxford 1987
7. V.I Arnold, Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Springer Verlag, New York. 1989
8. Gregory, Classical Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2006

Page No. 35
Fifth Semester
Theory Lab
4 PHY-248 Basic electronic devices -I 3 0
The Semiconductor Diode: Metals, insulators and semiconductors, Conduction in Silicon and
Germanium, The forbidden energy gap, n and p type semiconductors, the junction diode, diode
voltage-current equation, Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photodiodes, capacitance effects
in the pn junction.
The Diode as Rectifier and Switch: The ideal diode model, the half wave rectifier, the full
wave rectifier, the bridge rectifier, measurement of ripple factor in the rectifier circuit, the
capacitor filter, the n filter, the n-R filter, the voltage doubling rectifier circuit, rectifying AC
voltmeters, diode wave clippers, diode clampers.
Circuit Theory and Analysis: Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s
Theorem, Model for circuit, one port and two-port network, Hybrid parameter equivalent
circuit, Power in decibels.
The Junction Transistor as an Amplifier: Transistor voltage and current designations, the
junction transistors, the volt-ampere curve of a transistor, the current amplification factors, the
load line and Q point, the basic transistor amplifiers, the common emitter amplifier, the trans-
conductance gm, performance of a CE amplifier, relation between Ai and Av, the CB amplifier,
the CC amplifier, comparison of amplifier performance.
DC Bias for the Transistor: Choice of Q point, variation of Q point, fixed transistor bias, the
four resistor bias circuit, design of a voltage feedback bias circuit, Common emitter, common
collector, common base biasing.
Field Effect Transistor: What is /field effect transistor, JFET: Static characteristics of JFET,
Metal oxide semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET of IGFET): enhancement and
depletion mode, FET biasing techniques, Common drain, common source and common gate,
fixed bias and self-bias configurations, Universal JFET bias curve, Darlington pair.
Operational Amplifiers: The integrated amplifier, the differential amplifier, common mode
rejection ratio, the operational amplifier, summing operation, integration operation, comparator,
milli-voltmeter.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications”,
Prentice Hall, 8th ed., 2009.
2. B. Grob, “Basic Electronics”, McGraw-Hill, Tch ed. 1997.
3. B. Streetman and S. Banerjee “Solid State Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 6 th ed.
2005.
4. A. Bar-lev, “Semiconductor and Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 3 rd ed. 1993.
5. D. H. Navon and B. Hilbert, “Semiconductor Micro-devices and Materials”, CBS
College Publishing, 1986.
6. A. P. Malvino, “Electronic Principles”, McGraw-Hill, 7th ed. 2006.
7. R. T. Paynter, “Introductory Electric Circuits”, Prentice Hall, 1998.
8. R. Boylestad and L.Nashelsky, Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory, Prentice Hall. 11th
edition 2012
9. C.J. Savant Jr. M.S. Roden, G.L. Carpenter, 'Electronic Design Circuit & Systems', The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., California. 1999
10. D.V. Bugg Electronics: Circuits, Amplifiers and Gates, Second Edition, Taylor &
Francis. 2006

Page No. 36
Fifth Semester
Theory Theory Lab
4 Phy-487 STATISTICAL PHYSICS 100 3 0

Review of Classical Thermodynamics: States, macroscopic vs. microscopic, "heat" and "work",
energy, entropy, equilibrium, laws of thermodynamics, Equations of state, thermodynamic
potentials, temperature, pressure, chemical potential, thermodynamic processes (engines,
refrigerators), Maxwell relations, phase equilibria.
Foundation of Statistical Mechanics: Phase Space, Trajectories in Phase Space, Conserved
Quantities and Accessible Phase Space, Macroscopic Measurements and Time Averages,
Ensembles and Averages over Phase Space, Liouville's Theorem, The Ergodic Hypothesis, Equal
a priori Probabilities. Specification of the state of a system, concept of ensembles, elementary
probability calculations, distribution functions, statistical interpretation of entropy (Boltzmann
theorem).
Statistical Ensembles: Micro canonical ensemble, canonical ensemble and examples (e.g.,
paramagnet), calculation of mean values, calculation of partition function and its relation with
thermodynamic quantities, the grand canonical ensemble and examples (e.g. adsorption),
calculation of partition function and thermodynamic quantities.
Simple Applications of Ensemble Theory: Monoatomic ideal gas in classical and quantum limit,
Gibb’s paradox and quantum mechanical enumeration of states, equipartition theorem and
examples (ideal gas, harmonic oscillator), specific heat of solids, quantum mechanical calculation
of para-magnetism.
Quantum Statistics: Indistinguishability and symmetry requirements, Maxwell-Boltzmann
statistics, Bose-Einstein and photon statistics, Fermi- Dirac statistics (distribution functions,
partition functions). Examples: polyatomic ideal gas (MB), black body radiation (photon
statistics), conduction electrons in metals (FD), Bose condensation (BE). Systems of Interacting
Particles: Lattice vibrations in solids, van der Waals gas, mean field calculation, ferrimagnets’ in
mean field approximation.
Recommended Books:
1. F. Reif, “Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics”, Waveland Pr Inc, 2008.
2. W. Brewer, F. Schwabl, “Statistical Mechanics”, Springer, 2nd ed. 2006.
3. T. L. Hill, “Statistical Mechanics”, World Scientific Publishing Company, (2004).
4. K. Huang, “Statistical Mechanics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 1987.
5. F. Mandl, Statistical Physics, John Willey, 2nd Ed. 1988.
6. M. D. Sturge, Statistical and Thermal Physics: Fundamentals and Applications, A K
Peters/CRC Press 2003

Page No. 37
Fifth Semester
Lab Theory Lab
6 PHY-350L LAB-V 100 0 2
Electronics Lab
1. To design and implement full wave rectifier using bridge circuit

2. To design & implement semiconductor diode based and gate using IN 4007
3. To design or gate using semiconductor Diode using IN 4007
4. Design a Regulated power supply
5. To study the response of a RC differentiator
6. To study the response of a RC integrator
7. To design & implement mono-stable multivibrator
8. To design & implement a-stable multivibrator
9. To design & implement bi-stable oscillator
10. To study and implement voltage divider bias, voltage amplifier, using bipolar junction
transistor
11. To design & implement bipolar junction transistor based and gate
12. To set up and study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND etc) using diode and develop truth
table.
13. Study of V-I Characteristics of a Diode.
14. Study of Half – Wave Rectifier.
15. Study of Full – Wave Rectifier.
16. To Study the characteristics of transistor in Common Base configuration.
17. Study of characteristics of JFET in Common Source Configuration.
18. To study the operation of clipping and clamping circuit.
19. To study the operation of OP- AMP as an integrator circuit.
20. To study the operation of OP- AMP as a Differentiator circuit.
21. To study the operation of OP- AMP as a Square Wave generator.

Page No. 38
Sixth Semester
S. Course Code Course Title Credit Hours
No. Theory Lab
1 PHY-387 MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS-II 3 0
Pre-requisite: Mathematical Methods of Physics-I
Objective(s): To give the understanding of Differential equations and their uses in Physics,
Introduction to special functions, Fourier Series, Fourier Transforms, Solution of Boundary value
problems and their uses.
Differential Equations in Physics: first and second order linear differential equations, partial
differential equations of theoretical physics, separation of variables, homogeneous differential
equations, Frobenius series solution of differential equations, second solution, non-homogenous
differential equations.
Special functions: Hermite polynomial, Legendre and associate Legendre polynomial, Laguerre
polynomial, Bessel function, Neumann function, Hankel function, Modified and spherical Bessel
function, Gamma function, error function.
Fourier series: cosine and sine series, change of interval, Fourier integral, complex form of Fourier
series, Fourier transform, Fourier transform of derivatives, convolution theorem, Laplace transform,
Laplace transform of derivatives, applications of Fourier and Laplace transforms.
Boundary value problem in physics: boundary value problems and series solution, the Sturm-
Liouville problem, non-homogeneous boundary value problem and Green’s function, Green’s function
for one-dimensional problem, Eigen function expansion of Green’s function, Green’s function in
higher dimensions, Green’s function for Poisson’s equation, quantum mechanical scattering problem.
Recommended Books:
2. M. Hamermesh, “Group Theory and its Applications to Physical Problems”, Dover
Publications 1989.
3. George Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press; 7th edition 2012
4. E. Butkov, ‘Mathematical Physics’ Addison-Weseley London.
5. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', John Wiley & Sons, New York
(1989).
6. C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Cambridge University Press
7. Tai L. Chow, Mathematical Methods for Physicists: A Concise Introduction, Cambridge
University Press 2000.
8. Hassani, 'Foundations of Mathematical Physics', Prentice Hall International Inc., Singapore.
9. H. Cohen, 'Mathematics for Scientists & Engineers' Prentice Hall International Inc., New
Jersey.1990
10. Shigeji Fujita, Salvador V. Godo Mathematical Physics, Wiley, 2010

Page No. 39
Sixth Semester
Theory Lab
2 PHY-348 QUANTUM MECHANICS-I 3 0
Pre-Requisites : Modern Physics
Origins of Quantum Mechanics: Historical back ground, black body catastrophe, photo-electric
effect, Compton’s effect, pair production, wave aspect of particles, particles versus waves, wave
packets, localized wave packets, motion of wave packets, free particle and its equation.
Mathematical Tools of Quantum Mechanics: The Hilbert space and wave function, Dirac’s
notation, discrete and continuous basis vectors, observables and operators, basic postulates of
quantum mechanics and their physical interpretation, the state function and expectation values,
probability and probability current density, superposition principle, measurement problems,
Schrödinger wave equation [time dependent Schrödinger wave equation (TDSWE) and time
independent Schrödinger wave equation (TIDSWE)], stationary states, Time evolution of the
system’s state(Equation of motion for the state and operator), connecting quantum to classical
mechanics, Poisson brackets and commutators, the Ehrenfest’s theorem, compatible observables,
commutators, uncertainty principle, minimum uncertainty states, symmetries and conservation
laws, conservation of parity, operators for time and space translations, related examples and
problems.
One-Dimensional Problems:The potential step, potential barrier and well, tunneling effect,
infinite square well potential, finite square well potential, harmonic oscillator, energy eigen values
and eigen states, energy eigenstates in position space, the matrix representation of various
expectation values of various operators .
Angular Momentum:Introduction to orbital angular momentum, general formalism, matrix
representation of angular, geometrical representation of angular momentum, spin angular
momentum, experimental evidence of the spin, general theory of spin, Pauli’s matrices, Eigen
functions of orbital angular momentum, and eigenvalues.
Three-Dimensional Problems:Quantum mechanics in three-dimensions, Cartesian and spherical
forms of Schrodinger equation, separation of variables.
Recommended books
• Introductory Quantum Mechanics, by Richard L. Liboff, publisher: Addison Wesley; 4th

