1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

For many years, problem in solid waste had been a major concern in our country. And as

the researchers observed, problem in plastic waste had been rampant in the community. This

made the researchers to conduct this study and test the effectiveness of PET plastics as a main

component in making bricks.

Solid waste is one of the major environmental issue being faced globally. According to

the World Bank’s What a Waste 2.0, the world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid

waste. And, at least 33% of that was not managed in an environmentally safe manner. One of the

most produced waste was plastic as according to British Plastic Federation (2023) it was used

across almost every sector, including the production of packaging, building and construction, in

textiles, consumer products, transportation, electrical and electronics, and industrial machinery.

And, because of being a widely used product and as a non- biodegradable waste it was hard to

dispose. Plastic is a versatile material used to make thousands of products people use everyday.

It is a synthetic or man-made polymer that resembles the natural resins found in trees and other

plants. Any of the numerous complex organic compounds made by the polymerization process,

in which small molecules join together to form very big molecules that resemble chains, are

known as polymers. Polymers can be cast into different shapes and films, extruded, molded,

pulled into filaments, and used as textile fibers. (Chemical Safety Facts.org., October 6, 2022).
 2

According to the World Bank, Philippines grapples with unsustainable plastic production

or consumption and insufficient solid waste management infrastructure. Plastic pollution is one

of the severe problems in the Philippines. The country generates 2.7 million tons of plastic waste

annually due to its high reliance on single-use plastics and inadequate waste management

systems. Due to an ineffective recycling system, the Philippines’ plastic consumption is

unsustainable based on the study conducted by Raji on 2023. Furthermore, according to

Hernandez (2012), Bicol region produces 559,180 metric tons of garbage a year. The provinces

of Camarines Sur produces 508 tons of waste per day, followed by Albay with 356 tons, Masbate

with 231 tons, Sorsogon with 213 tons, Camarines Norte with 154 tons, and Catanduanes with 70

tons (Hernandez, A. 2012).

In regards to this, Congress of the Philippines approved the Republic Act No. 9003

known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” to provide the necessary policy

framework, institutional mechanisms and mandate to the Local Government Units (LGUs) to

achieve 25% waste reduction through establishing an integrated solid waste management plans

based on 3Rs ( reduce, reuse and recycling). With the implementation of this Act, barangays in

every municipality should have MRFs where garbage will be thrown and will be segregated. But,

despite of this, wastes were still being scattered everywhere and was disposed improperly.

Because of this problem, the researchers decided to use plastic PET bottles as a main component

in creating an alternative bricks.

In conclusion, problem in waste management drove the researchers to conduct this study.

The purpose of this study is to create an efficient way to minimize the problem on plastic

pollution. This study aims to address the problem about improper waste management,
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specifically the problem in scattered plastics. Since plastics are nonbiodegradable, it is hard for

us to dispose or decompose plastics. It will take several years to decompose plastics.

Consequently, more and more plastics were being littered and were improperly disposed. It is

due to this background, researchers would like to study the environment-friendly potential use of

plastic and demonstrate its usefulness by recycling and manufacturing it into a construction

material, specifically into bricks, together with sand, as an alternative to aggravate in making

bricks.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to create an alternative bricks and help in minimizing the

problems about plastics at the same time. The researchers aims to determine the quality and

effectiveness of PET plastic as substitute to aggravate in making bricks. This research also

sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the qualitative characteristics of Plastic Sand Bricks in terms of:

A. Appearance

A.1. sharp edges

A. 2. smooth surface

B. Weight

C. Toughness

2. Which proportion of Plastic Sand yield the best quality of bricks?

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3. Is there any significant difference in the qualitative characteristics of bricks using

varied proportions of plastic sand?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study shall be great benefit to the following:

Environment - The utilization of PET plastic as the main component for bricks

production will lead to minimizing plastic wastes, thus helping the environment.

Community - Eco- bricks produced mainly from recycled plastics can create a clean and

well- organized community. New establishments can be established using recycled bricks which

can help beautify the community.

Coastal areas – Since this study utilized PET plastic as a substitute for aggravate in

making bricks, coastal areas where aggravate were gathered can also benefit.

School - Utilization of plastics can help the cleanliness and orderliness of the school.

Moreso, additional benches, pavements, pathways could be established using this eco- bricks.

Students - This study will develop, instill and inculcate good values to learners, such as

discipline, cleanliness, orderliness and 3Rs skills will also be developed.

