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Cyber law project llm

LLB (Panjab University)

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Project Report On

Concept of E- Governance

University Institute Of Legal Studies, Panjab University.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

LL.M
Law Relating To Cyber
Space And E-Commerce

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with profound gratitude and deep reverence that I have completed this project today, as it
would have not been possible for me to do so without the indispensable guidance of my
teachers, who not only encouraged me to go forward with this project report but also
propagated all my ideologies and interpretations about the same.
I’m also grateful to the many authors whose books and articles I have used as a valuable
resource for my work. I hope this project meets everyone’s expectations.

Thank you

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Page
S.no. Topic
No.
1. Introduction 4
2. E-governance 4
3. Types of E- governance 5
4. Purpose of E- governance 6
5. Advantages of E – governance 7
6. Disadvantages of E- governance 7
7. Measures to be taken before going for E- governance 8
8. Provisions for e-governance under the IT Act, 2000 8
9. Various E-governance programmes in India 12
10 Challenges of e-governance in India 15
11. Conclusion 19
12. Bibliography 20

Introduction
Today, citizens are becoming more and more conscious about their rights to get the required
services at their doorstep and both the state and central governments recognize the need to
deliver faster and efficient services to ordinary citizens through e-governance which is an
effective instrument of administration. It helps to improve access to information and services
because these have provided economic and social development opportunities, facilitated
participation and communication in policy and decision-making processes and empowered
the weakest groups.

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Governance is an ancient term taken from the greek word “KEBERNON” ,which means to
steer. It is refered to as use of internet by the government to provide its services to the
citizens i.e customers, businesses and other stakeholders. The rise of the digital society, the
internet and affordable computing has brought about a shift from traditional government
offices with paper-based processes towards electronic resources such as the web and
intranets. This change has affected not only citizens and businesses, but also the public
administrations of whole countries. E-government is not about systems and specifications,
but is ultimately about how society will develop. It is this challenge that drives
governments to look to internet technology to raise the bar in public services – reducing
costs while improving relationships with citizens.1
This new practice of public administration has developed into the concept of E- governance.
It helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easy for public
sector agencies and citizens.

E-governance
E-governance is the application of ICT for delivering government services, exchange of
information, communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and
services between Government and citizens (G2C),Government and Business( G2B )as well as
back office processes and interactions within the entire government framework. E-
governance promotes more efficient and effective government, facilitates more accessible
government services, allows greater public access to information, and makes government
more accountable to citizens. e-governance has emerged beyond electronic service delivery
and is a part of the ongoing reform and transformation of government enabling participatory
governance and partnerships to improve efficiency and effectiveness.

Definitions of E-Governance
 World Bank explained the E governance as the use by government agencies of
information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing)
that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of
government. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of
government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen
empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. The

1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259733772_Defining_e-Governance2

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resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience,

revenue growth, and or cost reductions.2
 UNESCO(2011) The public sector's use of Information and Communication
Technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging
citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more
accountable, transparent and effective.3
 Transformation of government to provide Efficient, Convenient & Transparent
Services to the Citizens & Businesses through Information & Communication Technologies.
 The use of ICT in public administration combined with organisation changes and new
skills in order to improve public services and democratic processes and strengthen support to
public policies.

E-Governance is of 4 types depending on the specific types of services.

1. Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
The Government-to-citizen refers to the government services that are accessed by the people.
And Most of the government services fall under G2C. Likewise, the primary goal of
Government-to-citizen is to provide facilities to the citizen. It helps the ordinary people to
reduce the time and cost to conduct a transaction. A citizen can have access to the services
anytime from anywhere.

Furthermore, Many services like license renewals, and paying tax are essential in G2C.
Likewise, spending the administrative fee online is also possible due to G2C. The facility of
Government-to-Citizen enables the ordinary citizen to overcome time limitation. It also
focuses on geographic land barriers.
2. Government-to-business (G2B)
The Government to business is the exchange of services between Government and Business
organizations. It is efficient for both government and business organizations. G2B provides
access to relevant forms needed to comply. The G2B also consists of many services
exchanged between business sectors and government.
A business organization can have easy and convenient online access to government agencies.
G2B plays a crucial role in business development. It enhances the efficiency and quality of
communication and transparency of government projects.
3. Government-to-Government (G2G)

2 http://vikaspedia.in/e-governance/national-e-governance-plan/concept-of-e-governance
3 http://vikaspedia.in/e-governance/national-e-governance-plan/concept-of-e-governance