Edition, (2002).
• Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by David J. Griffiths, publisher: Pearson Prentice
Hall, 2nd Edition (2005).
• Quantum Physics by Stephen Gasiorowicz, publisher: Willey International, 3rd Edition
• Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Application by N. Zettili, Publisher: John Wiley, 2 nd
ed. 2009
• Quantum Mechanics by B.H. Bransden& C.J. Joachain, Publisher: Addison-Wesley; 2nd
edition 2000

Page No. 40
Sixth Semester
Code Theory Lab
3 PHY-337 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY-II 3 0
Pre-requisites: Electromagnetic Theory-I

This course is the second part of the core level undergraduate course on Electromagnetic Theory
and a previous knowledge of Electromagnetic Theory I is expected.
Electrodynamics: Electromotive force: Ohm’s law, electromotive force, motional emf,
electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, the induced electric field, inductance, energy in magnetic
fields, Maxwell’s equations: electrodynamics before Maxwell, how Maxwell fixed Ampere’s law,
Maxwell’s equations, magnetic charges, Maxwell’s equations in matter, boundary conditions.
Conservation Laws: Charge and energy: the continuity equation, Poynting’s theorem, momentum:
Newton’s third law in electrodynamics, Maxwell’s stress tensor, conservation of momentum,
angular momentum.
Electromagnetic Waves: Waves in one dimension: the wave equation, sinusoidal waves, boundary
conditions, reflection and transmission, polarization, electromagnetic waves in vacuum: the wave
equation for E and B, monochromatic plane waves, energy and momentum in electromagnetic
waves, electromagnetic waves in matter: propagation in linear media, reflection and transmission at
normal incidence, reflection and transmission at oblique incidence, absorption and dispersion:
electromagnetic waves in conductors, reflection at a conducting surface, the frequency dependence
of permittivity, guided waves: wave guides, the waves in a rectangular wave guide, the coaxial
transmission line.
Potentials and Fields: The potential formulation: scalar and vector potentials, gauge
transformations, Coulomb gauge and Lorentz gauge, continuous distributions: retarded potentials,
Jefimenko’s equations, point charges: Lienard-Wiechert potentials, the field of a moving point
charge.
Radiation, Dipole Radiation: What is radiation, electric dipole radiation, magnetic dipole
radiation, radiation from an arbitrary source, point charges: power radiated by a point charge,
radiation reaction, the physical basis of the radiation reaction.
Electrodynamics and Relativity: The special theory of relativity: Einstein’s postulates, the
geometry of relativity, the Lorentz transformations, the structure of space-time, relativistic
mechanics: proper time and proper velocity, relativistic energy and momentum, relativistic
kinematics, relativistic dynamics, relativistic electrodynamics: magnetism as a relativistic
phenomenon, how the field transform, the field tensor, electrodynamics in tensor notation,
relativistic potentials.
Recommended Books:
1. D. J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, ed. Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 1999.
2. M. N. O. Sadiku, “Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Press, 5th ed. ed.
2009.
3. F. Melia, “Electrodynamics”, University of Chicago Press, 1st ed. 2001.
4. Hearld J and W. Muller-Kristen, “Electrodynamics”, World Scientific Publishing, 2nd ed.
2011.
5. H.C. Ohanion, ‘Classical Electrodynamics’, Laxmi Publications 2nd edition 2009.
6. Y.K. Lim, 'Introduction to Classical Elecrodynamics, World Scientific Publishing Co.
(1986).
7. P.C. Lorrain & D.R. Corson, ‘Electromagnetic Fields and Waves’

Page No. 41
Sixth Semester
Theory Lab
4 PHY- 448 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 3 0
Pre-requisites: Modern Physics
Objective(s):
To provide an introduction to the structure and spectra of atoms and molecules. To prepare
students for more advanced courses on Physics of Atoms, Molecules and Photons.
Course outline:
Electron, Photons and Atoms: Review of Bohr’s theory, Sommerfeld model, Frank-Hertz
Experiment, Stern-Gerlack Experiment, Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom, quantum
numbers, radiative transitions, selection rule, normal Zeeman effect, Pauli exclusion principle,
Spin orbit coupling LS coupling, Hartree method, Atomic Spectra: X-ray spectra. Molecular
spectra, diatomic molecular-rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectra, polyatomic
molecules. Blackbody Radiation: Review, Einstein c-efficient and stimulated emission, pumping
schemes, characteristic of laser beam, resonators, different types of lasers, gas laser, solid state
laser, dye laser, working and construction of lasers.
Recommended Books:
1. C. J. Foot, “Atomic Physics”, Oxford University Press, 2005.

2. B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, “Physics of Atoms and Molecules”, Pearson
Education, 2nd ed. 2008.
3. W. Demtroder, “Atoms, Molecules and Photons”, y, Springer, 2nd ed. 2010.
4. C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy”,
McGraw-Hill, 4th ed. 1994.
5. J. M. Hollas, “Basic Atomic & Molecular Spectroscopy”, John Wiley, 2002
6. A. Thorne, U. Litzén, S. Johansson, Spectro-physics, Springer;1999
7. Robert Eisberg, and Robert Resnick, Quantum Physics of atoms, molecules, solids,
nuclei and particles, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons,1985
8. B.B. Laud, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers
2011
9. Koichi Shimoda, Introduction to Laser Physics, Springer Verlag, 1983
10. A. K. Saxena, Atomic and Molecular Spectra and Lasers, CBS Publishers & Distributors
2009.

Page No. 42
Sixth Semester
Theory Lab
5 PHY-351 Basic electronic devices -II 3 0
Pre-requisites: Basic Electronics devices-I
Amplifiers and their Frequency Response: Cascade amplifier, The Amplifier pass band, The
frequency plot, Low frequency plot, Low frequency limit, The un-bypassed emitter resistor, high
frequency equivalent circuit, The Miller Effect, high frequency limit of transistor, bandwidth of a
cascade amplifier.
Feedback: Positive and Negative feedback, Principle of feedback amplifier, stabilization of gain
by negative feedback, Bandwidth improvement with negative feedback, Reduction of nonlinear
distortion, control of amplifier output and input resistance, current series feedback circuit, voltage
shunt feedback circuit.
Oscillators: Introduction, Classification of oscillators, Damped and undamped oscillators, the
oscillatory circuit, frequency stability of an oscillator, essentials of a feedback LC oscillator,
tuned base oscillator, Hartley oscillator, Colpitis oscillator, crystal oscillator.
Power Amplifiers: Introduction, Power relation in class-A amplifiers, effect of thermal
environment, determination of the output distortion, class-B amplifier, efficiency of class-A and
class-B amplifiers.
Modulation and Demodulation: Introduction, carrier wave modulation, Need for modulation,
radio Broadcasting, Methods of modulation, amplitude modulation, Forms of amplitude
modulation, single side band system of modulation, Diode for linear detector for amplitude
modulation, High power level amplitude modulation, automatic volume control, Frequency
modulation.
Multivibrators: Multivibrators, Basic types of Multivibrators, uses of Multivibrators, A stable
Multivibrators, Mono-stable Multivibrators, Bi-stable Multivibrators, Schmitt Trigger Circuit.
Integrated Circuits: Introduction, Integrated circuit advantages and drawbacks, scale of
integration, classification of integrated circuit by structure, Classification of integrated circuit by
function, comparison between different integrated circuit. Integrated circuit terminology,
Integrated circuit fabrication, Basic processing steps. Silicon device processes Silicon wafer
preparation, diffusion, Oxidation photolithography, Chemical vapor deposition, Metallization,
Circuit probing, Scribing and separating into chips, Mounting and packing applications of
integrated circuit.
Digital Circuits: Decimal, Binary, Octal, hexadecimal number systems, conversion of decimal
numbers to any other number system and vice-versa, Binary codes, OR, AND, NOT, NAND,
NOR logic gates, Boolean Algebra. Boolean expressions, simplification of Boolean expression
using Boolean Algebra.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications”, Prentice Hall, 8th ed.
2009.
2. B. Grob, “Basic Electronics”, McGraw-Hill, Tch ed. 1997.
3. B. Streetman and S. Banerjee “Solid State Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 6 th ed. 2005.
4. A. Bar-lev, “Semiconductor and Electronics Devices”, Prentice Hall, 3rd ed. 1993.
5. D. H. Navon and B. Hilbert, “Semiconductor Micro-devices and Materials”, CBS College Publishing,
1986.
6. A. P. Malvino, “Electronic Principles”, McGraw-Hill, 7th ed. 2006.
7. R. T. Paynter, “Introductory Electric Circuits”, Prentice Hall, 1998.

Page No. 43
Sixth Semester
Theory Lab
6 PHY-452L LAB-VI 0 2
Modern Physics, Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy and Electronics Materials Lab
Pre-requisite: LAB I, II, III, IV

1. Determination of e/m of an electron.
2. To study the characteristics of a Geiger-Muller counter and to examine the attenuations of beta
particles in Al-and Pb foils.
3. Measurement of the half life of a radio nuclide. To study the pulse- height as a function of the
H.H.T. in a scintillation counter.
4. Measurement of the spectrum of gamma rays from a radioisotope. Shielding and attenuation
of gamma rays.
5. Study the characteristics of a solid-state detector and use it to measure the spectra of alpha and
beta particles.
6. Use of a Lithium-drifted Ge-counter for gamma spectroscopy and to compare its performance
with that of a NaI-detector.
7. Measurement of characteristic impedance. Angular frequency, standing wave ratio, etc.
8. Study of random processes and fluctuations in random processes (Poisson distribution, etc.)
9. Directional characteristic and polarization of microwaves
10. Recording the initial magnetization curve and the hysteresis curve of a ferromagnet.
11. To study the characteristic curves of a G. M. counter and use it to determine the absorption
coefficient of β-particle in aluminium.
12. Determination of range of α particle.
13. Mass absorption coefficient of lead for γ-rays using G.M counter.