Households - The more recycling the less garbage winds up in our landfills . Recycling

plastic bottles can reduce contaminants and therefore, help lessen the amount of litter on our

streets, waterways, and oceans.

Companies - Since most companies produce plastic wastes which contributes to

pollution ,this study is perfect to help lessen plastic pollutants and maintain plastic production.
 5

Engineering students - the result of the study can pave the way to future researchers like

engineering students to great discoveries and ideas that will lead for a great tomorrow for the

next future generations and so on.

Research Hypothesis

There is a significant difference in the qualitative characteristics of bricks on the varying

proportions of Plastic Sand.

Scope and Delimitation

This research aims to determine if PET plastics can be used as a main component to

create an alternative bricks. The materials that will be used are PET plastics, sand and cement.

This study will only focus on creating an alternative bricks using PET plastics so it will not cover

the effectiveness of other type of plastic nor other materials. Additionally, because of the lack of

testing material and time, bricks' durability and compressive strength will not be tested. Thus,

this will only deal with the weight, toughness and appearance of the bricks (sharp edges and

smooth surface). The study shall take place in Caramoran Rural Development High School and

duration of study would cover only in this second semester, S.Y. 2022- 2023, for the utilization

and acceptability of the result of this study.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of this study, the following terms were defined conceptually and

operationally:

Cement bricks - is the control group of the study and will serve as the standard of

comparison.
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Non- biodegradable wastes - are wastes that cannot be dissolved or decomposed.

Pavements - is a road surface, one of the structure that can be created using plastic

bricks.

PET plastics - polyethylene terephthalate, also called PET, is the name of a type of clear,

strong, lightweight and 100% recyclable plastic.

Plastic bricks - is an alternative bricks made up of PET plastics and will be the output of

the study.

Scattered plastics - refers to the platics that can be seen or littered anywhere.

Sharp edges - one of the bricks' qualitative characteristics and will be rated based on the

edges of bricks if it doesn't have cracks in the corner.

Smooth surface – this means that the bricks have a smooth texture

Solid Waste Management - is the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material

that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful.

Weight - refers to the lightness of the bricks

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and related studies from both local and

foreign sources pertinent to and essential to the completion of the study.

Related Literature

Solid-waste management is the collection, handling, and disposal of solid waste that is

thrown away after serving its purpose or becoming unusable. Unsanitary circumstances brought

on by improper municipal solid waste disposal can result in environmental contamination and

epidemics of vector-borne diseases, which are illnesses spread by rodents and insects. The

handling of solid waste involves intricate technical issues. They also present a wide range of

management and solution challenges in the areas of administration, economy, and society.

(Nathanson, 2023).

According to the UN Environment Programme, the modern economy’s growing volume

and complexity of trash pose a severe threat to ecosystems and public health. An estimated 11.2

billion tones of solid trash are collected year, and the organic garbage’s decomposition accounts

for 5% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. Around the world, 11.2 billion tons of solid

trash are reportedly collected annually. The fastest-growing concern in both developed and

developing countries is trash from electrical and electronic equipment that contains new and

complicated dangerous compounds. Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA)

conducted a study in 2019 that found the Southeast Asian archipelago uses 60 billion plastic

sachets annually.
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A total of 15.5%, 11.9%, and 9.2% of the garbage will come from Sorsogon, Camarines

Norte, and Albay, respectively. The Bicol Region will have generated 443,807.1 metric tons of

solid trash by the year 2020, a 35.6 percent increase from the amount in 1998. ( Philippine

Statistics Authority)

Through the adoption of RA 9003, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, which

calls for a systematic, all-encompassing, and ecological waste management program to ensure

the protection public health and the environment, the Philippines has worked to improve the

management of solid waste.

Base on the study of R.S Kognole et al. (2019) the need for plastic materials and other

necessities is growing along with the population. Bricks are the most common material used in

the building industry and make up a significant portion of project materials, particularly for

residential projects. To create different sorts of bricks, we combine different types of plastic.

