AACS1674

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 5 –
Part 1
Internet and
World Wide Web
Objectives Overview

Discuss the purpose of the

components required for
Differentiate among LANs,
successful communications
MANs, WANs, and PANs
and identify various sending
and receiving devices

Differentiate between Explain the purpose of

client/server and peer-to- communications software
peer networks
5.1 Communications

• Digital communications describes a process

in which two or more computers or devices
transfer data, instructions, and information.

Sending Transmission Receiving

device media device

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 5.1 Communications
A simplified example of a
communications system. Some devices
that serve as sending and receiving
devices are (a) servers, (b) desktops, (c)
laptops, (d) tablets, (e) smartphones
and headsets, (f) portable media
players, (g) handheld game devices, and
(h) GPS receivers in vehicles.
Transmission media consist of phone
and power lines, cable television and
other underground lines, microwave
stations, and satellites.

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5.1 Communications
• For successful communications, you need the
following:
– A sending device that initiates an instruction to transmit
data, instructions, or information.
– A communications device that connects the sending device
to transmission media.
– Transmission media, or a communications channel, on
which the data, instructions, or information travel.
– A communications device that connects the transmission
media to a receiving device.
– A receiving device that accepts the transmission of data,
instructions, or information. 5
5.2 Networks
• A network is a collection of computers and
devices connected together via communications
devices and transmission media
• Advantages of a network include:

Facilitating Sharing Sharing data and

communications hardware information

Transferring
Sharing software
funds

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5.2 Networks

• Facilitate communications
– Using a network, people communicate efficiently
and easily via email, Internet messaging, chat
rooms, blogs, wikis, online social networks, video
calls, online meetings, videoconferences, VoIP, text
messaging, and more.
– Some of these communications occur within an
internal network.
– Other times, they occur globally over the Internet.

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5.2 Networks

• Share hardware
– Each computer or device on a network can be
provided access to hardware on the network.
– For example, each computer and mobile device
user can access a printer on the network, as they
need it.
– Thus, home and business users create networks to
save money on hardware expenses.

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5.2 Networks
• Share data and information
– Any authorized user can access data and information stored
on a network. A large company, for example, might have a
database of customer information.
– Any authorized employee can access the database using a
computer or mobile device connected to the network.
– Most businesses use a standard, such as EDI (electronic data
interchange), that defines how business documents travel
across transmission media. For example, businesses use EDI
to send bids and proposals, place and track orders, and send
invoices.

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5.2 Networks
• Share software
– Users connected to a network can access software on the
network.
– To support multiple users’ software access, vendors often
sell versions of their software designed to run on a network
or as a web app on the Internet.
– These network and Internet subscription versions usually
cost less than buying individual copies of the software for
each computer.
– The license fees for these programs typically are based on
the number of users or the number of computers or mobile
devices attached to the network.
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5.2 Networks

• Transfer funds
– Electronic funds transfer (EFT) allows users
connected to a network to exchange money from
one account to another via transmission media.
– Both businesses and consumers use EFT.
– Examples include wire transfers, use of credit cards
and debit cards, direct deposit of funds into bank
accounts, online banking, and online bill payment.

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5.2 Networks

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5.2 Networks

• A local area network (LAN) is a

network that connects computers
and devices in a limited
geographical area.
– Each computer or device on the
network, called a node, often
hares resources, such as printers,
large hard drives, and programs.
Often, the nodes are connected
via cables.

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5.2 Networks

• A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN

that uses no physical wires.
– Computers and devices that access
a wireless LAN must have built-in
wireless capability or the
appropriate wireless network card,
USB adapter, or other wireless
device.
– A WLAN may communicate with a
wired LAN for access to its
resources, such as software,
hardware, and the Internet.
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5.2 Networks

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects

LANs in a metropolitan area.
– A MAN typically includes one or more
LANs, but covers a smaller geographic
area than a WAN.
– A MAN usually is managed by a consortium of
users or by a single network provider that sells
the service to the users.

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5.2 Networks

• A wide area network (WAN) is a network that

covers a large geographic area (such as a city,
country, or the world) using a variety of wired and
wireless transmission media.
– A WAN can be one large network or can consist of
multiple LANs connected together.
– The Internet is the world’s largest WAN.