Page No. 44
Seventh Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY-446 QUANTUM MECHANICS-II 3 0
Pre-requisites: Quantum Mechanics-I

Rotations and addition of angular momenta:Rotations in quantum mechanics,addition of angular

momenta general formalism, calculation of the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients,coupling of orbital and
spin angular momenta, addition of more than two angular momenta, rotation matrices for coupling
two angular momenta,Isospin.
Identical Particles:Many-particle systems, system of distinguishable noninteracting particles,
systems of identical particles, symmetrization postulate, Pauli exclusion principle and the periodic
table.
Approximation Methods for Stationary States:Introduction to time-independent perturbation theory,
non-degenerate perturbation theory, degenerate perturbation theory, fine structure, the Zeeman
Effect,related examples and problems.
The variational principle:Variational theory,variational approximation method, the ground state of
helium atom.
The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin(WKB) approximation: WKB wave functions, general connection
rules across a classical turning point, tunneling.
Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory:The pictures of quantum mechanics , time-dependent
perturbation theory, transition probability, transition probability for a constant perturbation,
transition probability for a harmonic perturbation, adiabatic and sudden approximations, interaction
of atoms with radiation, transition into a continuum of states, Fermi’s golden rule, related examples
and problems.
Scattering by a Potential: Scattering cross section, classical scattering theory, quantum scattering
theory, partial wave analysis, phase shifts, the Born approximation, scattering of identical particles.
Recommended books
• Introductory Quantum Mechanics, by Richard L. Liboff, publisher: Addison Wesley; 4th

Edition, (2002).
• Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by David J. Griffiths, publisher: Pearson Prentice Hall,
2nd Edition (2005).
• Quantum Physics by Stephen Gasiorowicz, publisher: Willey International, 3rd Edition
• Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Application by N. Zettili, Publisher: John Wiley, 2nd ed.
2009
• Quantum Mechanics by B.H. Bransden& C.J. Joachain, Publisher: Addison-Wesley; 2nd
edition 2000

Page No. 45
Seventh Semester
Theory Lab
2 PHY-447 SOLID STATE PHYSICS-I 3 0
Pre-requisites: Statistical Physics
Crystal Structure: Lattices and basis, Symmetry operations, Fundamental Types of Lattice,
Position and Orientation of Planes in Crystals, Simple crystal structures.
Crystal Diffraction and Reciprocal Lattice: Diffraction of X-rays, Neutrons and electrons from
crystals; Bragg’s law; Reciprocal lattice, Ewald construction and Brillouin zone, Fourier Analysis
of the Basis.
Phonons and Lattice: Quantization of Lattice Vibrations, Phonon
momentum, inelastic scattering by phonons, Lattice Vibrations for Mono- atomic and diatomic
basis, Optical Properties in the Infrared Region.
Thermal Properties of Solids: Lattice heat Capacity, Classical model, Einstein Model,
Enumeration of normal modes, Density of state in one, two or three dimensions, Debye model of
heat capacity, Comparison with experimental results, thermal conductivity and resistivity,
Umklapp processes.
Electrical Properties of Metals: Classical free electron theory of metals, energy levels and
density of orbital’s in one dimension, effect of temperature on the Fermi-Dirac distribution
function, properties of the free electron gas, electrical conductivity and Ohm’s Law, thermal and
electrical conductivities of metals and their ratio, motion of free electrons in magnetic fields,
cyclotron frequency, static magneto conductivity and Hall Effect along with applications.
Recommended Books:
1. C. Kittle, “Introduction to Solid State Physics”, John Wiley, 8th ed. 2005.
S. R. Elliott, “The Physics and Chemistry of Solids”, John Wiley, 1998
M. A. Omar, “Elementary and Solid State Physics”, Pearson Education, 2011.
H. M. Rosenberg, “The Solid State”, Oxford Science Publication, 3rd ed. 1988.
M. A. Wahab, “Solid State Physics”, Narosa Publishing House, 2005

Page No. 46
Seventh Semester
Theory Lab
3 PHY-421L LAB-VII 0 2
Miscellaneous Advanced Experiments in Modern Physics, Atomic Physics, Solid State Physics
and Electronics
Pre-requisite: Lab-V and Lab-VI

LAB VII
1. To design and build a linear integrator to enable digitization of photo- multiplier pulses,
or to design and build a height-to-width converter.
2. Gain characteristics and spectral response of a photo-multiplier tube.
3. Radio frequency measurement. Skin effect, etc.
4. To prove the Rutherford law of scattering of charged particles.
5. Measurement of the spectrum of gamma rays from a radioisotope (e.g. Cs) and study of
their photoelectric and Compton absorption.
6. Source strength of Cobalt-60 by gamma coincidence methods.
7. Determination of the constituents of substance by activation analysis.
8. Determination of the charge on an electron (e) by Millikan’s method.
9. The Frank-hertz experiment (Measurement of excitation potential of Hg).
10. To study the Zeeman’s effect for a line in the spectrum of helium.
11. Experiments with microwaves. Study of their optical properties.
12. Electron-spin resonance (E.S.R.) by microwave absorption.
13. The measurement of the Hall’s effect in germanium and silicon.
14. Measurement of conductivity of Si and Ge as a function of temperature.
15. To determine the energy gap in silicon and Germanium.

Page No. 47
Seventh Semester
Code Theory Lab
4 PHY-366L Project part-I 2 0
• Presentation
• Data collection
• Literature survey

Page No. 48
Eight Semester
Theory Lab
1 PHY-495 SOLID STATE PHYSICS-II 3 0
Pre-requisites: Solid State Physics I
Dielectric Properties of Solids: Polarization, Depolarization, Local and Maxwell field, Lorentz
field, Clausius-Mossotti relation, Dielectric Constant and Polarizability, Measurement of
dielectric constant, Ferro electricity and ferroelectric crystals, Phase Transitions, First and 2 nd
order phase transitions, Applications
Semiconductors: General properties of semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,
their band structure, carrier statistics in thermal equilibrium, band level treatment of conduction
in semiconductors and junction diodes, diffusion and drift currents, collisions and recombination
times
Optical Properties: Interaction of light with solids, Optical Properties of Metals and Non-
Metals, Kramers Kronnig Relation, Excitons, Raman Effect in crystals, optical spectroscopy of
solids.
Magnetic Properties of Materials: Magnetic dipole moment and susceptibility, different kinds
of magnetic materials, Langevin diamagnetic equation, Paramagnetic equation and Curie law,
Classical and quantum approaches to paramagnetic materials. Ferro-magnetic and anti -
ferromagnetic order, Curie point and exchange integral, Effect of temperature on different kinds
of magnetic materials and applications.
Superconductivity: Introduction to superconductivity, Zero-Resistance and Meissner Effect ,
Type I and Type II superconductors, Thermodynamic fields, Tow fluid model, London equations
, BCS and Ginzburg Landau Theory, Vortex Behavior, Critical Current Density, Josephson
effect and applications.
Recommended Books:
1. C. Kittle, “Introduction to Solid State Physics”, John Wiley, 8th ed. 2005.
2. N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, “Solid State Physics”, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
3. G. Burns, “High Temperature Superconductivity: An Introduction”, Academic Press, 1992.
4. M. Fox, “Optical Properties of Solids”, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. 2010.
5. N. A. Spaldin, “Magnetic Materials:Fundamentals and Device Applications”, Cambridge
University Press, 2nd ed. 2010
6. S. O. Pillai, ‘Solid State Physics’, New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers 6th edition 2009
7. C.M. Kachaava, Solid State Physics, Tata McGraw Hill. Co. New Delhi, 1989
8. J.R. Christman, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.
9. Philip Hofmann, Solid State Physics,Wiley-VCH; 1st edition, 2008
10. A. Guinier & R. Jullien, The Solid State, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989
11. László Mihály, Michael C Martin, Solid State Physics, Wiley-VCH; 2nd edition 2009
12. Anthony A. Kelly, Kevin M. Knowles, Crystallography and Crystal Defects, Wiley; 2nd
edition 2012
13. CP. Poole Jr., H A. Farach, Richard J. Creswick, R Prozorov, Superconductivity, Academic
Press; 2nd edition 2007

Page No. 49
Eight Semester
Theory Lab
2 PHY-456 NUCLEAR PHYSICS 3 0
Pre-Requisites: Modern Physics

Objective(s):
To understand the nuclear structure using different nuclear models. To understand the nature of
nuclear forces. To give understanding of radioactivity and nuclear reactions.
History: Starting from Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity to Chadwick’s neutron.

Basic Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear size, mass, binding energy, nuclear spin, magnetic dipole and
electric quadrupole moment, parity and statistics.
Nuclear Forces: Yukawa's theory of nuclear forces. Nucleon scattering, charge independence and
spin dependence of nuclear force, isotopic spin.
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model, Fermi gas model, Shell model, Collective model.
Theories of Radioactive Decay: Theory of Alpha decay and explanation of observed phenomena,
measurement of Beta ray energies, the magnetic lens spectrometer, Fermi theory of Beta decay,
Neutrino hypothesis, theory of Gamma decay, multipolarity of Gamma rays, Nuclear isomerism.
Nuclear Reactions: Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value and threshold energy of
nuclear reaction, energy level and level width, cross sections for nuclear reactions, compound
nucleolus theory of nuclear reaction and its limitations, direct reaction, resonance reactions, Breit-
Wigner one level formula including the effect of angular momentum.
Recommended Books:
1. E. Segre, “Nuclei and Particles”, Bejamin-Cummings, 2nd ed. 1977.
2. Kaplan, “Nuclear Physics”, Addison-Wisely, 1980.
3. Green, “Nuclear Physics”, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
4. K. S. Krane, “Introducing Nuclear Physics”, John Wiley, 3rd ed. 1988.
5. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, “Particle and Nuclei”, 1999

Page No. 50
Eighth Semester
Theory Lab
3 PHY-466 Project Part-II 4 0
• Report preparation
• Research
• Final presentation
• Report submission

Page No. 51
DETAIL OF ELECTIVE COURSES FOR BS 4 YEAR PROGRAMME
1. Phy-458 PLASMA PHYSICS
Objective(s):
To learn about the importance of the plasma along with the basic concept of plasma. To know
fluid description of the plasma.
Introduction: Occurrence of plasma, Concept of temperature, Debye shielding, the plasma
parameter, Criteria for plasma.
Applications of Plasma Physics: Single-particle motion in electromagnetic field, Uniform and
non-uniform E and B fields, Time-variant E and B fields, Fluid description of plasma, Wave
propagation in plasma, Derivation of dispersion relations for simple electrostatic and
electromagnetic modes, Introduction to Controlled Fusion, Basic nuclear fusion reactions,
Reaction rates and power density, radiation losses from plasma, operational conditions.
Recommended Books:
1. F. F. Chen, “Introduction to Plasma Physics”, 2nd ed. Plenum, 1995.
2. D. A. Gurnett and A. Bhattacharjee, “Introduction to Plasma Physics: with space and
laboratory application”, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
3. T. J. M. Boyd and J. J. Sanderson, “The Physics of Plasmas”, Cambridge University Press,
2003.