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most common forms of polymers that are utilized. Usually, it is

only used once. Plastics, including carry bags, bottles, and other items. Plastic bricks are one

practical way to use this plastic trash. Eventually, these bricks will be able to improve both our

plastic management and encourage sustainable development (Chauhan et al., 2019)

According to Ilyas, M. et al. (2017) One material that seriously endangers the

Environment is plastic. Plastic is generated in enormous quantities and released into the

environment, where it takes a long time to decompose organically. In this study, we discuss how

to organize a sizable body of material that has been written about how to handle waste plastics,

which is currently the most difficult problem facing society. The suggested sand bricks, which

are created by incorporating crushed plastic bottle trash into sand bricks, may help with the
 9

problem of disposing of plastic waste by the waste as one of the bricks’ additive materials. .

(Wahid & Rawi, 2015) Brick industry has been developing using modern machinery such as

tunnel kilns and powerful excavation equipment, which have considerably improved the quality

and increased the capacity of brick production (Zhang et al. 2018)

In this study, PET waste was employed as the primary building material for bricks

created utilizing the mix design method. Cutting PET waste, melting PET trash, combining it

with other materials, and molding the mixture are all components of the mix design approach.

Alighir D. et al. (2019)

Related Studies

Brick is a primary building material that is often utilized in the construction of

masonry. Conventionally, brick is made up of dried clay and recently many studies have focused

on the use of waste materials as an alternate material to a conventional brick. (P. Kulkarni et, al.

2022). According to the study of (P.K. Goyal et al., 2022), PET plastic bottles make up a lot of

plastic in big cities. In their study, they look at Eco-Bricks, a possible way to get rid of plastic,

from an experimental perspective. Their study proposes using Eco-blocks filled with single-use

plastic waste as a plastic disposal method. The filler material can be reused when more advanced

recycling options become available. They concluded that eco-bricks can be a better alternative to

construction materials because their density and elastic modulus are very close to those of EPS

used in smaller structures. Another study of (Li, 2022) stated that eco-bricks are bricks

manufactured from non-recycled rubbish or plastic. Traditional brick wall tiles are made of

bricks and mortar, which are not very eco-friendly and contribute significantly to global

warming. As a result, the researcher recommends using eco-bricks instead. Plastic bottle bricks,
 10

the most common type of eco-bricks, are made by inserting inorganic fillers such as sand into

polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Aside from the environmental benefit, eco-bricks are

also cost effective. Because of the self-standing properties of plastic bottles, the walls and

foundations made of plastic bottle bricks may stand rigidly on their own, making it less

expensive. As a consequence, plastic garbage may be collected and used in some developing

nations where there is a scarcity of resources.

Furthermore, brick is an important building material that is used a lot all over the world.

It is one of the masonry units with the highest demands. With an annual production rate of more

than 240 billion bricks, India, along with China and Spain, is the leading country in the

manufacturing of bricks. (Muheise-Aralia and Pavia, 2021).

Every year, more than 380 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide. As of 2017,

over 100 million tons of polyethylene resins are produced annually, accounting for 34% of the

total plastics market (Kumar et al., 2021). According to Mohan et al., (2020), their work

effectively converts waste plastic into useful building material like interlocking bricks which can

effectively reduce the environmental pollution and further decrease the problem of waste plastics

in the society. Rather than the waste plastic going into the landfill or incineration it can be used

as construction materials at a much lower cost after undergoing certain specific processing. It

also reduces the construction cost by eliminating the use of mortar during construction by using

recyclable plastic/composite bricks.

On the other study of (Kognole et al., 2019) plastic waste, which can be found anywhere

can be utilized and is effective in making bricks, based on their study, plastic sand bricks can

help reduce the environmental pollution, thereby making the environment clean. Therefore, they
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concluded that plastic sand bricks are useful for the construction industry compared with the

traditional clay bricks.

Another study of (Antico et al., 2017) concluded that eco-bricks, which are polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) bottles filled with mixed inorganic trash, have become a low-cost

construction material as well as a viable recycling solution to minimize waste disposal in areas

where industrial recycling is not yet accessible. Because eco-bricks are made up of a variety of

recycled materials, possible recycling of its elements is challenging at the end of its life. This

study suggests using eco-bricks filled with a single inorganic waste material as a time capsule,

with the possibility of retrieving the filling material when alternative methods of waste

valorization become accessible in places that now lack better recycling choices. This work

presents an experimental assessment of density, filler content (by volume), thermal shrinkage,

elastic modulus, and deformation recovery capability utilizing four distinct filler materials.

