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ABSTRACT

One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building. High
cost is primary requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below
poverty line, is becoming one of the most significant problem of peoples. On the other hand,
urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones. Eco friendly
architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the world but
they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness. In this
paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could
still be built at very low costs, with waste materials that is plastic bottle, providing adequate
thermal comfort while being sustainable. At the end, it concluded that in different factors such
as time of execution, load capacity, flexibility, reducing waste, cost and energy efficiency,
plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some conventional building materials such as
brick, concrete and ceramic blocks.
Eco-friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the
world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness.
Nevertheless, many traditional societies learned to build collaborating with nature, basing their
buildings on an intuitive knowledge of the environment and climate, constructing buildings at a
very low cost. In this research we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly
environment and more advanced technologies but that could still be built at very low costs, with
waste materials, providing adequate thermal comfort while being sustainable. A significant
reduction in performance would be acceptable if the cost reduction is significant.
Concrete masonry units are a common method of construction in the world. Since the
masonry units can be constructed with ease. Fifty billion water bottles are consumed every year.
Lack of waste management and recycling in third world countries has come to the attention of
many organizations. The use of plastic bottles in construction materials has been around for the
past twenty years, but with little focus on using full plastic bottles in the materials. The
Engineers Without Borders student group on the campus at Kansas State University have found a
way to utilize the full 500-mL plastic bottle in the creation of concrete walls. The bottles laid
horizontally with concrete on both sides and as mortar between the bottles was used. These
bottles create large voids in the wall decreasing the compressive strength of the wall. This thesis

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presents the results of a study conducted to determine the compressive strength of concrete
masonry units with plastic bottle cores. The plastic bottles were used to create the center voids in
the masonry units. Concrete was placed around the bottles to encase them in the masonry units.
The study utilized 500-mL plastic bottles from five different water companies placed inside
masonry units of 7.87-inch wide by 8.26-inch high by 15.75-inch long (200-mm wide by 210-
mm high by 400-mm long) in size and analyzed the resultant compressive strength. The testing
for compressive strength was determined according to the ASTM C140 standard. Results from
this study were deemed reasonable due to the testing of concrete cylinders as a control
compressive strength. Determination of the compressive strength of the concrete masonry units
allows for further study to continue in concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores to
determine if they are viable in third world countries.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, human apply all of its potentiality to consume more. The result of this high
consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill. In
recent times, human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and
from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes. The waste today can be
produced wherever humans footprints be existed, and remind him that they have not chosen
the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature. This paper introduces the development
and low cost housing in India. At the present time, the possibility of utilizing the renewable
resources such as solar, geothermal has been provided for us more than before, and
development of the renewable and alternative energies is making progress. Plastic have
become an essential part of our day to day life since their introduction over hundred years ago.
The only way to reduce the hazards of plastic is reduce and reuse.
Concrete masonry units are one type of building construction that can be used for
building residential and commercial buildings. These units are available in various nominal unit
shapes and sizes; one of the most common sizes is a nominal 8-inch wide by 8-inch high by 16-
inch long (203.2-mm wide by 203.2-mm high by 406.4-mm long) block which has specified
dimensions of 7.625-inch wide by 7.625-inch high by 15.625-inch long (193.7-mm wide by
193.7-mm high by 396.9-mm long). Actual dimensions are allowed a variation of ± 0.125-inch
(3.2-mm). Concrete masonry units have two cores of 5.125-inch wide by 6.3125-inch long
(130.2-mm wide by 160.3-mm long) in the middle of the block to help reduce the weight of the
block and also allow for reinforcement and grout to be placed in the masonry wall. The face shell
thicknesses of the concrete masonry units varies between 1-inch to 1.25-inch (25.4-mm to 31.8-
mm).
Research conducted for this thesis utilizes plastic water bottles of five brands that are
Dasani, Aquafina, Ozarka, Nestle, and Great Value, and place them as the cores for concrete
masonry units. The units utilize a total of eight plastic bottles with each core of the masonry unit
utilizing four plastic bottles. Concrete is placed around the plastic bottles in the plywood forms
to create the concrete masonry unit.
Testing of new concrete masonry units is necessary to determine if the new design meets
the ASTM standards. The use of ecological aggregate has been widely used in the last two
decades of research (Stahl, 2002) with two of these studies being Lightweight Concrete Masonry