Page No. 52
2. Phy-423 METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS

Objective(s):
To learn about the vacuum techniques. To learn the detection techniques about radiation,
temperature. To learn about the measuring techniques along with data analysis.
Vacuum Techniques: Gas Transport: Throughout, Pumping Speed, Pump down Time Ultimate
pressure. Fore-Vacuum Pumps: Rotary Oil pumps, sorption pumps. Diffusion pumps, sorption
pumps (High Vacuum). Production of ultrahigh vacuum, Fundamental concepts, guttering pumps,
Ion pumps, Cryogenic pumps, Turbo molecular pumps. Measurement of total pressure in
Vacuums Systems, Units pressure ranges, Manometers, Perini gauges, The McLoad gauges, Mass
spectrometer for partial measurement of pressure. Design of high Vacuum system, Surface to
Volume ratio, Pump Choice, pumping system design. Vacuum Components, Vacuum valves,
vacuum Flanges, Liquid Nitrogen trap, Mechanical feed through & Electrical feed through Leak
detection: Basic consideration, leak detection equipment, Special Techniques and problems,
Repair Techniques.
Radiation Detection and Measurement: GM tubes, scintillation detector, channel Tron, photo
multipliers, neutron detectors, alpha/beta detectors, x- rays/gamma detectors, cosmic rays
detectors, Spectrographs and Interferometers.
Sensor Technology: Sensors for temperature, pressure displacement, rotation, flow, level, speed,
rotation position, phase, current voltage, power magnetic field, tilt, metal, explosive and heat.
Electronics and Electronic Instruments: Operational amplifiers, summing amplifiers,
difference amplifiers, Differentiators, Integrators, Logarithmic amplifiers, current to voltage
converter, Spectroscopy amplifiers, charge sensitive pre-amplifiers, Coincidence circuits,
Isolators, Ramp Generators, and single channel analyzer. Power supplies, Signal Generators,
Counters, Multichannel analyzer, Lock in Amplifiers, Boxcar averages.
Computer Introduction: Introduction to computers, GPIB Interface, RS 232. Interfacing, DA/AD
conversion, Visual c/visual Basic.
Data Analysis: Evaluation of measurement: Systematic Errors, Accuracy, Accidental Errors,
Precision, Statistical Methods, Mean Value and Variance, Statistical Control of Measurements,
Errors of Direct measurements, Rejection of data, Significance of results, Propagation of errors,
preliminary Estimation, Errors of Computation. Least squares fit to a polynomial. Nonlinear
functions. Data manipulation, smoothing, interpolation and extrapolation, linear and parabolic
interpolation.
Recommended Books:
1. F. James, “Statistical Methods in Experimental Physics”, World Scientific Company, 2 nd ed.
2006.
2. M. H. Hablanian, “High-Vacuum Technology”, Marcel Dekker, 2nd ed. 1997.
3. P. Bevington and D. K. Robinson, “Data Reduction and Error Analysis for Physical Science”,
McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed. 2002.
4. S. Tavernier, “Experimental Techniques in Nuclear and Particle Physics”, Springer, 2010.
5. J. B. Topping, “Errors of Observations and Their Treatment”, Springer, 4th ed. 1972.

Page No. 53
3. Phy-460 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING
Objective(s):
To be familiar with the quantum computing. To learn about the Quantum circuits, and
cryptography.
Computer technology and historical background, Basic principles and postulates of
quantum mechanics: Quantum states, evolution, quantum measurement, superposition,
quantization from bits to qubits, operator function, density matrix, Schrodinger equation, Schmidt
decomposition, EPR and Bell’s inequality, Quantum Computation: Quantum Circuits, Single
qubit operation, Controlled operations, Measurement, Universal quantum gates, Single qubit and
CNOT gates, Breaking unbreakable codes: Code making, Trapdoor function, One time pad, RSA
cryptography, Code breaking on classical and quantum computers, Schor’s algorithm, Quantum
Cryptography: Uncertainty principle, Polarization and Spin basis, BB84, BB90, and Ekert
protocols, Quantum cryptography with and without eavesdropping, Experimental realization,
Quantum Search Algorithm.
Recommended Books:
1. M. A. Nielson and I. L. Chuang, “Quantum Computation and Quantum Information”,
Foundation Books, 2007.
2. C. P. Williams and S. H. Clearwater, “Exploration in Quantum Computation” Springer, 2nd
ed. 2011. .
3. P. Bouwmester, A. Ekert, and A. Zeilinger, “The Physics of Quantum Information:
Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation”, Springer, 2010.
4. R. K. Brylinsky and G. Chen, “Mathematics of Quantum Computation” by Chapman &
Hall/CRC, 2002.

Page No. 54
4. Phy-462 QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY
Objective(s):
To understand the fundamental concepts of quantum information, communication, computation,
and physical protocols for quantum computation.
Review of Quantum Mechanics and overview of Quantum information: Postulates of
quantum mechanics, quantum states and observables, Dirac notation, projective measurements,
density operator, pure and mixed states, entanglement, tensor products, no-cloning theorem,
mixed states from pure states in a larger Hilbert space, Schmidt decomposition, generalized
measurements, (CP maps, POVMs), qualitative overview of Quantum Information.
Quantum Communication: Dense coding, teleportation, entanglement swapping, instantaneous
transfer of information, quantum key distribution.
Entanglement and its Quantification: Inseparability of EPR pairs, Bell inequality for pure and
mixed states, entanglement witnesses, Peres- Horodecki criterion, properties of entanglement
measures, pure and mixed state entanglement, relative entropy as entanglement measure,
entanglement and thermodynamics, measuring entanglement.
Quantum Information: Classical information theory (data compression, Shannon entropy, von
Neumann entropy), fidelity, Helstrom’s measurement and discrimination, quantum data
compression, entropy and information, relative entropy and its statistical interpretation,
conditional entropy, Holevo bound, capacity of a quantum channel, relative entropy and
thermodynamics, entropy and erasure, Landauer’s erasure.
Quantum Computation: Classical computation (Turing machines, circuits, complexity theory),
quantum algorithms (Deutsch’s algorithm, Oracles, Grover’s algorithm, factorization and
quantum Fourier transform), role of entanglement in algorithms (search algorithm), modeling
quantum measurements, Bekenstein bound, quantum error correction (general conditions,
stabilizer codes, 3-qubit codes, relationship with Maxwell’s demon), fault tolerant quantum
computation (overview).
Physical Protocols for Quantum Information and Computation: Ion trap, optical lattices, NMR,
quantum optics, cavity QED.
Recommended Books:
1. V. Vedral, “Introduction to Quantum Information Science”, Oxford University Press, 2007.
2. M. Nielsen and I. Chuang, “Quantum Computation and Quantum Information”, Cambridge
University Press, 10th Anv. ed. 2010.
3. W. Steeb and Y. Hardy, “Problems and Solutions in Quantum Computing and Quantum
Information”, World Scientific Publishing, 3rd ed. 2011.
4. Book on general quantum mechanics: A. Peres, Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods,
Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002).
Seth Lloyd’s notes on quantum information available online at:
web.mit.edu/2.111/www/notes09/spring.pdf

Page No. 55
5. Phy-461 QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Lagrangian Field Theory: Classical Field Theory. Canonical Quantization. Noether's theorem.
(3 week)
Klein-Gordon Field: Real Klein-Gordon field. Complex Klein-Gordon field. Covariant
commutation relations. Meson propagator
Dirac Field: Number representation for fermions. Quantization of Dirac field. Spin-statistics
theorem. Fermion propagator
Electromagnetic Field: Classical electromagnetic field. Covariant quantization. Photon
propagator
Interacting Fields: Interaction Lagrangian and gauge invariance. Interaction picture. S-matrix
expansion. Wick’s theorem. Feynman Diagrams. Feynman rules for QED. Cross sections and
decay rates.
Recommended Books:
1. F. Mandl and G. Shaw, “Quantum Field Theory”, Wiley, 2nd ed. 2010.
2. M. E. Peskin and D. V. Schroeder, “An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory”, Addison
Wesley, 1995.
3. S. Weinberg, “The Quantum Theory of Fields”, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
4. N. N. Bogoliubov and D. V. Shirkov, “Introduction to the Theory of Quantized Fields”, John
Wiley, 1980.

Page No. 56
6. Phy-450 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Objective(s):
To learn the basics of digital electronics such as Boolean Algebra. To develop logic circuit using
the Boolean Algebra. To understand the computer interface and micro-controller along with the
embedded systems.
Review of Number Systems: Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number system, their inter-
conversion, concepts of logic, truth table, basic logic gates.
Boolean Algebra: De Morgan’s theorem, simplification of Boolean expression by Boolean
Postulates and theorem, K-maps and their uses. Don’t care condition, Different codes. (BCD,
ASCII, Gray etc.). Parity in Codes.
IC Logic Families: Basic characteristics of a logic family. (Fan in/out, Propagation delay time,
dissipation, noise margins etc. Different logic based IC families (DTL, RTL, ECL, TTL, CMOS).
Combinational Logic Circuit: Logic circuits based on AND - OR, OR-AND, NAND, NOR
Logic, gate design, addition, subtraction (2’s compliments, half adder, full adder, half subtract or,
full subtract or encoder, decoder, PLA. Exclusive OR gate.
Sequential Logic Circuit: Flip-flops clocked RS-FF, D-FF, T-FF, JK-FF, Shift Register,
Counters (Ring, Ripple, up-down, Synchronous) A/D and D/A Converters.
Memory Devices: ROM, PROM, EAPROM, EE PROM, RAM, (Static and dynamic) Memory
mapping techniques
Recommended Books:
1. M. M. Mono, “Digital Logic and Computer Design”, Prentice Hall, 1995.
2. R. Tokheim, “Digital Electronics”, McGraw Hill, 7th ed. 2007.
3. B. B. Brey, “The Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing”, Merril,
2nd ed. 1991.
4. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications”, Prentice
Hall, 8th ed. 2009.
5. T. Wilmshurst, “The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems”, Palgrave, 2001.