Due to the rapid urbanization and economic growth in different countries, it has led to a

drastic increase in plastic production and consumption around the globe (Chow et al., 2017). On

the other hand, better holistic solid waste management systems and recycling are two simple and

effective ways to manage solid waste. Alternatively, attempts have been made to incorporate

waste in the production of bricks. These bricks will eventually be able to improve plastic

management while also fostering long-term development. The use of plastic sand bricks can be

beneficial and would help to reduce waste. As a result, using plastic bricks promotes both

sustainable development and environment protection. (Kind A. Shakir et al. 2013)

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Synthesis in Research

There are studies that have conducted here in the Philippines and abroad covering the

topic about creating an eco- bricks.

Goyal, P. K. et al. in 2022, Mohan et al. in 2020, Kognole et al. in 2019, and Antico et al.

2017, conducted a study about making an eco- bricks using plastic waste. They all concluded

that plastic can be used as a component in making bricks, was a good way to dispose plastics and

was useful for construction. Goyal, P.K. et al. , proposes the utilization of eco-blocks filled with

single-use plastic waste as a plastic disposal method. They concluded that eco-bricks can be a

better alternative to construction materials because their density and elastic modulus are very

close to those of EPS used in smaller structures. In 2022, almost same study was conducted by

Mohan et al. the only difference is that, the bricks that was made in this study have interlocking

joints and undergone certain specific process. Further, in 2019, Kognole et al. conducted a study

about the effectiveness of plastic sand bricks. Also, another study was conducted by Antico et

al., which focuses on using PET bottles filled with a single inorganic waste materials as a time

capsule

Gaps in Research

After the related literature and studies were reviewed and synthesized, it can be said

that no study yet has been conducted to explore the effectiveness of PET plastic as the main

component in making eco- bricks and as a substitute to aggravate. Moreover, no study yet has

been made on the topic of creating eco- bricks in the province of Catanduanes.

The aforementioned observations are considered to be the gaps in research. Thus,

making it the focus of the study and the topic to be explored by the researchers.
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Conceptual Framework

To show the concrete idea of the study, a diagram was created. The independent variable

will be the different proportion of bricks. While the dependent variable is the qualitative

characteristics of the bricks such as appearance ( sharp edges, smooth surface), weight and

toughness.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Qualitative characteristics of bricks:
Sample A- (75 g plastic, 1200 g
sand) (600 g cement) A. appearance
Sample B-( 50 g plastic, 888 g sand) A.1. sharp edges
(937 g cement)
A 2. Smooth surface
Sample C-(25 g plastic, 900 g sand)
(950 g cement) B. Weight
C. Toughness
Sample D-(312 g cement, 625 g
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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the strategy for carrying out the study, including the research

design, population and locale of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure and

statistical treatment. The discussion covers the procedures that will be used to gather the

information required to accomplish the study's goals.

Research Design

The study used a quantitative research design, specifically the pre- experimental design to

develop an alternative bricks. Given that experimental design investigates the cause-and-effect

relationship between the variables, the researchers decided to use this method as it is suitable for

the study's purpose. This study was utilized to determine if PET plastics can be used to create an

alternative bricks.

Population and Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in Toytoy, Caramoran, Catanduanes, specifically in one of the

researcher’s residence as it was the most convenient place for the researchers and because of

considering the fact that we need guidance and assistance in making bricks. Thus, we conducted

the study to one of the researcher’s house as his father is knowledgeable about construction.

After the experiment, the researchers shall ask an engineer, one carpenter particularly the mason

and household specifically the head of the family to rate the bricks as they are more

knowledgeable about it. Only three respondents were asked to rate the sample because the
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researchers only aim to determine the difference between the qualitative characteristics of the

four sample.

Research Instrument

The researchers utilized rating scale as a research instrument for the study. The rating

scale will assess the characteristics of the bricks in terms of its appearance (sharp edges, smooth

surface), and weight. And, it ranges from 1-5 with 5 being the highest score (excellent) and 1

being the lowest ( very poor). The respondents will rate the bricks’ appearance ( sharp edges and

smooth surface) and weight based on their own perspective and intuition by applying their

knowledge about bricks. While the bricks’ toughness will be rated by the researchers based on

the criteria given. The table below is the rating scale that shall be used.