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with Recycled Wood Aggregate by Stahl et Al. and Compressive Behavior of Concrete with
Vitrified Soil Aggregate by Palmquist et Al. Use of solid plastic bottles in concrete masonry units
has not been regularly verified for the ASTM standards testing. Use of these bottles allows
masonry units to be fabricated directly on a job site; reduced energy consumption by eliminating
the recycling process; and reduction of pollution by not releasing the toxic fumes of melting the
plastic bottles to be used as an aggregate in the concrete mix.
Concrete masonry units fabricated for this research are evaluated using ASTM standards
to discern whether the units meet appropriate ASTM and MSJC standards for concrete masonry
units. The ASTM standards for concrete masonry units require specific steps in the testing of the
masonry units to regulate the testing and ensure results are uniform nationwide. While the MSJC
standards provide specific requirements for concrete masonry units to be used in building design.
The resulting conclusion determined if further research is required to justify the use of these
concrete masonry units for the construction of residential and one-story commercial buildings. If
viability is conformed, concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores would be utilized
primarily in third world countries that lack waste management services typical in more
developed countries. This study focuses on construction in the Republic of Ecuador, and
materials used in the concrete masonry blocks were determined to be readily available in that
country by the members of the Engineers Without Borders student group on the campus of
Kansas State University.
The technology of storing liquid products for transportation, distribution
and use is defined as packaging. Our ancestors used baskets and storage units
made of natural fibers and indigenous materials like stone, earth etc. Use of
paper and metal plated containers for such applications dates back to the 10 th
century (Packing, 2012). Glass bottles, plastic containers and polyethylene are
used predominantly in
today‟s context. Polyethylenematerialis playingterephthalate,primaryroleinpackaging a vers
industry in, simultaneouslytoday‟sincreasingcontexttheproduction process. The drawbacks
during the
disposal phase is raising a question, whether the invention is a boon or a bane,
revolving around the societal benefits (Andrady & Neal, 2009) and the negative
impacts in the environment (Webb, Arnott, Crawford, and Ivanova, 2012).

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Nowadays, human apply all of its potentiality to consume more. The result of this high
consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill. In
recent times, human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and
from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes. The waste today can be
produced wherever humans footprints be existed, and remind him that they have not chosen
the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature [1]. This paper introduces the
development and low cost housing in India. At the present time, the possibility of utilizing the
renewable resources such as solar, geothermal has been provided for us more than before, and
development of the renewable and alternative energies is making progress. Plastic have
become an essential part of our day to day life since their introduction over hundred years ago
[2]. The only way to reduce the hazards of plastic is reduce and reuse.

Types of Plastic
A)Thermosetting B)Thermoplastic

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2) LITERATURE REVIEW:
Mojtaba et al. [1] concluded that reusing the plastic bottles as the building
materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by
using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in
manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used. It is
counted as one of the foundation’s green project and has caught the atten the
bottle houses are bioclimatic in design, which means that when it is cold outside is
warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside. Constructing a house by plastic
bottles used for the walls, joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45%
diminution in the final cost. Separation of various components of cost shows that
the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to
75% compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block.

Shilpi et al. [2] concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled
materials, thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing, benefit in
residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling
systems. Plastic is non biodegradable, toxic, highly resistant to heat and electricity
(best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense, plastic PET bottles use in bottle
brick technique. This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap
and best houses for living.

Puttaraj et al. [3] examined that efficient usage of waste plastic in plastic-soil bricks has resulted
in effective usage of plastic waste and thereby can solve the problem of safe disposal of plastics,
also avoids its wide spread littering and the utilization of quarry waste has reduced to some
extent the problem of its disposal. Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-
renewable resource. Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature, it is
considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant. So reusing or recycling.

Increasing amounts of plastic waste are being generated following the rapid rate of
urbanization in India. Today, there is a staggering demand for plastic products with the rising
affluence and public embracement of western consumerism. However, this expansion of plastic
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production and consumption is having a significant impact both visibly and invisibly on the
environment and society in India. The problems with plastic waste may seem surprising in a
country where traditional materials fulfilling the current role of plastics have existed. The
winning factor for plastics is its functional superiority (convenience) and cost effectiveness. By
sheer economies of scale, plastics have eroded the traditional industries in India and have slowly
perpetuated the throwaway culture in the Indian society. The bottled water, fast food and Pepsi
Coke culture in the country contributes to the increasing plastic waste generation in India. The
problem becomes very visible when there is no effective end of life management to take care of
the litter, and this creates an environmental and social problem. The widespread use of plastics as
a packaging medium has resulted in the landscapes of India being littered with non-
biodegradable plastic bags and PET bottles, with plastic bags dominating the litter. Much plastic
waste has a value, and is consequently taken care of by the informal recycling sector. Market
forces guide the informal sector, and they contribute to the waste system immensely by
collecting waste material that has a value, thereby taking over a part of the burden on the
municipalities. Despite the attempts from the formal and the informal sector, significant
quantities of the plastic waste remain uncollected. Waste management is also constrained by the
lack of public awareness and low municipal budgets in the country. Most municipalities are
starved of budgets and this impairs the system of waste collection and disposal in many cities in
India. Even when budgets are adequate for collection, safe disposal remains a major problem. In
essence, inefficient waste management leads to a number of environmental problems. The
situation is more acute in countries such as India where economic growth as well as urbanization
is quite rapid. In view of the limited resources and availability of land for disposal, especially in
the metropolitan cities, there is a