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The Government-to-Government refers to the interaction between different government

department, organizations, and agencies. This increases the efficiency of government
processes. In G2G, government agencies can share the same database using online
communication. The government departments can work together. This service can increase
international diplomacy and relations.
In conclusion, G2G services can be at the local level or the international level. It can
communicate with global government and local government as well. Likewise, it provides
safe and secure inter-relationship between domestic or foreign government. G2G constructs a
universal database for all member states to enhance service.
4. Government-to-Employee (G2E)
The Government-to-Employee is the internal part of G2G sector. Furthermore, G2E aims to
bring employees together and improvise knowledge sharing.
Similarly, G2E provides online facilities to the employees. Likewise, applying for leave,
reviewing salary payment record. And checking the balance of holiday. The G2E sector
provides human resource training and development. So, G2E is also the relationship between
employees, government institutions, and their management.4

Purpose of E- Governance
E-governance, expands to electronic governance, is the integration of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing government
ability to address the needs of the general public. The basic purpose of e-governance is to :
 Simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State
and local levels.
 To promote good governance. It connotes the implementation of information
technology in the government processes and functions so as to cause simple, moral,
accountable and transparent governance.
 To provide access to government services, dissemination of information,
communication in a quick and efficient manner.

Advantages of E-Governance
 Speed : Technology makes communication swifter. Internet, smartphones have
enables instant transmission of high volumes of data all over the world.
 Saving Costs : A lot the Government expenditure goes towards the cost of buying
stationary for official purposes. Letters and written records consume a lot of stationary.
4 https://www.ijitee.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i10/I8561078919.pdf

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However, replacing them with smartphones and internet can saves crores of money in
expenses every year.
 Transparency : Use of e-governance helps make all functions of the business
transparent. All Governmental information can be uploaded onto the internet. The citizens
access specifically access whichever information they want, whenever they want it, at the
click of a mouse, or the touch of a finger.
However, for this to work the Government has to ensure that all data as to be made public and
uploaded to the Government information forums on the internet.
 Accountability : Transparency directly links to accountability. Once the functions of
the government are available, they can be held accountable for their actions.

Disadvantages of E-Governance
 Loss of Interpersonal Communication : The main disadvantage of e-governance is
the loss of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication is an aspect of
communication that many people consider vital.
 High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties : Technology has its disadvantages as
well. Specifically, the setup cost is very high and machines have to be regularly maintained.
Often, computers and internet can also break down and put a dent in governmental work and
services.
 Illiteracy : A large number of people in India are illiterate and do not know how to
operate computers and smartphones. E-governance is very difficult for them to access and
understand.
 Cybercrime/Leakage of Personal Information : There is always the risk of private
data of citizens stored in government serves being stolen. Cybercrime is a serious issue, a
breach of data can make the public lose confidence in the Government’s ability to govern the
people.

Measures to be considered before going for e-governance

In addition to the need for a concrete set of goals and objectives the following are the detailed
list of criterion and factors which are to be considered before opting for an E-Governance.
• Improve E-Readiness in aspect of E-Governance which includes human resources,
budgeting resources, inter/intra departmental communication flows, society’s readiness.
• Investment in Telecommunication infrastructure
• Internet connectivity speed

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• Governmental human resources

• Budget resources
• E-Business atmosphere which includes legal framework and security of the information.
• Start with a simple approach and as with development of infrastructure and acceptance of E
-Governance among the various entities, functions can be added in stages.
• Involve top leadership
• Promote awareness in the public about the importance and potential of E-Governance
• Encourage and support from all the departments
• Maintain consistent implementation
• Monitor assessment
• Ensure security
• Encourage private sector
• To start with plan locally, but keep the global user community in mind.
• Involve stakeholders such as high-tech companies, software houses, the banking sector etc.
• Adoption of international standards wherever possible minimizing customization thereby
reducing the risks of software and compatibility problems.

Provisions for e-governance under the IT Act, 20005

These are the provisions under the IT Act, 2000 in the context of e-governance:

1. Legal Recognition of Electronic Records (Section 4)

This section provides that where a certain law requires a matter written, typewritten, or
printed , the requirement is satisfied if the information is rendered or made available in an
electronic form and also accessible for subsequent reference.