Characteristics Excellent Very Good Good Poor Very Poor

(5)
(4) (3) (2) (1)

1.Appearance in

terms of:

Sharp edges

Smooth surface

2. Weight
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3. Toughness

Criteria for Toughness:

Excellent – if no cracks and chunks visible after the testing

Very Good- if small cracks appeared but no chunks

Good – if small cracks and chunks appeared

Poor- if cracks and chunks appeared

Very Poor- if bricks were broken down into smaller pieces

Data Gathering Procedure

To conduct the study, the researchers make use of pre- experimental research design with

a static group comparison design.

Materials:

For the bricks:

• Cement

• PET plastic

• Sand (Beach sand)

• Aggravate

• Scissors/cutter

• Hand cultivator

• Weighing Scale
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For the mold:

• Drift woods: 2 pcs. 8 inches wood and 2 pcs. 2 inches wood

• Plywood

• Nails and Hammer

Procedures in making the improvised mold:

Step 1. Nail the woods (2 pcs. 8 inches and 2 pcs. 2 inches) in the corner of

the plywood creating a rectangular space of 8 by 2 inches.

Procedures in creating Plastic Sand Brick:

Step 1. Gather the materials needed such as sand, cement, plastic, aggravate and etc.

Step 2. Cut the PET plastics into a thin long pieces.

Step 3. Weigh the plastic, sand and cement needed for each sample. Follow the

measurements below:

• Sample A- (75 g plastic, 1200 g sand) (600 g cement)

• Sample B-( 50 g plastic, 888 g sand) (937 g cement)

• Sample C-(25 g plastic, 900 g sand) (950 g cement)

• Sample D-(312 g cement, 625 g sand, 938 g aggravate)

Step 4. Mix the sand and cement then add water.

 Sample A- 500 ml

 Sample B- 550 ml

 Sample C- 600 ml
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 Sample D- 700 ml

Step 5. Mix the mixture until the materials were evenly distributed.

Step 6. Pour the mixture in the improvised mold and add plastics gradually. Continue this

process until all the mixture and plastics were consumed.

Sample A- 600 g of mixture and 37 g plastic; 600 g of mixture and 38 g plastic; 600 g of

mixture

Sample B - 608 g of mixture and 25 g plastic; 608 g of mixture and 25 g plastic; 609 g of

mixture

Sample C – 616 g of mixture and 12 g plastic; 617 g of mixture and 13 g plastic; 617 g of

mixture

Sample D – Pour all the mixture in the improvised.

Step 6. Leave the mixture inside the mold for 24 hours or until dry.

Step 7. Remove the bricks in the mold.

After the experiment:

Step 1. The researchers shall ask some carpenter, engineer, and household to rate the

bricks.

Step 2. After the rating process, the researchers shall compare the scores of the bricks in

varied proportion.

Statistical Treatment of Data

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The following statistical tools were used to present the data clearly as they appear in

tabular forms. It help the researchers to prove the data gathered systematically and with clarity.

Two-way ANOVA will be utilized. Two-way ANOVA is an extension of the one-way

ANOVA that examines the influence of two different categorical independent variables on one

continuous dependent. The researchers will compare the score of the bricks after the rating

process. It was used because it was the appropriate statistical tool for the study as more than two

independent variables were being tested.

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Interpretation of Results
This chapter contains the result of the ratings conducted and the interpretation of the data

based on the researchers' understanding.

To know which concentration of bricks yield the best quality, the researchers ask an

engineer, a carpenter (mason) and household (father). Here are the data gathered by the

researchers after the ratings were conducted.

Table 1. Ratings for the Appearance of the Bricks

Table 1.a. Ratings for the Edges of the Bricks (Sharp edges)

Sample Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Total Mean

A High 4 4 3 11 3.67

B Medium 4 4 3 11 3.67

C Low 4 4 3 11 3.67

D Pure 3 3 3 9 3
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The table shows that for sharp edges, bricks A,B, and C have the highest average of 3.67

while brick D has the average of 3. This only implies that bricks A, B, and C have sharp edges

than brick D.

Table 1.b. Ratings for the Surface of the Bricks ( Smooth surface)

Sample Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Total Mean

A High 4 4 4 12 4

B Medium 4 4 4 12 4

C Low 4 4 4 12 4

D Pure 3 3 2 8 2.67

The table illustrates that bricks A, B, and C have smooth surface than brick D. The three

bricks got the average score of 4 while brick D has the mean score of 2.67.
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Table 2. Ratings for the Bricks' Weight (lightness)

Sample Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Total Mean

A High 3 4 3 10 3.33

B Medium 3 4 2 9 3

C Low 3 4 3 10 3.33

D Pure 3 3 3 9 3

The table illustrates that in terms of weight ample A and C were lighter than bricks B and

D as they got the highest average of 3.33 while, sample B and D got the mean score of 3.