of a reclaimed polymer be determined: 4) can solvents be used to bring about an effective

separation of two well blended polymers: and 5) what happens to the physical and mechanical
properties of a recycled or reclaimed polymer in the area of re-processing. This last investigation
will help to understand the potential for polymers to be long range, reusable media in the
infrastructure of buildings, bridges, and other structures.

Therefore, section 2.2 is a discussion on the current state of mixed plastics recycling and

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how these existing technologies may be used to develop a process to reclaim thermotropic liquid
crystalline polymers. Section 2.3 is a brief discussion on the area of polymeric solubility and
how it might help in affecting a physical separation of two polymers in a blended system.
Section 2.4 is an investigation of how reactive extrusion is used to control the molecular weight
of a polymer and how this might be beneficial in a reclamation process. And in section 2.5, the
field of processing recycled or reclaimed polymeric material is briefly investigated to get a better
understanding of the potential for engineering plastics to be reused.

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3)CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND ITS PROPERTIES:

1)SOIL

2)PLASTIC BOTTLE

3)NYLON ROPE

4)WATER

1)SOIL

Soil is the basic element in any construction project so before using it in our project we have to
study the basic properties of the soil and go through different tests, so as to check whether the
soil sample selected is suitable for the given project.

Properties of soil
 Soil Texture:
Soil texture can have a profound effect on many other properties and is considered among the
most important physical properties. Texture is the proportion of three mineral particles, sand,
silt and clay, in a soil. These particles are distinguished by size, and make up the fine mineral
fraction (Refer Table 2.1).

Soil Particle Diameter(mm)

Gravel >2.0

Sand 0.05-2.0

Silt 0.002-0.05

Clay <0.002

Table no.

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 Soil Colloids:

Soil colloids refer to the finest clay in a soil. Colloids are an important soil fraction due to
properties that make them the location of most physical and chemical activity in the soil. One
such property is their large surface area. Smaller particles have more surface area for a given
volume or mass of particles than larger particles. Thus, there is increased contact with other
colloids and with the soil solution. This results in the formation of strong friction and cohesive
bonds between colloid particles and soil water, and is why a clay soil holds together better than
a sandy soil when wet.

 Soil Structure:

Soil structure is the arrangement and binding together of soil particles into larger clusters,
called aggregates or pads. Aggregation is important for increasing stability against erosion, for
maintaining porosity and soil water movement, and for improving fertility and carbon
sequestration in the soil. Granular structure consists of loosely packed spherical pads that are
glued together mostly by organic substances.
 Soil Porosity:

Many important soil processes take place in soil pores (air or water-filled spaces between
particles). Soil texture and structure influence porosity by determining the size, number and
interconnection of pores. Coarse-textured soils have many large (macro) pores because of the
loose arrangement of larger particles with one another. Fine-textured soils are more tightly
arranged and have more small (micro) pores. Macro pores in fine-textured soils exist between
aggregates. Because fine-textured soils have both macro- and micro pores, they generally have
a greater total porosity, or sum of all pores, than coarse-textured soils.

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2)PLASTIC BOTTLE:
In this paper plastic bottles are used as a fundamental element, so we have gone through every
property of the PETE bottles so as to ensure a stable structure.

Properties of PETE bottle

polymers and with or without cross linking and branching, and they soften on the application
of heat, with or Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles is thermoplastic
materials. This type of plastic are without pressure and require cooling to be set to a shape.
Following are properties of plastic bottle:

1) Wax like in appearance, translucent, odorless and one of the lightest plastics.

2)Flexible over a wide temperature.

3)Heat resistance.

4)Chemically stable.

5)Do not absorb moisture.

6) Transparent.

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3)NYLON ROPE:
Nylon rope has a very high tensile strength so that it is use as the main binder for PETE bottles
masonry [12].