Page No. 57
7. Phy-451 LASERS
Objective(s):
Develop fundamental concepts about lasers. Learn the principles of spectroscopy of molecules
and semi-conductors. Understand the optical resonators and laser system. Applications of lasers.
Introductory Concepts: Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, Stimulated Emission, Pumping
Schemes, Absorption and Stimulated Emission Rates, Absorption and Gain Coefficients,
Resonance Energy Transfers. Properties of Laser Beam: Monochromaticity, Coherence,
Directionality, Brightness
Spectroscopy of Molecule and Semiconductors: Electronic Energy Levels, Molecular Energy
Levels, Level Occupation at Thermal Equilibrium, Stimulated Transition, Selection Rules,
Radiative and Nonradiative Decay, Semiconductor
Optical Resonators: Plane Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator, Concentric (Spherical) Resonator,
Confocal, Resonator, Generalized Spherical Resonator, Ring Resonator, Stable Resonators,
Unstable Resonators. , Matrix Formulation of Geometrical Optics, Wave Reflection and
Transmission at a Dielectric Interface, Stability Condition Standing and Traveling Waves in a two
Mirror Resonator, Longitudinal and Transverse Modes in a Cavity, Multilayer Dielectric
Coatings, Fabry-Perot Interferometer. Small Signal Gain and Loop Gain
Pumping Processes: Optical pumping: Flash lamp and Laser, Threshold Pump Power, pumping
efficiency, Electrical Pumping: Longitudinal Configuration and Transverse Configuration, Gas
Dynamics Pumping, Chemical Pumping.
Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed Lasers: Rate Equations, Threshold Condition and Output
Power, Optimum Output Coupling, Laser Tuning, Oscillation and Pulsations in Lasers, Q-
Switching and Mode-Locking Methods, Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, and Group-Delay
Dispersion, Line broadening.
Lasers Systems: Solid State Lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd: YAG & Nd: Glass Lasers and
Semiconductor Lasers: Homojunction Lasers, Double Heterostructure lasers, Gas lasers: Helium
Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen Laser and Excimer Lasers, Free-Electron and X-Ray Lasers.
Laser Applications: Material Processing: Surface Hardening, Cutting, Drilling, Welding etc.
Holography, Laser Communication, Medicine, Defense Industry, Atmospheric Physics.
Recommended Books:
1. O. Svelto, “Principles of Lasers”, Springer, 5th ed. 2009.
2. J. Eberly and P. Milonni, “Lasers Physics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2010.
3. M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy, “Quantum Optics”, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
4. W. T. Silfvast, “Laser Fundamentals”, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed.
2008.
5. W. M. Steen, J. Mazumder and K. G. Watkins, “Laser Material Processing”, Springer, 4th ed.
2010.

Page No. 58
8. Phy-477 LASER ENGINEERING
Hours: Three (3)
Objective(s):
Deep understanding of Laser and its components, Designing of Laser.
Introduction: What is laser, brief history of laser development, principle components of laser,
types of lasers, properties of laser beam, an overview of laser technology, energy states in atom,
transition between energy states (absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission), principles of
laser, power and energy, special features of laser beam (directionality, diffraction, intensity,
monochromaticity, coherency, line-width).
General Principles of Laser Operation: Thermal equilibrium, Einstein coefficients, condition
for large stimulated emissions, condition for light amplification, population inversion, energy
state, metastable state, three level laser, four level laser, line broadening, laser rate equations (two,
three, and four level systems), generic laser, gain medium, pumping source, resonant cavity
Generic Laser: Amplification and gain, optical resonator, laser action, gain of active medium
(mathematical treatment), threshold condition, gain calculation, conditions for steady state
oscillation, cavity resonance frequencies, laser modes (longitudinal and transverse), single mode
operation, examples
Optical Resonators: Resonator (cavity) configuration, fabry-perot resonator or plane parallel
cavity, confocal resonator, hemispherical cavity or combination of plane and spherical resonator,
long radius cavity, stability criterion, examples (stable and unstable resonator)
Pumping Source and Active Medium: What is pumping, pumping methods, optical pumping,
electric pumping (direct discharge), electric pumping for semiconductor laser, chemical pumping,
flash lamps, optical pumping configuration, optical pumping assembly, active mediums (atoms,
molecules, liquids, dielectric solids, semiconductor material) Gas Lasers (theory, working, design
and construction), Metal Vapor Lasers: Gas lasers, atomic lasers, ionic lasers, molecular lasers,
basic concepts of discharge tube, Brewster angle cut discharge tube, electrical circuits for gas
lasers, high voltage power supplies for gas lasers, He-Ne laser, design problems related to He-Ne
laser, Argon Ion laser, Krypton Ion laser, CO2 (carbon dioxide) laser, N2 (nitrogen) laser,
Excimer laser, He-Cd laser, Copper vapor laser, Gold vapor laser.
Chemical and Dye Lasers: Introduction to chemical laser, HF (hydrogen and fluoride) laser,
Chemical Oxygen-Iodine laser (COIL), military applications of COIL, dye lasers, Rhodamine dye
laser. Solid State Lasers (concepts, working, design and construction): Introduction to solid state
laser, Ruby laser, Nd:YAG laser, Nd:Glass laser, electronics for solid state laser, cooling system
for solid state laser, cavity design and pumping concepts for solid state laser, brief overview to
commercial Nd:YAG lasers, Ti:Sapphire laser, tunable solid state laser (Alexandrite laser).
Semiconductor Laser, and Free-Electron Laser: Introduction to semiconductor laser,
homojunction laser, heterojunction laser, semiconductor laser array, quantum well laser, vertical
cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), brief introduction to free-electron laser.
Control of Laser Output (Q-switching and mode locking): Introduction to control of laser output
beam, frequency selection, generation of high power pulses, Q-factor, Q-switching and giant
pulses, methods of Q-switching, active Q-switching (mechanical Q-switching, acousto-optic Q-
switching, electro-optic Q-switching), passive Q-switching (storable absorber, cavity dumping),
introduction to mode-locking, mode-locking techniques (active mode-locking, passive mode-
locking), Q-switched Nd:YAG laser system.
Page No. 59
Ultrafast Lasers: What is ultrafast laser, Ti: Sapphire laser, chirped pulse amplification (CPA)
laser system, ultrafast laser systems, ultrafast diagnostics, mode-locked Ti: Sapphire laser system,
basic concepts to Ti: Sapphire CPA laser system, ultrafast phenomenon, applications of ultrafast
lasers.
Laser Applications: Industrial applications, material processing (laser drilling, laser cutting, laser
welding), LIDAR (laser imaging detection and ranging), photolithography, medical applications
(LASIK surgery, laser seizer), isotope separation using laser, Nuclear fusion, brief overview of
major laser facility (NIF facility), laser holography, military applications.
Recommended Books:
1. K. J. Kuhn, “Laser Engineering”, Prentice Hall, 1997.
2. O. Svelto, “Principles of Lasers”, Springer, 5th ed. 2009.
3. W. T. Silfvast, “Laser Fundamentals”, Cambridge, 2 nd ed. 2008.
4. K. R. Nambiar, “LASERS: Principles, Types and Applications”, New Age,
2009.
5. W. Koecher, “Solid-State Laser Engineering”, Springer, 2009.
6. R. F. Walter, “Gas Lasers (Optical Science and Engineering)”, CRC Press, 2006.
7. C. Rulliere, “Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Principles and Experiments”, Springer, 2nd ed. 1998.
8. K. Thyagarajan, “Lasers: Fundamentals and Applications”, Springer, 2nd ed. 2010.

Page No. 60
9. Phy-459 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR

PHYSICS
Objective(s):
To give students with the practical hand on the experimental techniques, Physically understand
the nuclear phenomena.
Review of Basic Concepts: Units used in particle physics, Definition used in particle physics,
Types of particles to be detected, Cross section, Decay width, Lab Frame and CM frame, Pseudo
rapidity, History of Accelerator, Linear accelerators, Circular accelerators, Introduction to RHIC,
Tevatron, LEP, LHC.
Introduction to Accelerators: Lattice and geometry, The arcs, Periodicity, Aperture, Beam
crossing angle, Luminosity, RF cavities, Power requirements, Longitudinal feedback system,
Injection, Injection scheme, PS, SPS, Magnets, Cryogenics, Vacuum system.
Introduction to Detectors: Introduction to detectors, Need of detectors, Passage of radiation
through matter, Cross-section, Interaction probability in a distance x, Mean free path, Energy loss
of heavy charged particles by atomic collisions, Bohr’s, calculation - classical case - The Bethe
Bloch formula, Cherenkov radiation, Energy loss of electron and photon, Multiple coulomb
scattering, Energy straggling, The interaction of photons, The interaction of neutrons.
General Characteristics of Detectors and Gas Detectors: Sensitivity, Detector response, Energy
resolution The Fano-factor, The response function, Response time, Detector efficiency, Dead
time- Ionization detectors, Gaseous ionization detectors, Ionization & transport phenomenon in
gases, Transport of electrons and ions in gases, Avalanche multiplication, The cylindrical
proportional counter, The multi-wire proportional counter, The drift chambers, Time projection
chambers, Liquid ionization detector.
Scintillators, Photomultipliers, Semi-conductor Detectors: Scintillation detectors, Organic
scintillation, Inorganic crystals, Gaseous scintillators Glasses, Intrinsic detector efficiency for
various radiations, Photomultipliers, Basic construction and operation, The photocathode, The
electron-optical input system, Semiconductor detectors, Silicon diode detectors, Introduction to
CMS and its detectors.
Detector Software and Physics Objects: Introduction to Linux operating system, Introduction to
CMS software (CMSSW), Basic infrastructure of software, Introduction to PYTHIA, Introduction
to GEN, SIM, DIGI, RECO, reconstruction of final state objects.
Recommended Books:
1. The Large Hadron Collider Conceptual Design CERN/AC/95-05 (LHC)
2. Detector performance and software, Physics Technical Design Report, Volume1
3. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments by W.R. Leo
4. R. Fernow, “Introduction to experimental particle physics”, Cambridge University Press,
1989.
5. D. H. Perkins, “Introduction to High Energy Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 4 th ed.
2000.
6. MIT website http://mit.edu

Page No. 61
10. Phy-468 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES
Objective(s):
To understand the relation between electrical, optical and magnetic devices.
Semiconductor Fundamentals: Composition, purity and structure of semiconductors, energy

band model, band gap and materials classification, charge, effective mass and carrier numbers,
density of states, the Fermi function and equilibrium distribution of carriers, doping, n and p-type
semiconductors and calculations involving carrier concentrations, etc., temperature dependence of
carrier concentrations, drift current, mobility, resistivity and band bending, diffusion and total
currents, diffusion coefficients, recombination-generation, minority carrier life times and
continuity equations with problem solving examples.
Device Fabrication Processes: Oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, lithography, thin-film
deposition techniques like evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), epitaxy etc.
PN Junction and Bipolar Junction Transistor: Junction terminology, Poisson’s equation,
qualitative solution, the depletion approximation, quantitative electrostatic relationships, ideal
diode equation, non-idealities, BJT fundamentals, Junction field effect transistor, MOS
fundamentals, the essentials of MOSFETs.
Dielectric Materials: Polarization mechanisms, dielectric constant and dielectric loss, capacitor
dielectric materials, piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity and pyro electricity.
Optoelectronic Devices: Photoconductors, photovoltaics and photodetectors, photodiodes and
photovoltaics, solar cell basics, LEDs, Lasers, displays, LCDs.
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials: Basics of magnetism, hysteresis loops, magnetic domains
and anisotropy, hard and soft magnetic materials, transformers, DC motors and data storage.
Recommended Books:
1. R. F. Pierret, “Semiconductor Device Fundamentals”, Addison Wesley, 2nd ed. 1996.
2. N. Braithwaite, and G. Weaver, “Electronic Materials”, MA: Butterworth, 2 nd ed. 1990.
3. S. O. Kasap, “Electronic Materials and Devices”, McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed. 2005.
4. R. C. O'Handley, “Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications”, Wiley Inter-
Science, 1999.
5. D. Jiles, “Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials”, Chapman & Hall, 2 nd ed.
1998.