2. Legal recognition of digital signatures (Section 5)

Where the law requires a person’s signature to authenticate some information or a
document., Notwithstanding anything contained in such law, if the person authenticates it
with a digital signature in a manner that the Central Government prescribes, then he satisfies
the requirement of the law.
For the purpose of understanding this, signature means a person affixing his handwritten
signature or a similar mark on the document.

3. Use of electronic records and digital signatures in Government and its agencies
(Section 6)
5 The IT Act, 2000

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(1) If any law provides for –

 the filing of a form, application, or any document with any Government-owned or
controlled office, agency, body, or authority
 the grant or issue of any license, sanction, permit or approval in a particular manner
 also, the receipt or payment of money in a certain way
Then, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law in force such filing, grant, issue,
payment, or receipt is satisfied even if the person does it in an electronic form. The person
needs to ensure that he follows the Government-approved format.
(2) With respect to the sub-section (1), the appropriate Government may prescribe:
 the format and manner of filing, creating or issuing such electronic records
 also, the manner and method of payment of any fees or charges for filing, creating or
issuing any such records.

4. Delivery of services by service provider [Section 6A(1)] —

The appropriate Government may, for the purposes of e- governance and for efficient
delivery of services to the public through electronic means authorise, by by notification in the
Official Gazette , any service provider to set up, maintain and upgrade the computerised
facilities and perform such other services as it may specify
Service Provider ( Explanation to Section 6A).
Service provider so authorised includes any individual, private agency, private company,
partnership firm, sole proprietor firm or any such other body or agency which has been
granted permission by the appropriate Government to offer services through electronic means
in accordance with the policy governing such service sector.
Collection of service charges [Section 6A(2)(3)]
The appropriate Government may also authorise any service provider authorised under sub-
section (1) to collect, retain and appropriate such service charges, as may be prescribed by the
appropriate Government for the purpose of providing such services, from the person availing
such service.
Further, the appropriate Government may authorise the service providers to collect, retain
and appropriate service charges under this section notwithstanding the fact that there is no
express provision under the Act, rule, regulation or notification under which the service is
provided to collect, retain and appropriate e-service charges by the service providers.
Government to specify scale of service charges [Section 6A (4)]

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The appropriate Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the scale of
service charges which may be charged and collected by the service providers under this
section.
Further the appropriate Government may specify different scale of service charges for
different types of services.

5. Retention of electronic records (Section 7)

(1) Where the law requires the retention of certain records, documents or information for a
specific period , the requirement is also satisfied if the retention is in an electronic form,
provided:
 the information contained therein is accessible and also usable for a subsequent
reference.
 the format of the electronic record is the same as the one originally created, received
or sent. Even if the format is changed, then it must accurately represent the original
information.
 the electronic record contains details to facilitate the identification of the origin,
destination, and also the date and time of the dispatch or receipt of the record.
This is provided that the clause does not apply to any information which is automatically
generated primarily for the purpose of enabling an electronic record for dispatch or receipt.
(2) Nothing in this section applies to any law which expressly provides for the retention of
records, documents or information electronically.

6. Audit of documents, etc., maintained in electronic form( Section 7A)

Where in any law for the time being in force, there is a provision for audit of documents,
records or information, that provision shall also be applicable for audit of documents, records
or information processed and maintained in the electronic form.

7. Publication of rules, regulations, etc., in Electronic Gazette (Section 8)

Where law requires the publishing of official regulation, rule, by-law, notification or any
other matter in the Official Gazette , the requirement is also satisfied if such rule, regulation,
order, bye-law, notification or any other matter is published in the Official Gazette or
Electronic Gazette.
However, the date of publication of the rule, regulation, by-law, notification or any other
matter is the date of the Gazette first published in any form – Official or Electronic.

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8. Section 6,7 and 8 do not confer a right to insist document should be accepted in
Electronic form (Section 9)
It is important to note that, nothing contained in Sections 6, 7, and 8 confer a right upon any
person to insist either the acceptance, issuance, creation or also retention of any document or
a monetary transaction in the electronic form from:
 Ministry or Department of the Central/State Government
 Also, any authority or body established under any law by the State/Central
Government

9. Power to make rules by Central Government in respect of digital signature (Section

10)
The IT Act, 2000 empowers the Central Government to prescribe:
 Type of digital signature
 Also, the manner and format of affixing the digital signature
 Procedures which facilitate the identification of the person affixing the digital
signature
 Control processes and procedures to ensure the integrity, security, and confidentiality
of electronic payments or records
 Further, any other matter which is legally important for digital signatures

10. Validity of contracts formed through electronic means (Section 10A.)

Where in a contract formation, the communication of proposals, the acceptance of proposals,
the revocation of proposals and acceptances, as the case may be, are expressed in electronic
form or by means of an electronic records, such contract shall not be deemed to be
unenforceable solely on the ground that such electronic form or means was used for that
purpose.