2.4.1 Properties of Nylon rope

Nylon rope is gotten from coal, Petroleum, air and water. It is a polyamide
thermoplastic produced by series of condensation reaction between an amine and
organic acids. the properties of nylon as follow:

1)Good abrasion resistance.

2)Tough and strong but flexible too.

3)High impact strength.

4)Absorb water which causes reduction in strength and impact properties

5)Resistant to most of the solvents and chemicals

High softening temperatures and thus molding becomes difficult.

4)WATER:

Water is in a similar way like cement, an active component in mortar. For cement-
sand mortar, without water no hydration can be attained, hence no strength can be
achieved. Water is responsible for the workability of a fresh mortar. 20% of the
overall weight of the cement and soil was used to determine the quantity of water
to be used in the mix. A slump test and a flow test were conducted to evaluate the
consistency of the fresh mortar.

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4.TEST CONDUCTED ON CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:

A)SOIL
 Firstly bottle was filled with various types of soil depending upon
various region.
 In case of red and white soil ,if were sieve fine so that it can be easily
compacted without providing any damage to bottle.
 If coarser particle is present in bottle it will lead to cracking in bottle
under over loading condition.
 If soil is fine as per desired ,it will show great bearing load than that of
brick.
 Though it is compacted very heavily it is very light in weight as
compared to brick.
 Average weight of bottle is 1551.2gm and that of brick is 2890gm. So
it is very lt wt as compared to brick.
 In below fig. we can see that bottles filled with various types of soil
have been weighed and avg wt of it is also calculated.
 Different soil show different avg of their wt.
 This difference is mainly due to voids which are present during
compaction
 It should remain in mind that soil should fill in bottle with great
compaction to avoid discripancies.
 Below fig shows test conducted only on red soil and their wt being
taken.

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Fig no 1) weighing of bottle filled with red soil

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B)LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF BOTTLE

Test was conducted on three types of materials as follows,

aRed soil

b)Crushing sand

c)Crushing dust.

Compressive test was conducted on these following types of soil when they were filled in
bottle.Compaction test shows great result when it is compacted very hardly.

a)Red soil:

BOTTLE NO WEIGHT(GM) STRENGTH(KN)

1 1590 221

2 1560 222

3 1555 272

4 1595 180

5 1456 182

Table no 1.

Avg wt=7756/5

=1551.2gm

Avg strength=1077/5

=215.4kn

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b) Crushing sand

BOTTLE NO WEIGHT (GM) STRENGTH(KN)

1 2060 100

2 1985 62

3 2090 68

4 1940 92

5 2105 66

table no.2

Avg wt=10181/5

=2036gm

Avg strength=388/5

=77.6kn

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c)Crushing dust

BOTTLE NO WEIGHT(GM) STRENGTH(KN)

1 1930 90

2 2000 160

3 1900 140

4 2020 94

5 1850 85

Table no.3

Avg wt=2590/5

=5180gm

Avg strength=569/5

=113.8kn

Fig no.3

5. WORKING METHODOLOGY:
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Step 1:
When you make a clay brick, the time and the energy used right from mixing the clay to baking
it in the kiln and taking into account the firewood used for that, you will see that the bottle brick
is far more energy-efficient.

The technology also reduces the carbon emission that happens during the baking of an ordinary
brick. The heat generation from cement factories can also be reduced as this technology uses
only five percent cement. The foundation for the entire construction is obtained from building
waste and so the mountains from which granite is blasted out can be saved too.
PET Bottle can last as long as 300 years (undoubtedly longer than the cement used to bind the
bottles together in the walls!).
The following picture is of an ecological house constructed in Honduras using some 8,000 PET
bottles, in the process freeing up an estimated 12 cubic meters (m3) in the local landfill.
The house also features a living roof (sometimes called a green roof) of sod and turf. Such roofs
not only have aesthetic appeal, but tend to insulate the house better than conventional roofs,
lowering heating and cooling costs. They are also cheaper than conventional roofs.
When wet, the 102 square meter (m2), living roof of the casa ecol? can weigh as
much as 30 metric tons (Mt, toneladas). The PET bottle walls can support the
weight.
Step 2:
This instructs able tells you how to build a pavilion with these bottles.
1. Your first step is to collect as many discarded plastic bottles as you can..They can be of
various capacities.
2. Next step is to find a place where you can get a hell load of dry sand (finer,the better).
3. Next process is to take the bottles, fill them with sand, sealed and then paste them with a
mixture made of earth, clay, sawdust and a little cement to provide additional strength and
durability. The following video shows how to fill the bottle.