Page No. 62
11. Phy-402 FLUID DYNAMICS
Objective(s):
Physical understanding of fluid dynamics.
Phenomenological introduction to fluid dynamics Kinematics and conservation laws Ideal fluids,
the Euler equations, rotational flow The Navier-Stokes equations Viscous flow: Stokes flow, drag,
lubrication theory, thin film flow Waves: surface waves, internal gravity waves, nonlinear waves.
solitons, shocks
Instabilities: linear stability analysis, Kelvin-Helmholts instability, Rayleigh- Benard convection,
other instabilities Other topics depending on interest and as time permits possibly: airfoil theory,
granular flows, biophysical flows.
Recommended Books:
1. D. J. Acheson, “Elementary Fluid Dynamics”, Oxford University Press, 1990.
2. P. K. Kundu and I.M. Cohen, “Fluid Mechanics”, Academic Press, 4th ed.
2010.
3. D. J. Tritton, “Physical Fluid Dynamics”, Clarendon, 2nd ed. 1988.
4. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifschitz, “Fluid Mechanics”, Butterworth- Heinemann, 2nd ed. 1987.

Page No. 63
12. Phy-476 INTRODUCTION TO PHOTONICS
Objective(s):
To study the application of light, Studying the photonic devices including detectors.
Guided Wave Optics: Planar slab waveguides, Rectangular channel waveguides, Single and
multi-mode optical fibers, waveguide modes and field distributions, waveguide dispersion, pulse
propagation
Gaussian Beam Propagation: ABCD matrices for transformation of Gaussian beams,
applications to simple resonators
Electromagnetic Propagation in Anisotropic Media: Reflection and transmission at anisotropic
interfaces, Jones Calculus, retardation plates, polarizers
Electro-optics and Acousto-optics: Linear electro-optic effect, Longitudinal and transverse
modulators, amplitude and phase modulation, Mach-Zehnder modulators, Coupled mode theory,
Optical coupling between waveguides, Directional couplers, Photo elastic effect, Acousto-optic
interaction and Bragg diffraction, Acousto-optic modulators, deflectors and scanners
Optoelectronics: p-n junctions, semiconductor devices: laser amplifiers, injection lasers,
photoconductors, photodiodes, photodetector noise.
Recommended Books:
1. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, “Fundamentals of Photonics”, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 2007.
2. J-M. Liu, “Photonic Devices”, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
3. A. Yariv and P. Yeh, “Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications”, Oxford
University Press, 2006.
4. E. Hecht, “Optics”, Addison-Wesley, 4th ed. 2001.

Page No. 64
13. Phy-454 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE
Objective(s):
To understand the important aspects of materials. Moving towards microstructures.
Atomic Structure of Materials: The packing of atoms in 2-D and 3-D, unit cells of the
hexagonal close packing (hcp) and cubic closed packing (ccp) structures, interstitial structures,
density computation, lattices and symmetry elements, indexing lattice directions and lattice
planes, inter planar spacing, lattices and crystal systems in 3-D, symmetry, crystallographic point
groups and space groups, Bragg’s law and the intensities of Bragg reflections.
Imperfections in Solids: Vacancies, impurities, dislocations, interfacial defects, bulk or volume
defects, atomic vibrations.
Microstructure: Microstructure and microscopy, pressure vs. temperature phase diagrams,
temperature vs. composition phase diagrams, equilibrium, thermodynamic functions, variation of
Gibbs energy with temperature and composition, general features of equilibrium phase diagrams,
solidification, diffusion mechanisms, nucleation of a new phase, phase diagrams of Fe-C system
and other important alloys, materials fabrication.
Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Normal stress and normal strain, shear stress and shear
strain, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
elastic strain energy, thermal expansion, estimate of the yield stress, dislocations and motion of
dislocations, slip systems, dislocations and strengthening mechanisms, fracture mechanics, ductile
fracture, brittle fracture, Griffith criterion, ductile fracture, toughness of engineering materials, the
ductile-brittle transition temperature, cyclic stresses and fatigue, creep.
Polymers: Polymer basics, polymer identification, polymer molecules, additional polymerization,
step growth polymerization, measurement of molecular weight, thermosetting polymers and gels,
rubbers and rubber elasticity, configuration and conformation of polymers, the glassy state and
glass transition, determination of Tg, effect of temperature and time, mechanical properties of
polymers, case studies in polymer selection and processing.
Biomaterials: Introduction to biomaterials, materials selection, biopolymers, structural
polysaccharides, hard materials, biomedical material
Recommended Books:
1. W. D. Callister, “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction”, Wiley, 7 th ed. 2006.
2. W. D. Callister and D. G. Rethwisch “Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering:
An Integrated Approach”, Wiley, 4th ed. 2012.
3. J. F. Shackelford, “Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers”, Prentice Hall, 7 th ed.
2008.
4. http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/teaching/index.php,
5. http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/

Page No. 65
14. Phy-455 INTRODUCTION TO NANO SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES

Objective(s):
Introduce the concept and applications of nano sciences and nanotechnologies. Nano structures
and nano technologies.
Introduction: Feynman talks on small structures, Nano scale dimension, Course goals and
objectives.
Quantum Effects: Wave particle duality, Energy quanta, Uncertainty principle, De Broglie
relation, Quantum Dots, Moore's law, tunneling.
Surfaces and Interfaces: Interfaces, Surface chemistry and physics, Surface modification and
characterization, Thin Films, Sputtering, Self- assembled films.
Material Properties: Subatomic physics to chemical systems, types of chemical bonds, solid
state physics / Material properties.
Tools and Instrumentation: STM, AFM, Electron Microscopy, Fluorescence methods,
Synchrotron Radiation.
Fabricating Nano Structures: Lithography (photo and electron beam), MBE, Self-assembled
masked, FIB, Stamp technology, Nano junctions.
Electrons in Nano Structures: Variation in electronic properties, free electron model, Bloch's
theorem, Band structure, Single electron transistor, Resonant tunneling.
Molecular Electronics: Lewis structures, Approach to calculate Molecular orbitals, Donor
Acceptor properties, Electron transfer between molecules, Charge transport in weakly interacting
molecular solids, Single molecule electronics.
Nano Materials: Quantum dots, nano wires, nano photonics, magnetic nano structures, nano
thermal devices, Nano fluidic devices, biomimetic materials.
Nano Biotechnology: DNA micro-arrays, Protein and DNA Assembly, Digital cells, genetic
circuits, DNA computing.
Nanotechnology the Road Ahead: Nanostructure innovation, Quantum Informatics, Energy
solutions.
Recommended Books:
1. S. Lindsay, “Introduction to Nanoscience”, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2. C. Binns, “Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Wiley Survival Guides in
Engineering and Science)”, Wiley, 2010.

Page No. 66
15. Phy-493 PARTICLE PHYSICS
Introduction to Elementary Particles: Fundamental building blocks and their interactions. Quantum
Electrodynamics. Quantum Chromodynamics. Weak interactions. Decays and conservation laws.
Relativistic Kinematics: Lorentz transformations. Four-Vectors. Energy and momentum. Particle
collisions. Mandelstam variables.
Symmetries: Symmetries and conservation laws, Spin and orbital angular momentum. Flavour
symmetries. Parity. Charge conjugation. CP Violation. Time reversal and TCP Theorem.
Quantum Electrodynamics: Klein-Gordon equation. Dirac equation. Solution of Dirac equation. Bilinear
covariant. Feynman rules for QED. Casimir’s trick. Cross sections & lifetimes.
Neutrino Oscillations: Solar neutrino problem. Oscillations, Neutrino masses. PMNS mixing matrix.
Gauge Field Theories: Lagrangian in Relativistic Field Theory. Gauge Invariance. Yang-Mills Theory.
The mass term. Spontaneous symmetry breaking. Higgs mechanism. Higgs boson. Grand Unification.
Supersymmetry. Extra dimensions. String theory. Dark energy. Dark Matter.
Recommended Books:
1. D. Griffiths, “Introduction to Elementary Particles”, Wiley-VCH, 2nd ed. 2008.
2. F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, “Quarks and Leptons: An introductory course in modern Particle
Physics”, John Wiley, 1984.
3. D. H. Perkins, “Introduction to High-Energy Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 4th ed. 2000.
4. V. D. Barger and R. J. N. Phillips, “Collider Physics”, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
16. Phy-417 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN PHYSICS
Objective(s):
The aim is to develop the ability to turn theoretical ideas of mathematics and physics into computer
simulations of real-world systems.
Programming for Scientific Computation: Unix/Linux basics, the editing- coding-compiling-
debugging-optimizing-visualizing-documenting production chain, Fortran95.
Numerical Programming: Functions: approximation and fitting, Numerical calculus. Ordinary
differential equations, Matrices, Spectral analysis, Partial differential equations.
Modeling and Simulation: Molecular dynamics simulations, modeling continuous media Monte Carlo
simulations.
Project: A project will be chosen by the student in consultation with the instructor. Selection of the
project should be done soon after the module on modelling and simulation starts and continue over the
course of the rest of the semester. The final part of the course is reserved for presentation of preliminary
and final results.
Recommended Books:
1. T. Pang, “An Introduction to Computational Physics”, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
2. R. Landau, M. Paez, C. Bordeianu, “A Survey of Computational Physics”, Princeton University
Press, 2008.
Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018 Page No.