Various E-governance programmes in India

Government to Citizen (G2C) Initiatives:
 Computerization of Land Records: It is initiated in collaboration with NIC.
Ensuring that landowners get computerized copies of ownership, crop and tenancy and
updated copies of Records of Rights (RoRs) on demand.
 Bhoomi Project: It is an Online delivery of Land Records. Self-sustainable e-
Governance project for the computerized delivery of 20 million rural land records to 6.7
million farmers through 177 Government-owned kiosks in the State of Karnataka.

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 Gyandoot: It is an Intranet-based Government to Citizen (G2C) service delivery

initiative. It was initiated in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh in January 2000 with the
twin objective of providing relevant information to the rural population and acting as an
interface between the district administration and the people.
 Lokvani Project in Uttar Pradesh: Lokvani is a public-private partnership project at
Sitapur District in Uttar Pradesh which was initiated in November, 2004. Its objective is to
provide a single window, self-sustainable e-Governance solution with regard to handling of
grievances, land record maintenance and providing a mixture of essential services.
 Project FRIENDS in Kerala: FRIENDS (Fast, Reliable, Instant, Efficient Network
for the Disbursement of Services) is a Single Window Facility providing citizens the means to
pay taxes and other financial dues to the State Government.The services are provided through
FRIENDS Janasevana Kendrams located in the district headquarters.
 Admission to Professional Colleges – Common Entrance Test (CET):
With the rapid growth in the demand as well as supply of professional education, the process
of admission to these institutions became a major challenge in the early 1990s. Recourse was
then taken to ICT to make the process of admission transparent and objective. One of the
pioneering efforts was made by Karnataka. The State Government decided to conduct a
common entrance test based on which admission to different colleges and disciplines was
made.
Government to Business (G2B) Initiatives:
 MCA 21: By the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The project aims at providing easy
and secure online access to all registry related services provided by the Union Ministry of
Corporate Affairs to corporates and other stakeholders at any time and in a manner that best
suits them.

Government to Government (G2G) Initiatives:

 Khajane Project in Karnataka: It is a comprehensive online treasury
computerization project of the Government of Karnataka. The project has resulted in the
computerization of the entire treasury related activities of the State Government and the
system has the ability to track every activity right from the approval of the State Budget to
the point of rendering accounts to the government.

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 SmartGov (Andhra Pradesh): SmartGov has been developed to streamline

operations, enhance efficiency through workflow automation and knowledge management for
implementation in the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.

National E-governance Plan

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) has been formulated by the Department of
Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) and Department of Administrative
Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) in 2006
The NeGP aims at improving delivery of Government services to citizens and businesses with
the following vision: “Make all Government services accessible to the common man in his
locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency, transparency &
reliability of such services at affordable costs to realise the basic needs of the common man.”

Central government initiatives as mission mode projects (MMP)

E-office
The Government of India has recognized the need to modernize the Central Government
offices through the introduction of Information and Communications Technology. e-Office is
aimed at increasing the usage of work flow and rule based file routing, quick search and
retrieval of files and office orders, digital signatures for authentication, forms and reporting
components.
UIDAI
The unique identification project was conceived as an initiative that would provide
identification for each resident across the country and would be used primarily as the basis
for efficient delivery of welfare services. It would also act as a tool for effective monitoring
of various programs and schemes of the government.
Pensions
The pensions MMP is primarily aimed at making the pension/ retirement related information,
services and grievances handling mechanism accessible online to the needy pensioners,
through a combination of interactive and non- interactive components, and thus, help bridge
the gap between the pensioners and the government.
Banking
The Banking MMP is yet another step towards improving operational efficiency and reducing
the delays and efforts involved in handling and settling transactions. The MMP which is
being implemented by the banking industry aims at streamlining various e-services initiatives
undertaken by individual banks.

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Posts
Modernization of Postal Services has been undertaken by the Department of Posts through
computerization and networking of all post offices using a central server-based system, and
setting up of computerized registration centers (CRCs)
Immigration, Visa and Foreigner’s Registration & Tracking
India has emerged as a key tourist destination, besides being a major business and service
hub. Immigration Check Post is the first point of contact that generates public and popular
perception about the country, thus necessitating a state of the art system for prompt and user-
friendly services.