4. Now you are all set. Always start with the pillar. You can have as many pillars as you want,
but not less than 3.
5. Dig a cylindrical pit about 60cm in depth. The radius should be at least 10cm more than the

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length of the bottle that you are going to use for constructing the pillar.
6. Make a cement bed (about 4cm thickness)in the pit. Insert an long iron/steel rod at the
centre. Tie a long and strong thread to the rod. Now we are going to lay 10 or 11 bottles around
this rod. For this, first lay a bottle on the bed such that the bottle is racially oriented towards the
centre. (i.e., the cap is oriented towards the rod).

7. Take the thread and make a knot around the neck of the bottle you just laid. Put the next
bottle in similar way keeping in mind that the caps of the 2 bottles touch each other. Make a
knot around the 2nd bottle also. Repeat the steps until you lay all the 11 bottles. You have
made your first course of bottles.

8. Fill in the gaps between the bottles with rubble and cement. Make the next bed and
continue this process till you fill the entire pit.Hurray! your foundation is complete. Leave
it for a few hours so that the cement will solidify.

9. After you have made the foundation for all your pillars, you can start building the pillar.
Lay the bottles like you did for the foundation, and you will see your pillars rising. You
can put broken bricks or other construction wastes between the bottles so that they don't
move.
10. Now if you want you can plaster your pillar with cement. This pillar is many times
stronger much cheaper than an ordinary pillar made with bricks.

Step 3:
After building all the pillars, you are ready to make the platform.
1. Make an outline of your platform with chalk powder or any color powders.
2. Make a Clay bed about 5cm height and width=5 cm > length of the bottles. This bed runs
along the perimeter of the platform.
3. Now lay the bottles (with their neck facing outwards )one by one on this bed and tie them to
each other as shown in the picture. After laying a course, fill the inside area with cement, clay or
rubble. If you want to make more courses, make sure that you knot each bottle of the underlying
course with the above course as shown in the picture. This is to impart more strength to the
structure.
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4. This is your platform. Now put tiles or ceramics for flooring.

5. You can put any type of roof over this because the pillars are really strong enough to
hold them.
6. Create your own designs, and build your own structures with this cheap construction
method!

6. COMPLETED WORK:

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A) Plan lay-out
 As shown in fig below plan of toilet is shown. there are 2 pits of 3ft dia. And

3ft deep is shown

 These two pits are kept at a distance (min) 2ft from each other.
 Provision of two pits is for reason that it can use alternately or seasonally min for
6 month of period

Fig no.6 (A)

Salient features
1. It is a suitable model for all
2. Low cost
3. Appropriate where space is limited

B) Collection of bottle
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Fig no.6(B)

C) Sieving of soil

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 Seiving is done to achieve high degree of compaction.

 The size of soil is mentioned in table given previously.
 Seiving if done transparently avoids pores or gap between them.
 Seiving removes unwanted fragments through soil.

fig no.6( C )

D) Filling of bottle
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Filling of bottle with compaction is simultaneously done. One bottle can be filling in different
three layers. Each layer fully compacted so that air voids are minimized. Increasing weight of
bottle also increases strength of bottle. Compaction can be done by steel or timber rod. Filling of
bottle is done manually. Each bottle must be tighten by cap to get desired strength

Fig no.6(D)

7. LAYING AND CURING OF CONCRETE BED

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1. M20 grade concrete is used.

2. Thickness of bed is 9 cm and width 24 cm.

3. Curing is nominal in ths case as only small bed of concrete is laid.

4. Curing in this case is done for 5 to 7 days.

Fig no. 7(A)

5. It saves water to large extent as in case of brick wall .

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6. Curing can be done by wet gunny bag which is economical.

7. Wet gunny bag curing avoids excess of evaporation.

8. In this case curing is done by sprinkling method.

Fig no.7(B)

8. PLACING OF TOILET PAN

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1) Placing of pan is not so that complex, it is easy to fix.

2) Formwork required for it is also simple .

3)Height of toilet pan is upto 1ft.

4)Slope is given towards centre.

Fig no.8(A)Placing of toilet pan

9 .PLACING OF BOTTLE

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Plastic bottle place in similar manner as that of brick masonry ,but bottom portion of bottle is
placed from outer side .Due to this a better platform for plastering is obtained and it gives
smooth surface for plastering.

Instead of cement mortar,mud mortar is used .Aim behind this is that to achieve economy of
construction. Bottle should be air tight so that placing is uniformly obtained.

Bottle having light weight is easily accommodate and transfers its load easily handling and
placing as compared to brick work.