1
17. Phy-494 SURFACE SCIENCES
Objective(s):
To understand the basics of surface physics. Strengthen the previous knowledge of Solid State Physics
and Quantum Mechanics.
Basics of Surface Science: Surface reactions, Heterogeneous catalysis, Semiconductor technology,
Corrosion, Nanotechnology, Surface Structure and Reconstruction: Classification of solids, Crystal
structure, Unit cell, Bravais lattices, Electronic Structure of Surfaces: Band structure of metals, insulators
and semiconductors, Fermi level, Screening, Work Function, Surface States, Electron Affinity, Ionization
Potential, Surface Chirality, Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Equilibrium Crystal Shape.
Quantum confinement of Electrons at Surfaces: Interference of Electron Waves, Quantum size effects,
Quantum wells, Mechanical Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, Chemist’s Approach, Bonds to Bands.
Surface Dynamics: Nucleation and growth of nanostructures and films, Surface Magnetism and
magnetic imaging, Diamagnetism, Para magnetism, Anti-Ferromagnetism, Magnetism in thin films, Kerr
microscopy (MOKE), Spin Polarized Photoemission (SP-PEEM), Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM).
Surface Study Techniques: Surface Sensitivity and specificity, Explanation and comparison of Low-
Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED),
Explanation of Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), High-Resolution Electron
Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS), Introduction to Desorption Techniques, Thermal Desorption
Spectroscopy (TDS), Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD), Electron Stimulated Desorption Ion
Angular Distribution (ESDIAD), Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD), Electron Spectroscopy,
Theory: Mean free path, Koopman’s Theorem, Spin orbit coupling effects, chemical shifts, binding
energy, Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy, Electron Analyzer,
Electron optics, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), History, Theory, Electronics and applications.
Case Studies: Silicon Surfaces: Geometric and Electronic Structure, Molecular Adsorption on
Semiconductor Surfaces, Adsorption Properties of CO on Metal Single-Crystal Surfaces, Molecular or
dissociative adsorption, Chemical bonding and Orientation, Adsorption Site as a function of coverage,
Over layer long-range order, Ammonia Synthesis, Oxide Surfaces.
Photovoltaic and Organic Electronics: Different types of semiconductors (organic, inorganic,
conjugated polymers), Prototypes (OLEDs etc), intramolecular bonding, Van der Waals, electronic
properties, polarization effects, Field effect Transistors, basics of excitonic solar cells.
Recommended Books:
1. A. Zangwill, “Physics at Surfaces”, Cambridge University Press, 1988.
2. D. P. Woodruff and T. A. Delchar, “Modern Techniques of Surface Science”, Cambridge University
Press, 2nd ed. 1994.
3. D. Briggs and M. P. Seah, “Practical Surface Analysis”, Vol-I, John Wiley, 2nd ed. 1990.
4. J. B. Hudson, “Surface Science, an Introduction”, Wiley-Interscience, 1998.
5. H. Luth, “Surfaces and Interfaces of Solids”, Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed.
1993.
6. M. Prutton, “Introduction to Surface Physics”, Oxford University Press,
1994.
7. R. I. Masel, “Principles of Adsorption and Reaction on Solid Surfaces”, Wiley-Interscience, 1996.

2
Phy-416 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
Pre-requisite: Introduction to computer

Pre-requisite: Undergraduate Level Physics and Elementary Mathematics and Linear Algebra, Mathematical Methods, Basic
Numerical Analysis and Analytical Tools for Numerical Analysis, Computer and Programming
Objectives:
1. Computational physics has become as important as theoretical and experimental physics. Students will learn basic skills in
programming in the context of solving physics problems.
2. Additional computer/software skills are developed to make reports and presentations in a professional manner expected of a
scientist
A brief introduction of the computer languages like C, Fortran, etc and MATLAB, Java, mathematica.
Programming concepts, loops, decision making, if statement, concepts of array, two dimensional array,
use of function.
Error analysis, Precision and accuracy, Random error, Gross errors, error accumulation in addition,
multiplications, divisions, functions and powers
Scientific calculation, solution of equation, quadratic formula, Newton method, Bisection method,
regression and interpolation, extrapolation, frequency, Numerical solutions of system of equations,
equations, Gauss method, Cramer rule, numerical integration Simpson’s rule, Trapezoidal rule and
differentiation, error analysis and technique for elimination of systematic and random errors.
Concept of matrices, matrix multiplications, determinant of matrix, matrix inversion, eigen function, eigen
values, eigen vectors, motion of falling objects, Kepler's problems, oscillatory motion, radiation
emission, spontaneous problem, wave phenomena, field of static charges and current,
diffusion, random numbers and random walk, Monte Carlo methods.
Books Recommended
1. M. L. De Jong, 'Introduction to Computational Physics', Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc., Massachusetts
(1991).
2. S.T. Koonini, Computational Physics', The Benjamin/Coming Publishing Inc., California (1986).
3. P.K. Macheown & D.J. Merman, Computational Techniques in Physics' Adm Hilger, Bristol (1987).
4. H. Gould & J. Tobochnik, 'An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods', Addison Wesley Publishing
Company, Rading Massachusetts (1988).
5. S.C. Chapra & R.P. Chanle, 'Numerical Methods for Engineers with Personal Computer Applications, McGraw
Hill Book Company, New York.
Lab:
1. Program to calculate square of number.
2. Program to find sum of three, average of numbers.
3. Program to find solution of quadratic equation.
4. Program to solve array problems.
5. Program to find solution of equation using Newton methods
6. Program to find multiplication of matrix.
7. Program to calculate the Gauss-Jordon method.
8. Program to calculate the integration by Simpson’s method.
9. Program to calculate the integration by Trapezoidal method.
10. Program the problem of Kepler’s problem.
11. Program the problems of oscillatory motion.

3
18. Phy-453 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES 3 Cr Hr
Objectives
1. To study the principals & working of electronic devices
2. To learn usage of different techniques and classification
Junctions and Diodes, PN Junctions , Thermal Equilibrium and the Built-In Potential, Deviations from
Ideal Behavior, Small-Signal Parameters, Transient Behavior and (Large Signal) Diode Switching,
Metal–Semiconductor Junctions, Metal–Semiconductor Barriers (Blocking Contacts), Metal–
Semiconductor Ohmic Contacts (Non-blocking ), Deviations from Ideal Behavior , Small-Signal
Parameters , Junctions types, Applications of Single Diodes PN Diodes Schottky Diodes
Bipolar Transistors, Gain and Switching, Operation Modes of a Bipolar Transistor, Characteristics,
Ebers–Moll Model, Deviations from Ideal Behavior, Small-Signal Parameters , Frequency Limits of
Bipolar Transistors
Optimizing Bipolar Transistor Design and Performance, Performance Versus Device Structure,
Transient/Switching Behavior, Emitter Injection Efficiency
Field Effect Transistors, MOS Capacitor System, Flat-Band Voltage, Accumulation, Depletion,
Inversion, Model for Charges in the Silicon Substrate, Deviations from Ideal Behavior , Capacitance of
the MOS structure, MOSFETs, Long-Channel Theory, Refinements and Extensions to Long-Channel
Theory, Subthreshold Conduction Small-Signal Parameters, Integrated Circuit Applications and
MOSFET Scaling, Comparison of BJTs and MOSFETs, MOSFET IC Applications, MOSFET Scaling
Books Recommended:
1. Ben Streetman & Sanjay Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices (6th Edition), Pearson/Prentice
Hall, 2010
2. Babu V Suresh, Solid State Devices and Technology, Pearson Education 2010
3. Donald Neamen, Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill 3rd edition
(2002)

4
19. Phy-435 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES 3 Cr Hr
Objectives
1. To learn & study different sources of energy & their uses.
2. To study the different energy conversion technologies
Introduction: Importance of Energy, World energy demand, Conventional energy sources, Renewable
energy sources; potential, availability and present status of renewable energy sources, Solar Energy:
Solar radiation – Basic concepts, Geometric effects, Atmospheric effects, Solar spectrum, Solar
insulation, Air mass; Solar; spectra, Spectral Energy distribution, Planck’s formula, Spectral distribution
of the solar constant, Wien’s law, Stefan Boltzmann law, Flat Plate Collectors, Concentrating Collectors,
Solar Cells, types, Photo Electric Conversion, Fuel Cells, Photo Chemical conversion.
Wind Energy: Basic Principles and components of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Types and
performance of Wind Machines,
Biomass and Bio fuel: Biomass Conversion Technologies, Thermal Gasification of Biomass, Alternative
Liquid Fuels, Biogas Generation, Classification of Biogas Plants.
Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Sources, Hydro-Thermal, Geo-Pressure, Petro-Thermal and Magma
Resources, Advantages and Limitations of Geo-Thermal Energy.
Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion reactions, Nuclear Power Generation, Prospects of Nuclear energy,
safely and Health Hazards Issues
Global Generation: Growth Rate, Global Resources and their Assessment, Classification, Micro, Mini,
Small and Large Resources, Environmental Impact.
Books:
1. By Aldo V. da Ros, Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes 3rd edition 2012, Academic
Press
2. Bent Sorensen, Renewable Energy, 4th edition 2010 Academic Press
3. Efstathios E. Michaelides, Alternative Energy Sources, Springer 2012
4. D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, CRC
Press; 1 edition 2007

5
20. Phy-431 ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS
Objective(s):
To become familiar with the essentials of environment and Global climate.
To learn to use spectroscopy for environments.
Introduction to the Essentials of Environmental Physics: The economic system, living in green house,
enjoying the sun, Transport of matter, Energy and momentum, the social and political context.
Basic Environmental Spectroscopy: Black body radiation, The emission spectrum of sun, The
transition electric dipole moment, The Einstein Coefficients, Lambert - Beer’s law, The spectroscopy of
bi-molecules, Solar UV and life, The ozone filter.
The Global Climate: The energy Balance, (Zero-dimensional Greenhouse Model), elements of weather
and climate, climate variations and modeling.
Transport of Pollutants: Diffusion, flow in reverse, ground water. Flow equations of fluid Dynamics,
Turbulence, Turbulence Diffusion, Gaussian plumes in air, Turbulent jets and planes.
Noise: Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and noise criteria, reducing the transmission of sound, active
control of sound.
Radiation: General laws of Radiation, Natural radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation and
plants, utilization of photo synthetically active radiation.
Atmosphere and Climate: Structure of the atmosphere, vertical profiles in the lower layers of the
atmosphere, Lateral movement in the atmosphere, Atmospheric Circulation, cloud and Precipitation, The
atmospheric greenhouse effect.
Topo Climates and Micro Climates: Effects of surface elements in flat and widely unduling areas,
Dynamic action of seliq. Thermal action of selief.
Climatology and Measurements of Climate Factor: Data collection and organization, statistical
analysis of climatic data, climatic indices, General characteristics of measuring equipment. Measurement
of temperature, air humidity, surface wind velocity, Radiation balance, precipitation, Atmospheric
Pressure, automatic weather stations.
Recommended Books:
1. E.t Booker and R. Van Grondelle, “Environmental Physics”, John Wiley, 3rd ed. 2011.
G. Guyot, “Physics of Environment and Climate”, John Wiley, 1998