State Mission Mode projects

Public Distribution system
The Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country facilitates the supply of food grains and
distribution of essential commodities to a large number of poor people through a network of
Fair Price Shops at a subsidized price on a recurring basis. Computerization of the PDS is
envisaged as an end-to-end project covering key functional areas such as supply chain
management including allocation and utilization reporting, storage and movement of food
grains.
e- Panchayat
The Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) are saddled with the problems of inadequate physical
and financial resources, technical capabilities and extremely limited computerization. As a
result, The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India has therefore decided to take up
the computerization of PRIs on a mission mode basis.6

Integrated Mission Mode Projects

 e-Courts
The e-Court Mission Mode Project (MMP) was conceptualized with a vision to transform the
Indian judiciary by making use of technology. The project had been developed, following the
report submitted by the e-Committee under Supreme Court on national policy & action plan
on implementation of information communication tools in Indian judiciary. A clear objective
– to re-engineer processes and enhance judicial productivity both qualitatively and
quantitatively to make the justice delivery system affordable, accessible, cost effective,
transparent and accountable.
 E- Biz
6 https://digitalindia.gov.in/services

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The e-Biz Mission Mode Project, being executed by Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, was
conceptualized with the vision. Its vision is “To transform the business environment in the
country by providing efficient, convenient, transparent and integrated electronic services to
investors, industries and business throughout the business life cycle”.

Challenges of E-governance in India

Implementation of e-governance has changed the way of living of the people in many
countries. The aim is to provide citizens with easier and faster access to government services.
India has recognized the benefits of e-governance and through it, ushered in a paradigm of
citizen-centric service delivery. E-governance is reforming the way the government manages
and shares information with external and internal clients. Specifically, it harnesses ICT to
transform relations with citizens, businesses and the various arms of government. There are
however, numerous challenges. Some of the key areas needing attention are as follows7:-

1. Environmental and Social Challenges

 Diversity of Languages
India is a large country where People belonging to different states speak different languages.
Due to the lingual diversity of the country it poses a huge challenge for e-governance
initiatives. It enforces the need to do governance (up to a certain level), in local languages.
Ensuring e-Governance in the local language is a big task to achieve. The diversity of
people in the context of language is a huge challenge for implementing e-Governance
projects as e-Governance applications are written in English language. English may not be
understandable by most people; and the acceptance of English language in India is very low.
Local language here should be the mode of preparing and programming such applications, so
that the local people are able to use and take advantage of these them. Therefore, it becomes a
challenge for the government to write e-Governance applications which are to be
implemented for the whole nation in more than one language so that these may be
acceptable to the users of a particular language.
 Low Literacy
Literacy can be defined as the ability to read and write with understanding in any language. A
person who can merely read but cannot write cannot be considered as literate. Any formal
education or minimum educational standard is not necessary to be considered literate.

7https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278158378_Management_and_Administration_of_E-
Governance_Challenges_and_Opportunities_in_India

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Literacy level of India is very low compounding the problem of non-implementation of

e-Governance policies. Illiterate people are not able to access the e-Governance
applications; hence the projects do not get much success.
 Awareness of government officials about ICT:
More than anything else, it is the mindset of government officials that poses the biggest
bottleneck to government. There are a number of reasons why they resist the use of
computers beyond the usual typing of letters and documents. The primary reasons are that
they are resistant to any kind of change in their familiar working environment; they fear that
computerization of different government activities may make some people redundant and
think that computers are meant for low-level typist kind of work.
 User Friendliness of Government Websites
Users of e-Governance applications are often non-expert who may not be able to use the
applications in a right manner. Such users need guidance to find the right way to perform
their transactions. Therefore, government websites must be user friendly so that more and
more people can use them easily.
 Resistance to re-engineering of departmental processes:
Successful implementation of e-governance projects requires a lot of restructuring in the
administrative processes and redefining of administrative procedures and formats. This meets
with resistance in almost all departments at all levels. Additionally there is a lack of expertise
among departmental MIS executives in exploiting data mining techniques, updating of and
collection of real time content in the website etc. Therefore the content collected or
maintained by various e-governance portals is unreliable or full of gaps. In such a scenario, it
is difficult for any e-governance solution to achieve its intended results. Hence, it is essential
to undertake process re-engineering as an integral part of e-governance project
implementation in order to ensure increased efficiency and reduced costs.