Fig 9(A)Placing of bottle

Fig9(B)Placing arrangement at corner

10. PLASTERING BY MUD MORTAR

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Plastering is done by mud mortar by mixing dung (cow) to avoid cracks.

It does not required skilled labour and can be done individually.

Also equipment require for plastering is not require.

fig10.Plastering by mud mortar

11. COST COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICK MASONRY AND

BOTTLE MASONRY WALL

Here, we consider 10 m2 Masonry works for calculation of quantities.

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Brick Masonry wall

1) Number of bricks

Actual size of brick =19 cm x9 cm x 9cm

Normal size of brick (with mortar joint) = 20 cm x10

cm x 10 cm
Volume of brick masonry = Area x thickness of wall

No.of bricks=volume of brick mason/volume of 1brick with motar

=2.3/(0.2*0.1*0.1)
=1150 Nos.

2) Mortar

Actual volume of bricks in brick masonry = 1150 ×

(0.19×0.19×0.19) =
1.76m3
Volume of wet mortar =
2.3 - 1.76 = 0.531m3
For frog filling, cut bricks, for bonding, wastage etc increase this quantity by 15%

Volume of wet mortar =

1.15*0.531=0.610 m3

Volume of dry mortar reduces by

25% when water is added

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Volume of dry mortar =1.25×0.610

=0.763 m3

Sr. no Material Quantity Rate Per Amount(Rs.)

1 Brick 1150 nos. 5 1 no. 5750
2 Cement 5.45 300 1 bag 1635
3 Sand 0.237 250 1 m3 59.25
Total 7444.25
Table: Cost Estimation of Brick Wall Masonry

Plastic Bottle Masonry wall:

1) Number of bottle

Actual size of bottle = 24cm x 8 cm ϕ

Normal size of bottle (with mortar joint) = 24 cm x9 cm ϕ
Volume of bottle masonry = Area x thickness of wall
=10 ×0.24

=2.4m3

No. of bottle=volume of bottle/volume of 1brick with motar

=2.4/[0.24*(π/4*0)]

=1572 nos.

2) Mortar

Actual volume of bricks in brick masonry = 1150 × (0.19×0.19×0.19)

3
= 1.76m
3
Volume of wet mortar = 2.3 - 1.76 = 0.531m
For frog filling, cut bricks, for bonding, wastage etc increase this quantity by 15% Volume of wet mortar =
3
1.15 × 0.531= 0.610m

Volume of dry mortar reduces by 25% when water is

added Volume of dry mortar = 1.25 × 0.610
3
= 0.763m

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Sr. no Material Quantity Rate Per Amount(Rs.)

1 Plastic bottle 1572 0.5 1 no. 786
nos.
2 Cement 5.45 300 1 bag 1635
3 Sand 0.237 250 1m3 59.25
3
4 Soil 1.99 100 1m 199
5 Labour work 4 300 1 person 1200
Total 3879.25
Table: Cost Estimation of Plastic Bottle Wall Masonry

12. COMPARISON OF FEATURES

Considerati Plastic Bottle
Sr. No Factors ons Wall Brick Wall

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Time and speed 5 persons

1 of team- 15% faster 120 m2
Execution one working
day
Implementat Saving in
2 Material and ion cement, More weight, more
and water, grinder
equipment costs installation and Materials
of materials
and fitting
equipment
Displacemen Lighter and Greater weight and
3 Transportation t higher less
in the volume, easy volume, hard and
Costs building and costly
cheap
displacement Displacement
Less manpower More human
4 Execution cost Using and resources- the
calculations
of indigenous higher cost
panel

Strength and 20 times more

5 load than Greater wall
Capacity brick thickness, lower
Strength

Earthquake Low and High weight and loss

6 Resistance to has Integrated of
Earthquake a direct weight without Material
relationship falling debris
with the
weight
of each
structure

7 Cleanness and Very clean High volume of

beauty of work execution, no construction waste
construction
waste

8 Flexibility High flexibility Low flexibility

9 Material waste No wastage High and unusable

13. BENEFITS OF PLASTIC BOTTLE MASONRY WALL

The most important benefits of these alternative innovative materials compared to

conventional materials such as brick can include:
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A. Good construction ability: The walls built by these bottles are lighter than the walls
built by brick and block, and that makes these buildings to show a good response against
earthquake. Due to the compaction of filling materials in each bottle, resistance of each
bottle against the load is 20 times higher compared to brick. And these compressed filling
materials, makes the plastic bottle to be prevented from passing the shot that makes the
building as a bulletproof shelter.