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5.2 Networks

• A personal area network (PAN) is a network that

connects computers and devices in an individual’s
workspace with wired and wireless technology.
– PAN may connect devices through a router using
network cables or directly using special USB cables.
– PANs also may use Bluetooth or Wi-Fi technology.

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5.2 Networks
• The configuration of computers, devices, and
media on a network is sometimes called the
network architecture.
Client/server network Peer-to-peer network

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5.2 Networks
• Client/server network
–One or more computers act as a server, and the other
computers on the network request services from the server.
–A server, sometimes called a host computer, controls access to
the hardware, software, and other resources on the network
and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and
information.
–The clients are other computers and mobile devices on the
network that rely on the server for its resources.

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5.2 Networks
• Peer-to-peer network
– A simple, inexpensive network architecture that typically
connects fewer than 10 computers.
– Each computer or mobile device, called a peer, has equal
responsibilities and capabilities, sharing hardware (such
as a printer), data, or information with other computers
and mobile devices on the peer-to-peer network.
– Peer-to-peer networks allow users to share resources
and files located on their computers and to access
shared resources found on other computers on the
network.
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5.2 Networks
• Networks Topologies
–It refers to the layout of the computers
and devices in a communications
network.
–3 Commons Used Network Topologies:
I. Star Network
II.Bus Network
III.Ring Network
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5.2 Networks

• Star network
– All microcomputers and other
communications devices are connected to a
central hub, such as file server or host
computer.
– Electronic messages
are routed through the
central hub to their
destination.
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5.2 Networks

Star Network
Advantages Disadvantages
• The hub prevents
collisions between • The entire network is
messages. disabled if the host.
• If a connection is broken computer breakdown.
between any
communications device
and the hub the rest of
the devices on the
network will continue
operating.
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5.2 Networks

• Ring Network
– All microcomputers and other communications
devices are connected in a continuous loop.
– Electronic messages are passed around the ring
until they reach the right destination.
– There is no central host computer.

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5.2 Networks
Ring Network
Advantages Disadvantages
• Messages flow in only • If a connection is
one directions, i.e. no broken, the entire
danger of collisions. network stops working.

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5.2 Networks

• Bus Network
– All the communications devices are connected to a
common channel.
– Each communications devices transmit electronic
messages to other devices.
– If some messages collide, the device waits and tries to
retransmit again.
– No central computer.

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 5.2 Networks

Bus Network
Disadvantages
Advantages
• Extra circuitry and
• Devices can be attached or
software needed to
detached from the network at
avoid collisions.
any point without disturbing the
between data.
rest of the network.

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5.2 Networks

• Hybrid Network
– Combinations of star, ring and bus network.
– Example: A college campus might use a bus network to
connect building and star and ring networks within
certain building.

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5.3 Communication Software

• Communications software consists of programs

and apps that:
Help users establish a Manage the
connection to another transmission of data,
computer, mobile instructions, and
device, or network information

Provide an interface
for users to
communicate with one
another

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5.4 Intranet and Extranet
• Recognizing the efficiency and power of the Internet, many organizations
apply Internet and web technologies to their internal networks.
Intranet
• An intranet (intra means within) is an internal network that uses Internet
technologies.
• Intranets generally make company information accessible to employees
and facilitate collaboration within an organization.
• Files on an intranet generally are not accessible from the Internet.
• One or more servers on an intranet host an organization’s internal
webpages, applications, email messages, files, and more.
• Users locate information, access resources, and update content on an
intranet using methods similar to those used on the Internet.
• A company hosts its intranet on servers different from those used to host
its public webpages, apps, and files.

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5.4 Intranet and Extranet

Extranet
• Sometimes a company uses an extranet (extra means
outside or beyond), which allows customers or
suppliers to access part of its intranet.
• Package shipping companies, for example, allow
customers to access their intranet via an extranet to
print air bills, schedule pickups, and track shipped
packages as the packages travel to their destinations.

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 AACS1674
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 5 –
Part 1
Internet and
World Wide Web
Chapter 5 Complete