 Accessibility of Services
The concept of e-Governance is claims for increased efficiency and effectiveness of the
government, but these goals will be achieved only if the service will be available to all or
majority of the citizens. Therefore every service should be accessible by anybody from
anywhere and anytime. Therefore, government has to provide internet access through public
terminals as a part of their universal access efforts.
 Confidence on Technologies Provided by the Government

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The implementation of public administration functions via e-Governance requires that the
user must be confident and comfortable while using the technology. He must also trust the
technology that he/she is interacting with.
 Huge Population
Population of India is probably the biggest challenge in implementing e- Governance
projects.. Measuring the population, establishing their identities keeping the database of all
Indian nationals and keeping this database updated and then providing the e- governance
services to the whole population is cumbersome.
 Lack of Integrated Services
Most of the e- governance services which are offered by the state or central government are
not integrated. Lack of communication between different departments of the government
may be its major cause. Therefore, the information that resides within one department has
no or very little meaning to some other department of the government.
 Lack of Awareness in People
Most of the people in India are not aware of the benefits of e- Governance services.
Even the governments do not pay much attention to make the people aware about e-
Governance activities. Unawareness is a major challenge in the implementation.

2. Economic Challenges
 Cost
In developing countries like India, cost is one of the most important obstacles in the
path of implementation of e-Governance where major part of the population is living below
poverty line.A huge amount of money is involved in implementation, operational and
evolutionary maintenance tasks. These costs must be low enough so that to guarantee a good
cost/benefit ratio.
 Maintenance of Electronic Devices
As the Information Technology changes very fast and it is very difficult even for those who
have access to computers to update the existing systems very fast.Maintenance is a key factor
for long living systems in a rapidly changing technical environment.
 Limited Financial Resources
India has limited financial resources so as to implement and maintain the e-Government
projects properly.

3. Technical challenges
 Interoperability

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Interoperability is the ability of systems and organizations of different qualities to work

together. The e-Governance applications must have this characteristic so that the newly
developed and existing applications can be implemented together.
 Privacy and Security
A critical obstacle in implementing e-Governance is the privacy and security of an
individual’s personal data that he/she provides to obtain government services. With the
implementation of e- government projects, some effective measures must be taken to
protect the sensitive personal information of the people. Lack of security standards can limit
the development of e- Government projects that contain personal information such as income,
medical history and the like.
 Underutilization of existing ICT infrastructure:
To a larger extent, the computers in the department are used for the purpose of word
processing only, resulting in the under-utilization of the computers in terms of their use in
data mining for supporting management decisions. The time gap between the procurement of
the hardware and development of the custom applications is so large that by the time the
application is ready for use, the hardware becomes obsolete.

Beside these there are many other challenges such as geographical problem, remote areas
which are unfriendly with the technology etc.

Conclusion

The key to the success of good governance is E-Governance. Through E-Governance the
citizens of India are facilitated to use the services provided by the Government. The
Government today is facing number of challenges in the implementation of E-Governance as
depicted in this project. E-Governance can be made effective by forming the right institution
and agencies and identifying the right human resources for the same. E-Governance can be
effectively implemented by the efforts of adequate management and governmental experts.
E -Governance through regional languages is appreciable for nations like India where people

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from several states are the participants. It is also necessary to make E-Governance effective
as well as efficient by adopting the various strategies laid down in the project.
Public awareness and Digital divide is an important issue to be addressed. E-governance is
not just the Internet as the common perception goes and governments need to move back in a
certain sense, to re-appropriate the older communication tools like radio and cable TV. A
critical mass of people is required to push e-governance to the next gear.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

 Vakul Sharma, Information Technology, law and practice, University Law Publishers,
2nd Ed, 2007.

 Dr. Jyoti Rattan, Cyber laws and Information Technology, Bharat Law House Pvt Ltd,
New Delhi, 2nd Ed, 2011

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 Nandan Kamath, Law relating to computers, internet, and e-commerce: a guide to

cyber laws and the Information Technology Act, 2000, 2 nd Edn, Universal Law Pub.
Co; 2000

WEBLIOGRAPHY

 http://vikaspedia.in/

 https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/

 www.researchgate.net

 https://www.insightsonindia.com/

 https://meity.gov.in/

 https://digitalindia.gov.in/

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