B. Low cost: Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls, joist ceiling and
concrete column offers us 45% diminution in the final cost. Separation of various
components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle walls can lead
to cost reduction up to 75% compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete
block. It must be noted that the sophisticated manpower can lead to reducing the
construction time and the relative costs also become lower.

C. Non-brittle characteristic: Using the non-brittle materials can reduce construction

waste. Unlike brick, plastic bottle is non-brittle. So due to the frangibility property, the
percentage of producing construction waste in brick is more than plastic bottles.

D. Absorbs abrupt shock loads: Flexibility is a characteristic which makes the buildings
performance higher against the unexpected load. Since the plastic bottles are not fragile, they
can be flexible and tolerates sudden loads without failure. This characteristic can also increase
the buildings bearing capacity against the earthquake.

E. Green Construction: Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and
resources, recycling materials, minimizing the emission, having significant operational savings
and increasing work place productivity.
14. BENEFITS OF PLASTIC BOTTLE

The convenience and design features of plastics have made significant contributions to modern
life. Automobiles are lighter, safer and more energy efficient, largely through the use of

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lightweight plastics in interiors, bumpers, side panels and safety glass interlayer. Similar
examples can be found in the construction, recreation and health care fields. And the use of
plastics instead of glass or paperboard in many household products, such as milk containers that
don’t leak and shampoo, beverage and liquid detergent bottles that won’t shatter, has also
increased safety around the home and elsewhere.

In fact, the replacement of glass, metal, kraft paper and cardboard with plastics has done more
than just create safer, lighter-weight packaging. It has improved product preservation and
distribution, reduced resource consumption, lightened the total solid waste load, and reduced
the total volume of packaging materials that would otherwise have to be dealt with.
Plastic Bottles save Energy:

Effective resource management dovetails with the use of lightweight plastics because energy is
saved in production, transportation and use. And plastic bottles can be recycled or reused as an
energy source, again saving resources, raw materials and energy.

In their production, plastic bottles use about 25 per cent less energy – natural gas and crude oil
hydrocarbons, including the raw material in the bottles – than glass bottles, metal cans or
paperboard containers. And because less energy is needed to produce a plastic bottle,
significantly smaller quantities of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere.

Plastic bottles also require less energy to transport. Airlines, for example, converted from glass
to plastic miniature liquor bottles to take advantage of fuel savings from this lightweight
package. Based on 1983 data, each jumbo jet saved $15,000 in fuel costs alone.

Plastic Bottles are Recyclable:

Plastic bottles and containers, which have emerged as a consumer-preferred alternative.

in recent years, are now becoming an important part of North America’s current recycling

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programs. An estimated 30 per cent of all plastic soft drink containers made from polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) are now being recycled. This rate of recycling is the same as the rate
experienced by aluminum cans at a comparable time in their product history. The plastics
industry itself, however, intends to accelerate the rate of plastics recycling as part of its
commitment to developing solutions to the solid waste problem. Studies show that recycling
plastics bottles into new products saves from 50 to 60 per cent of the energy that would be
required to make the same product from virgin material.

PET Soft drink bottles have been collected in Ontario’s Blue Box recycling system since 1986,
while mixed plastic bottles and jugs first joined the program in early 1989. Several
municipalities now include mixed plastics in the collection process, including all Metropolitan
Toronto municipalities. The industry is optimistic that other regions of Canada now introducing
curbside collection programs will also include mixed plastics in their programs.

To help accelerate recycling programs, North America’s plastics industry is introducing a

voluntary coding system to enable recyclers to more quickly identify plastic resins. As well,
householders in communities where only certain plastics are collected will be more certain of
which plastic articles can go into their recycling boxes.

In Ontario, less than one per cent of the plastic bottles and jugs now collected are rejected
because of contamination. And market demand for PET, for example, continues to grow.

Recycled plastic bottles are used for fiberfill stuffing for pillows, ski jackets, sleeping bags and
automobile seats. Manufacturers are producing engineering plastics such as power tool
housings, floor tiles, and paint brushes. A recent area of expansion is in geotextiles, using mats
of fiberfill material as land retainers. Plastic construction material, such as roofing scrim or
under layer, which creates a stronger roof, is another quickly growing area.
Plastic Bottles in the Waste Stream:

The total amount of mixed plastic bottles in the overall waste stream is about one-half of
one per cent. Canadians discard about 20 pounds of plastic bottles and jugs per household per

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year (compared to about 500 pounds of newsprint).