Table 3. Ratings for the Bricks Toughness

Respondents Respondents Respondents

Sample Total Mean
1 2 3

A High 4 4 4 12 4

B Medium 4 4 4 12 4

C Low 4 4 4 12 4

D Pure 4 3 3 10 3.33
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The researchers tested the toughness of the bricks in the study. According to Civil

Unfold, the bricks was tough if it did not break into pieces when dropped flat on hard ground

from a height of about 1 m or 1.2 m. In this study, the researchers dropped the sample from a

height of 9 feet from the ground and did this test for two times. After the testing the researchers

rated the bricks based on the criteria.

The table illustrates that in terms of Toughness bricks A, B and C yields better than

sample D. The three bricks have the average of while bricks D scored 3.33.

Table 4. Overall average of the Ratings

Sample Sharp Edges Smooth Surface Weight Average

A High 3.67 4 4 3.89

B Medium 3.67 4 4 3.89

C Low 3.67 4 4 3.89

D Pure 3 2.67 3.33 3

The table shows the overall average score of each sample. Based on the table, sample A,

B and C have the highest average among the bricks with the average of 3.89. While sample D

has the average of 3. The result shows that the average of four sample ranges from good to very
 24

good and bricks A and C were the one that yield the best quality in terms of sharp edges, smooth

surface, weight and toughness among the four concentration of bricks.

Table 5. Bricks Compressive Strength

Sample Maximum load (in Area (2×8 inches), Compressive

kilos) converted to mm Strength (N/mm²)

A High ——— 406.4 mm²

B Medium ——— 406.4 mm²

C Low ——— 406.4 mm²

D Pure 55 406.4 mm² 0.14

S = l/a

Where:

S= compressive strength

L= maximum load

A= area

Sample D:

S= l/ a

= 55 N/406.4 mm²

= 0.14 N/ mm²
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Furthermore, bricks’ compressive strength was also tested in this study. The researchers

tried to test the strength of each sample but failed to know the maximum strength of the 3

samples ( Sample A, B, and C) because of unavailability of materials. According to Civil Unfold,

a brick is considered to be compressively strong if its crushing strength is not less than 3.5

N/mm2. Also, this was determined using the Compression Testing Machine. In this study, the

researchers tested this by putting load over the bricks. Based on the experiment conducted,

sample D’ s compressive strength is 0.14 N/ mm² as it was being divided into two after it was

being loaded by 55 kilos. Same testing were done in the other bricks but the researchers can’t

determine its maximum strength as it was not being broken after it was being loaded by 55 kilos

load or even the heavier loads. Consequently, sample A, B and C’ s maximum strength were not

determined. But, the experiment clearly showed that sample D was not strong enough as its

compressive strength was less than 3.5 N/mm². Also, this experiment implies that samples A, B,

and C were compressively stronger than brick D.

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Test of Difference Between the Different Concentration and Qualitative

Characteristics of Plastic Eco-Bricks

Independent Dependent Test Tabula Compute Decisio Remarks

Variable Variable Statistic r Value d Value n
s

Different
Concentration Qualitative
Characteristi
cs
1. None Significa
0.008 8.62 Reject nt
2. Low 1.Sharpness Differenc
Two-
Way e
Edges
3. Mediu ANOV
m A 0.001 8.62 Reject
Significa
2. Smooth nt
4. High Surface Differenc
e
0.84 2.83 Reject
3. Design
Significa
nt
4. Weight Differenc
e

Decision rule: Reject H0 or the null hypothesis if the tabular value is less than computed

value with level of significance 0.05. The degrees of freedom (numerator) is 3 (number of

concentration - 1) and degrees of freedom (denominator) is 32(total number of sample – (number

of concentration * number of qualitative characteristics)), the tabular value of F is 0.008 for

 27

different concentration. The degrees of freedom (numerator) is 3 (number of qualitative

characteristics-1) and degrees of freedom (denominator) is 32, the tabular value of F is 0.001for

qualitative characteristics. The degrees of freedom (numerator) is 3 and degrees of freedom

(denominator) is 32, the tabular value of F is 0.84 between the different concentration and

qualitative characteristics. The tabular value for different concentration is 0.008 and different

criteria is 0.001 and between the different concentration and qualitative characteristics is 0.84 in

the F- table.