6
21. Phy-470 Medical Physics 3 Credit Hrs
Medical Imaging: Diagnostic X-rays, Production of X-rays, absorption of X-ray to other planes, partial
volume effect, Artifacts, Contrast agents in conventional radiography and CT, Diagnostic Ultrasound,
Doppler effect, Radionuclide imaging, Camera position emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), Contrast agents for MRI.
Radiation Dosimetry: History of Absorbed Dose, Stochastic and Non-Stochastic qualities, Units for
Absorbed Dose, Absorbed Dose Calorimeters, Exposure and its measurements. The free-air chamber,
Exposure measurement with calibrated cavity chamber. The concept of Kerma, absorbed Dose in air,
Absorbed dose in other materials. Factors converting exposure to absorbed Dose. Calibrations in terms of
air Kerma, Calibrations in terms of Absorbed Dose. High energy calibrations, the Bragg-Gray Cavity
theory.
Methods of Dosimetry: Calorimeters, ionization chambers, chemical Dosimetry, Thermoluminescene
Dosimetry (TLD), photographic Dosimetry, Scintillation Detectors, other Dosimetric Systems
Radiation Protection: Cardinal principles of radiation protection minimize time, maximizes distance,
maximize shielding. Time, distance and shielding, maximum permissible dose. Whole-body occupational
exposure, whole-body non-occupational exposure, partial body occupational exposure, X-rays and
pregnancy, Basic radiation safety criteria, effective dose-equivalent, allowable limit on intake (ALI),
inhaled radioactivity, derived air concentration, Gastrointestinal tract, Basic of radiation safety
regulations. Nuclear radiation hazard.
Books Recommended
1. Herman Cember, Introduction to Health Physics, 3rd Ed., (McGraw Hill, New York). 1996.
2. F M Khan, Introduction to Radiation Physics, 3rd Ed.,
3. J.R. Williams, D.I. Thwaits, Radiotherapy Physics, (Oxford University Press, New York),
1993.
4. Peter Armstrong and Martin L.Wastie, Diagnostic Imaging, 4 th ed., (Blackwell Science Ltd.,
Oxford), 1998.
5. Stewart C.Bushong, Radiologic Science of technologies, 5th ed.,(Mosby), 1993.
6. J.R. Greening, Fundamentals of Radiation dosimetry, 2nd ed., (Adam Hilger Ltd. Bristol),
1985.
7. Knol, G.F., Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2 nd ed., (Willey, New York), 1980.
8. Kathren, Health Physics, (Pergamon Press).
9. Edwin, G.A. Arid, Physics of Medical Imaging, Heinemann, 1988.
10. Herman Cember, Introduction to health Physics, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1996.
11. Peter Armstrong and Martin L.Wastie, Diagnostic Imaging, 4th ed., Blackwell Science Ltd.,
Oxford, 1998

7
22. Phy-467 Dielectric material 3hr
Definitions. Multipole development. Electrical dipole, Electrical field equations in substances.

General properties of dielectrics. Polarisation. Fundamental equation of dielectrics. Applications. Plan-
parallel dielectric. The image method applied to dielectrics. Dielectric sphere. Energy and forces acting
on the dielectrics. Volumic, superficial forces. Local field: Lorentz; Onsager. Polarisation mechanisms in
dielectrics: induced, orientational, electronic, ionic, interfacial and lattice polarizations; combined
mechanisms. Relaxarea dielectrica. Mecansime microscopice care conduc la o relaxare Debye. Dielectric
breakdown. Applications of dielectrics. Ferro, piro, piezo-electricity: phenomenology, theory and
applications.
1. M. H. Choudhury, Electromagnetism, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989

2. S. Grant, W. R. Phillips, Electromagnetism, John Wiley & Sons, London, 1975
3. J. Grindlay, An introduction to the phenomenological theory of ferroelectricity, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 1970
4. A. Onsker, Dielectric relaxation in solids, Chelsea Dielectric Press., London, 1983
5. Dielectrics J.C Anderson, champman and hall (1964). UK
6. Physics of solid dielectrics Ion Bungent and Mihai Popescu, Elsevier, Amstrdam, Oxford, New
York, Tokyo (1984)
7. Dielectric solids A.A Zaky and R.Hawley, Routladge and kegan Paul Ltd (1970)
8. Dielectrics P.J Harrop, the Butterworth Group (1972) UK

8
23. Phy-469 Magnetic Materials 3 Credit Hrs
Definitions and units: Introduction, Magnetic poles, Magnetic moments, Intensity of magnetization,
Magnetic dipoles, Magnetic effects of currents, mks units.
Origin of magnetic field: Origin of magnetic moments, Electronic structure, Bonding, Magnetic order,
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism, Exchange, Molecular Field Theory, Ferrimagnets, Anisotropy and
magnetostriction, Domains and domain walls, Domain Structure, Magnetization processes and
hysteresis.
Magnetic parameters: The BH-loop. magnetic parameter, saturation magnetization, magnetic
retentivity, coercivity, squareness ratio, anisotropy constant, curie temperature
Types of magnetic materials: Soft and Hard magnetic materials. Application of soft magnetic materials
and hard magnetic materials. Magnetic alloys and its application, Magnetic Recording media and its
application. Introduction to super conductivity
Books Recommended:
1. Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials by David Jile, Champan and Hall (1991)
2. Magnetic Materials Fundamentals and Applications_by Nicola A. Spaldin, Cambridge university
press, (2011)
3. Introduction to Magnetic Materials, B.D Cullity, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (1972).
Magnetic Ceramics, Raul Valenzuela, Cambridge University Press (1994).

9
24. Phy-478 Quantum Optics
Cr Hr:3
Course Contents
Review of Quantum Mechanics: Hilbert space, operators, states, time evolution, Two level systems ,
Pauli algebra, Bloch-sphere, magnetic resonance, Simple harmonic oscillator.
Optical resonance for two level atoms: Atom-photon interaction in electric dipole approximation,
Pseudo-spin formulation, Rabi flopping, density matrix formulation, phenomenological damping, master
equation and rate equations.
The electromagnetic vacuum: Quantization of the electromagnetic field, spontaneous emission,
resonance fluorescence.
Nonclassical light: Photon counting statistics, Mandel’s formula, Coherent states as quasi-classical
states, phase space methods, quasiprobability distributions, P,Q, and Wigner functions.
squeezed states, theory of partial coherence, Glauber's correlation functions, Photon antibunching and
resonance fluorescence, Jaynes-Cummings model, Dressed states, collapse and revival.
Theory of dissipation in quantum mechanics: System reservoir interaction, derivation of the Linblad
master equation in the Born-Markov approximation, damped two-level atom and simple harmonic
oscillators, Heisenberg formulation-Langevin equations.
Theoretical methods for open quantum systems: Formal theory of the density operators, Quantum
trajectories, unraveling the master equation, measurement theory and decoherence.
Recommended Books
1-Quantum Optics - Scully and Zubairy, (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
2-Quantum Optics, An Introduction, by Mark Fox (OUP Oxford, 2006)
3-Introductory Quantum Optics by C. Gerry and P. Knight (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
4-Quantum Optics: Including Noise Reduction, Trapped Ions, Quantum Trajectories, and Decoherence
by M. Orszag (Springer 2016)
5-Quantum Optics by D.F. Walls, and G.J. Milburn, (Springer, 2008)

10
25. Phy-424 EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Objectives
1. To learn the nuclear detection system and techniques for their
Measurements
2. To learn about the charged particles accelerator and nuclear
Reactor
3. To develop understanding of neutrons physics.
Nuclear Radiation Detection and Measurements:

Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter; photographic emulsions; Gas-filled detectors; Scintillation
counters and solid-state detectors; Cloud chambers; Bubble chambers.
Charged Particle Accelerators:

Linear and orbital accelerators Van de Graaff, Cyclotron; Betatron; Synchrocyclotron; Electron-
Synchrotrons; Proton-synchrotron; Alternating-gradient Synchrotron.
Neutron Physics:
Neutron Sources, Radioactive sources, Photo neutron sources Charged particle sources, Reactor as a
neutron source, slow neutron detectors, fast neutron detectors, Measurement of neutron cross-sections as
a function of energy, slowing down of neutrons, Nuclear fission, Description of fission reaction, Mass
distribution of fission energy. Average number of neutrons released, Theory of fission and spontaneous
fission, Nuclear chain reaction and applications.
Elementary Reactor Physics:

Controlled fission reactions, Types of nuclear reactors (Power and Research), Detailed study of PWR and
CANDU type reactors.
Books Recommended:
1. Glenn, F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley, 1989.

2. William, R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Spinger, 1994.
3. Philips Berington and D. Keith, Data Detection and Error analysis for physical sciences, 2002.
4. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977.
5. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
6. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999.

11

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Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta

Board of studies recommendations for BS Physics 4 years program held on 30-11-2018

• Admission criteria for BS Physics 4 years program

• Scheme of Studies for BS Physics 4 years Program:

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Total: 137 Credit Hours

*Lab-V includes experiments of Designing of Basic and Digital Electronics

List of Elective Courses and each have three credit hours:

1. PHY- 458 Plasma Physics

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

23. PHY-467 Dielectric Materials

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

(Calculus for Functions of one variable)

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Lab Work: Hands on practice on related concepts covered in theory.

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Credit Hours: Three (3)

Basic Concepts and Definitions in Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic system, Surrounding and

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Heat, Electricity & Magnetism LAB

1. Measurement of resistance using a neon flash bulb and condenser

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Recognizing and Understanding Communication Styles : What is Communication?,

1. Murphey “Effective Business Communication” National Book Foundation

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Pre – requisite: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Wave and Oscillations, Sound and Modern Physics

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Review of vectors in 3 dimensions[(arrows) with a view of abstraction into properties of vector

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Writing different kind of applications (leave, job, complaint, etc.)

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

1. To determine horizontal / vertical distance by sextant.

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Introduction to ODEs (physical motivation), First order ODEs (separable variables,

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Discrete Probability Distribution.

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Credit Hours: (Three) 3

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Credit Hours: Three (3)

Review of Newtonian Mechanics: Frame of reference, orthogonal transformations, angular

Motion in Non-inertial Systems: Accelerated translational co-ordinate system, dynamics in

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Syllabus of BS Physics in BOS held 30-11-2018

Credit Hours: Three (3)