In areas without recycling programs, most bottles and containers are disposed of with other
municipal solid waste in landfills. An Australian study has shown that a 2-litre plastic container
generates much less waste for every million litres of milk bottled than either a plastic-coated
paperboard container or a glass bottle, even when the glass bottle is reused ten times. Plastics
actually help reduce the volume of waste that would otherwise need to be dealt with, even when
recycling is not used.

Since plastic bottles are inert, they do not leach into the groundwater, nor do they release
noxious gases.

Plastic Bottles and Energy Recovery:

In nations with energy recovery plants, plastic bottles and containers become supplementary
fuel to fire boilers in electrical generating or district heating plants. Plastic waste contributes
valuable fuel to the incineration process, helping to maintain the high combustion temperatures
required to eliminate harmful emissions. The fuel per pound of PET is more than double the
average fuel value of a pound of mixed combustible solid waste. And plastics do not emit
harmful toxins into the atmosphere when burned in state-of-the-art incinerators.

Plastic Bottles and Degradability:

No beverage or liquid container is degradable – aluminum, paperboard, glass or plastic –

in the sense that it will “go away” in months, years or even decades. Modern landfills are
designed as tombs, not biological reactors. So even organic materials – including food scraps –
are merely preserved in landfills, still recognizable decades after disposal.
Plastic Bottles Improve Safety:

Shatter-proof plastic bottles help make the home a safer place. Child-resistant seals offer
obvious advantages where potentially harmful substances, such as detergents, garden chemicals

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and medicines, are concerned. Plastics are also proving popular at the meal table. Consumers
prefer the lightweight, shatter-proof squeezable bottles being introduced for sauces and other
foods.

DISADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC BOTTLE

1. Plastics have low bonding properties which results in reduction in compressive, tensile and
flexural strength. So to improve the bonding strength the PET fibers can be modified into
one of the several patterns like crimped, twist or cramped patterns.[9]

2. Its melting point is low so that it can’t be used in furnaces because it melts in high
temperature.
Plastic production involves use of potentially harmful chemicals which were used as
stabilizers or colorants. So, they may need environment risk assessment and need certain
results. For eg. Phthalates used in PVC is released when in contact with saliva in case of
toy.

15. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

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Based on established properties (compressive strength, density) determined in this study,

mix designs could be researched with to achieve increased compressive strength. The
effect of decrease in the plastic aggregates size and the use of admixtures, among other
alterations should be also studied for increasing strength. In addition a complete cost
analysis can be done to determine the cost effectiveness of production and operating with
the plastic aggregate blocks. With the availability of specific instruments, further
mechanical tests and a microscopic analysis can be carried out to improvise the process
and develop a superior quality product. Also use of PET fibres with industrial wastes like
Blast furnace slag, fly ash, foundry slag etc as aggregate replacement can be researched
and analyzed upon. Possible application of continuous PET strips in mono or bi
directional reinforcements for concrete slabs and pavements can also be studied.
Research could be conducted to analyze and increase the bonding strength between PET
Fibers and concrete matrix.

16. CONLUSION

The use of concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores could become possible in
third world countries. Ease of masonry unit construction on-site was of utmost importance in the

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creation of the laboratory units. This was achieved by primarily using hand tools in addition to
the concrete mixer. Compressive strength of the units was not drastically different than test
cylinder results, confirming that masonry units can be used when the concrete mixture is
determined to be adequate. Masonry units can be fabricated on the construction site and allowed
to cure before being placed in the structure.

Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can
have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of
the region, reducing environmental degradation.

Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design, which means that when it is cold
outside is warm inside and vice versa.

Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on
saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the
CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used.

Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources,
recycling materials, minimizing the emission, having significant operational savings and
increasing work place productivity.

Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry.
i.e., Total cost of 10m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs. 7444.25 and total cost of 10 m 2 Bottle masonry
wall is Rs. 3879.25.

17.REFERENCE

1) ASTM Standard C129, 2012 (2014), “Standard Sp Masonry Units TM International,.”

Wes Tas c onshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.

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2) ASTM Standard C1232, 2012 (2014), “Standard T

3) International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.

4) ASTM Standard C1314, 2012 (2014),trength“Standardof T Masonry Prisms.” ASTM

International,www.astm.org. West

5) ASTM Standard C1716, 2012 (2014), “Standard S Requirements for Concrete Masonry
Units, R

6) International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.

7) Berg, Eric. "A Procedure for Testing Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
Mixes." Cement, concreteand aggregates 19.1 (1997): 3-7. Web.

8) Mosele, F. "Innovative Clay Unit Reinforced Masonry System: Testing,

Design and Applications in Europe." Procedia Engineering 14 (2011):
2109-16. Print.

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