The test of difference between the different concentration and qualitative characteristics

of Plastic Eco-Bricks, the Two-Way ANOVA was used. It was revealed in the study that: (a)

For different concentration, the computed value 8.62 (b) For qualitative characteristics, the

computed value 8.62 (c) between the different concentration and qualitative characteristics, the

computed value is 2.83. The results further revealed different concentration and qualitative

characteristics of Plastic Eco-Bricks, the computed value 8.62 was greater than tabular value

0.008 and 0.001 no, the null hypothesis was rejected. In between the different concentration and

qualitative characteristics, the computed value 2.83 was greater than tabular value 0.84, the null

hypothesis was rejected. This result implied significant difference for different concentration, for

qualitative characteristics and between the different concentration and qualitative characteristics

of Plastic Eco-Bricks.
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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study utilized a quantitative research design, specifically the pre- experimental

design to create an alternative bricks made out if PET plastics. The researchers aim is to

determine the quality and effectiveness of PET plastic as substitute to aggravate in making

bricks. And, help in minimizing the problems about plastics at the same time. Problem in plastic

waste drove the researchers to conduct this study. To determine the differences between the

qualitative characteristics of different concentration of bricks, the researchers asked an engineer,

a carpenter (mason) and household (father) to rate the bricks as they were more knowledgeable

regarding this matter. After the data was analyzed, the result showed that there is a significant

difference between the different concentrations and the qualitative characteristics of bricks.

Conclusions

After analyzing the data and the results evaluated the following conclusions were

made:

1. Bricks A and C yields the best quality of bricks in terms of sharp edges,

smooth surface, weight and toughness.

2. Bricks’ concentration affects the qualitative characteristics of bricks. Thus,

different mixtures and concentration varies the bricks’ characteristics.

 29

3. There is a significant difference between the bricks concentration and the bricks’

qualitative characteristics.

4. PET plastics can be used as a main component of making bricks and was an

effective substitute for the aggravate. Plastic makes the bricks more compressed. Hence,

making it harder and stronger than that of the bricks with the mixture of sand, cement and

aggravate.

5. Sample D or the brick with the mixture of sand, cement and aggravate was not

stong enough.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion of the study, here are several recommendations

to be considered:

1. For the future researchers, since this study is only focused on making bricks using

PET plastic waste as it’s main component, we recommend that they should explore the

effectiveness of other type of plastic or materials as a main component of making bricks. In

addition, since the bricks’ durability and compressive strength were not tested due to lack of

time and testing material, we recommend that they shall test these two characteristics to

determine which concentration yields the best quality of bricks and to know what is the

maximum strength of each bricks.

2. To the future researchers, we would also like to recommend them to create bricks

with interlocking joints.

 30

3. To Local Government Unit (LGU), since plastic is one of the most commonly

produced wastes, we recommend the LGU to implement or improve the implementation of

policies regarding the solid waste management in every barangay.

 31

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 35

Appendices

Formula for TWO-WAY ANOVA:

 36

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Amor R. de Quiroz

Name: Gwin Jewel Ann C. Yuga
Birthday: March 01, 2005
Age: 18 years old
Contact Number: 09519711819
Address: Toytoy Caramoran Catanduanes
Father: Adolfo S. Yuga Jr.
Mother: Mariyne P. Corcelles
Birthday: August 24, 2005
Age: 17 years old
Contact Number: 09469960056
Address: Dariao, Caramoran, Catanduanes
Father: Marvin S. De Quiroz
Mother: Mergie R. De Quiroz

Name: Mary Joy A. Sales Name: John Loyd F. Villareal

Birthday: August 10, 2004 Birthday: July 31, 2005
Age: 18 yrs old Age: 17 years old
Contact Number: 09380530507 Contact number: 09389974635
Address: Toytoy, Caramoran, Catanduanes Address: Toytoy Caramoran Catanduanes
Father: Domingo C. Sales Father: Joseph E. Villareal
Mother: Zenaida A. Sales Mother: Edna Loida F. Villareal

Name: Lester Jan Sabalas

Birthday: January 9,2004
Age: 19 yrs old
Contact Number: 09481991042
Address: Bothoan, Caramoran, Catanduanes
Father: Alberto B. Sabalas
Mother: Liezel I. Sabalas