AP European History Review Timeline

AP Euro Review Timeline
Centuries - Major Events
1300s 1350s 1400s 1450s 1500s 1550s 1600s 1650s 1700s 1750s 1800s 1850s 1900s
Main
Renaissance
The Age of Exploration
The Protestant Reformation
The Age of Absolutism
The Scientific Revolution
Bohemian Period of the War
The Thirty Years' War
The Danish Period
Swedish Period
Swedish-French Period
Treaty of Westphalia
The Enlightenment
5 Major Powers -Mid 18th Century
Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas
Hernan Cortez
Ecomienda System
Francisco Pizarro
Philip II's Reign
Philip III's Reign and Spanish Economy
War of the League of Augsburg
War of Spanish Succession
England
Reign of Elizabeth I
English Absolutism
James I (Stuart) of Scotland
Charles I
Scottish Revolt -> Civil War
English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate
The Restoration
King James II + Glorious Revolution

The Revolution Settlement

Peace of Utrecht
France
Wars of Religion
St. Bartholomew's Day Massace

Holy League Formation
War of Three Henry's
French Absolutism
Edict of Nantes
Absolutism + Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIV "Sun King"

Invasion of Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte
Invasion of United Provinces
Seized City of Strasbourg and moved into Alsace and Lorraine
Edict of Fountainebleau
War of Spanish Seccession
German States/
https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

Germany
Austria
The Rise of Austria/ Habsburgs

Peace of Utrecht
Pragmatic Sanction
Italy
Russia
Peter the Great
Great Northern War
Prussia
Frederick William "Great Elector"
The Rise of Prussia
Elector Frederick III
Frederick William I
Peace of Utrecht
The Netherlands
The Dutch Revolt

Union of Utrecht
Golden Age of the Netherlands
Netherlands Independence
Peace of Westphilia
The Peace of Utrecht
Other Lesser-Known
Countries

Main
Renaissance Period of "creative breakup"

1350 - 1430
A. Hundred years' War --> the rise of the modern nation-state.
B. Black Death --> economic and social upheaval.
C. Avignon papacy and the Conciliar Movement --> breakup of papal
power.
The Age of Exploration Imperialism: expanding your empire

1480 - 1540 Price Revolution: importation into Europe of huge quantities of gold/silver
cause price revolution = inflation
Capitalism: trade managed by pirvate property + companies, private held
profit. Grows as Europe and New World becomes an integrated market
Atalantic Seaboard replaces Mediterranean
1600s-Dutch East India Company (banking+ shipping
Mercantilism: form of capitalism, private Property based, highly regulated
by Monarchy. (belief total volume of trade is fixed)
Nations prosperity linked to amount of gold/ silver collected
Nations must export more than import, tariffs on imports
System of international commerce
Colombian Exchange: import/ export of plants, animals, disease between
NW and Europe
Nw-> Euro: tomatoes ,potatoes, corn, chocolate, Syphilis (increased
population w/ nutrition)
Euro-> NW: crops, domestic animals, diseases
**Negative Result: War: deny others land, trade, power, increase Global
conflict over resources
Main Themes:
1. Nations were looking for new trade routes which led to new
explorations.
2. Nations sought new sources of wealth and new economic theories and
practices to deal with
this new-found wealth.
3. Nations had the desire for increased world power through their colonial
empires.
I. The Economy of the Commercial Revolution:

A. mercantilism --> the colony existed for the benefit of the mother
country; a monpolistic global eco.
system.
B. bullionism --> the accumulation of precious metals by governments was
seen as very important to the
prestige and power of a modern nation.
C. capitalism --> private ownership of the means of production and
distribution; capital is invested in
order to produce more capital.
D. Emergence of a new eco. system:
-- new No. European banking interests --> Fugger family.
-- charter banks --> Bank of Amsterdam (1609); bank of London (1694).
-- stock exchange --> Bourse at Antwerp.
-- insurance companies --> Lloyd's of London (maritime -- ship
catalogs/classifications).
-- joint-stock companies.
E. Development of the Domestic System:
-- increased specialization of skills within a more efficient system of over-
all production.
-- farm families can supplement their incomes.
-- the accumulation of capital in the hands of the entrepreneur made
possible the purchase of raw
material in greater bulk.
-- the capitalist entrepreneur could now operate without the restrictions
imposed by the urban guilds.
II. The Age of European Discovery:

A. Columbus and the first conquistadores.
-- ecological exchange and its effects on both the Americas and Europe
and Africa.
-- destruction of Amer-Indian cultures.
B. Establishment of European Colonial Empires in the Americas and Asia.
-- encomienda system (Latin America).
--Portuguese/Dutch/British/French trade in Southeast Asia.

III. Effects of the Commercial Revolution:
A. inflation --> "price revolution".
B. population increase --> emergence of the middle class.
C. increase in world trade.
D. shift from the old market ports of the Mediterranean to the trans-Atlantic
trade.
E. new trade restrictions (ex.: East India Co. --> royal monopolies).
F. economic depression at the end of the 16c.
G. African slave trade established (Triangle Trade).
H. changes in the social structure (role of the nobility, esp.) in Eastern and
Western Europe.
The Protestant Reformation I. The Reformation was the outgrowth of past ideas:
1500 - 1560
HUMANISTS
REFORMERS
RABELAIS --> condemned various forms of corruption within the Church;

priests no longer models of virtue; celibacy vow disregarded; condemned
simony. LUTHER --> condemned corruption in the Church; believed priests
should practice what they preached.
SIR THOMAS MORE --> expressed idea of communal living; no class

distinctions; no unemployment; no competition; everyone living and
working together; defied
Henry VIII; Catholic martyr.
JOHN CALVIN --> people already predestined for salvation; success on

earth determined place in heaven; hard work and no leisure time were
signs of success.
ERASMUS --> believed true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and
pious devotion rather than an outward symbol of ceremony and ritual;
Scriptures are the guide to life; wanted only moral reforms, not ritualistic.
LUTHER --> the Bible was a way of life; did not believe in pompous Church
ceremonies; clergy not important; everyone is their own priest; one should
be able to talk to God directly.
II. Causes of the Reformation:

A. dissatisfaction with wealth of Church; poor people believing bishops
were of the wealthy
oppressive class.
-- much financial abuse in Church --> simony, benefices; 30% of land in Eur.
under
Church control.
B. corruption in Church leadership (ex. Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia)
C. decline in papal influence --> nationalistic churches springing up.
-- "Babylonian Captivity"
-- Great Schism
-- Henry VIII of England's defiance of papal power.
-- conciliarism
D. Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
E. the middle class wished to run their religious affairs as they handled
their new businesses.
-- they found Church bureaucracies still too medieval and rigid (view on
usury, e.g.)
-- Calvinist church came largely from these ideas (Max Weber's thesis --
"Protestant
Work Ethic")
F. Great Peasant Revolt of 1520.
III. The Reformation worked in Northern Europe because:

A. monarchies resented the Church for not paying any taxes to the nation,
but collecting taxes
from citizens belonging to the Church and sending the money to Rome.
B. Luther appealed to nationalistic feelings in the German states
-- he denounced the Pope for involvement in politics as well as religion.
-- he backed the nobility in the Peasant Revolt.
C. The upper class saw an opportunity to confiscate church property.
D. Printing press in Germany spread Luther's ideas.
-- Bibles were made accessible to the populous in the vernacular.
-- individual interpretation of Sacred Scriptures.
IV. The Reformation did NOT work in Italy because?:

A. The Pope was in Rome and was Italian (use of Spanish Inquisition).

B. The Catholic Church was a source of wealth for Italy.
C. The Italian Renaissance made Italy prosperous. (money in art--a large
part was
Church-sponsored)
D. Italian universities made the questioning of theological principles
unheard of.
E. Germany was the home of Luther and of many new, more theologically
"liberal" universities.
V. Lutheranism:
A. Salvation by faith alone.
B. No need for sacraments (except Baptism, Eucharist, & Confirmation) or
good works.
C. Only true authority is the Bible.
D. Each person must deal with God directly -- each person is his/her own
priest.
E. Consubstantiation.
F. No difference between the laity and the clergy.
G. Kept bishops for administrative purposes.
H. Refusal to recognize the authority of the Pope.
I. Married clergy.
J. Religious services in the vernacular.
K. The Church is subordinate to and the agent of civil authority.
VI. Calvinism:
A. Pessimistic about man; optimistic about God.
B. Predestination ("the elect").
C. Strict interpretation of the Bible. (literal)
D. Rejected Papal authority.
E. Scorned pleasures as the idle activities which allowed the devil to
influence one's actions;
no smoking, drinking, gambling, blaspheming, dancing, music in religious
services.
F. Only "sacraments" were Baptism and the Eucharist (were only a symbol
of God's presence).
G. Consubstantiation.
H. Church elders administered to the congregation (presbyters).
I. Too much leisure time leads to sin.
J. Puritans in England; Huguenots in France; Presbyterians in Scotland.
VII. Anglicanism:
A. Henry VIII of England resented the church for not granting him a divorce
of Catherine of Aragon.
-- he wanted church lands and property to add to his treasury.
B. the monarch of England now became the head of the Anglican Church
as well.
C. Book of Common Prayer (Edward VI)
D. one had to be Anglican to hold a government job until the late 19c.
VIII. Social Significance of the Reformation:

A. Basic and lasting changes in education and the image and role of
women.
B. It implemented the educational ideas of humanism. (study original
sources in the original
language).
IX. After Effects of the Reformation:

A. Catholic "Counter"-Reformation
-- Council of Trent --> internal reforms and a clear listing of Church
doctrines.
-- a conservative response to the spread of Protestantism.
-- "Men are to be changed by religion, not change it!."
-- reformed many of the previous abuses in the Church.
-- the Inquisition was resurrected (esp. strong in Spain --> expulsion of the
Moors {Moriscos}
back to North Africa and the Jews {Maranos} to Italy and the Middle East).
-- new reform orders (Theatines, Capuchins, Ursulines, Modern Devotion,
Oratorians).
-- mysticism movement (St. Theresa of Avila, St. John of the Cross).
-- The Index of Forbidden Books.
B. Religious Wars of the late 16c & Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
-- SEE TREATIES PAGE for Peace of Augsburg (1555), Edict of Nantes
(1598), and
Treaty of Westphalia (1648).

The Age of Absolutism Main Themes:
1581 - 1740
1. The During the 17c and 18c, Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
were able to establish or maintain a strong monarchy, standing army,
efficient tax structures, large bureaucracy, and a more or less
domesticated, divided or loyal nobility so that this period is known as the
"Age of Absolutism."
2. England and France experienced very different political and social
developments in the late 17c.
3. French culture and political power dominated Europe in the 18c.
4. One of the major reasons for the strong position of England from 1685-
1763 lies in the supremacy of a parliament dominated by landowners and
nobles of similar interests. The 18c became known as the "Age of the
Aristocracy". Therefore, this supremacy of Parliament provided Britain with
the kind of unity sought elsewhere through absolutism.
5. This period saw the beginnings of two long-term conflicts--Britain and
France over trade and overseas empire and Austria and Prussia over the
leadership of Germany.
I. Differing Concepts of Absolutism:

A. Thomas Hobbes --> pro-absolutism; pro-"divine-right" monarchy.
B. John Locke
-- rejected absolute governments.
-- basic human rights that no government can take away: life, liberty, and
property.
-- the right of the citizen to rebel against a government that violated these
basic human rights.
IV. Eastern Europe:

A. Hapsburgs vs. Hohenzollerns
-- growing competition in the Germanies.
-- Pragmatic Sanctions (Maria Theresa).
-- Hapsburg interests --> Bohemia, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire
(Balkans).
-- Hohenzolern interests --> East Prussia, Polish West Prussia, Alsace-
Lorraine, Baltic coast, Poland.
B. policies of Leopold II, Maria Theresa, Joseph II --> "Enlightened
Despots"
C. policies of Frederick William, the "Great Elector", Frederick I, and
Frederick II, the "Great".
D. Russia in the 17c and early 18c:
-- Peter the Great --> "Westernization of Russia". ("Windows to the West")
-- Catherine the Great --> expansion of Russian borders in SW; solidifying
the power of the Czars;
sometimes seen as an "Enlightened Despot" (this is questionable).
The Scientific Revolution Main Themes:

1600 - 1700 1. The Renaissance and Reformation paved the way for the new science
and philosophy of the 17c and 18c.
2. The transition from the Middle Ages to early modern times represented
a shift in emphasis from authoritative truth to factual truth.
Bohemian Period of the War Bohemian Throne to Hapsburg Ferdinand -> restore faith to Hapsburg
1618 - 1625 lands
-Revokes religious freedoms of Protestants
~ Defenestration at Prague: regents out window of palace
-Internal War: Spain sends troops to Ferdinand (Maximilian of Bavaria+
Lutheran elector John George I Saxony support)
-Ferdinand's army defeats Frederick at Battle of White Mountain
The Thirty Years' War Preconditions: Germany as a fragment country of 360 sovereignty political
1618 - 1648 entities ( Peace of Augsburg)
~ Religious Divisions increase tensions for War
- Catholic HRE, Lutherans, Calvinists
~Growing scientific culture
The Danish Period Raised fears of re-Catholicization due to Ferdinand II's design
1625 - 1629 ~ Lutheran King Christian IV of Denmark eager to extend influence over
coast towns of North Sea -> defeated by Maximilian
~Ferdinand seeks Albrecht of Wallenstien -> brings force to Denmark
~Edict of Restitution:
Reasserts illegal Calvinism, Catholic safeguards Peace of Augsburg,
orders the return of all church lands of Lutherans

Swedish Period Gustavus Adolphus II king of unified Lutheran Nation
1630 - 1635 ~alliance w/ Electors of Brandenburg+ Saxony = Victory and reversed war,
and brought new mobility to change tactics
~ Battle of Lutzen: Adolphus dies, Deep religious motivation, greed and

political gain real forces in War
~ Peace of Prague (1635): German Protestant states led by Saxony

compromised w/ Ferdinand. France + Netherlands support Sweden,
maximize their investment in war, and refuse agreement.
Swedish-French Period War between French, Swedish, Spanish soldiers who loot Germany
1635 - 1648 -Germany in devastation and disunited to repulse foreign armies
-Munster and Osnabruck in Westphalia peace talks, war kills 1/3 of German
population
Treaty of Westphalia Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution + reasserted major feature of

1648 religious settlement: Peace of Augsburg
-Calvinists gain legal recognition, independence of Swiss Confederacy,
and United Provinces of Netherlands, are a long recognized proclaimed in
law
- Brandenburg-Prussia most powerful Northern German state
-France gains territory, expanding legal status of Protestantism, the pope
could no longer deny
-Treaty of Pyrenees made France a major Power in an outside war w/Spain
Perspective: Wars end recognition of minority religious rights, guarantee

of traditional boundaries of political sovereignty. Politics and Greed
overshadowed religion and brought many parties into war.
The Enlightenment Main Themes:

1650 - 1800
1. The Enlightenment had its origins in the scientific and intellectual
revolutions of the 17c.
2. Enlightenment thinkers felt that change and reason were both possible
and desireable for the sake of human liberty.
3. Enlightenment philosophes provided a major source of ideas that could
be used to undermine existing social and political structures.
I. The Major Themes of the Era:

A. rationalism --> logical reasoning based on facts.
B. cosmology --> new world view based on Newtonian physics --> analysis
of natural phenomena as
systems.
C. secularism --> application of scientific theories to religion and society.
D. scientific method --> experimentation; observation; hypothesis.
E. utilitarianism (Bentham) --> laws created for the common good and not
for special interests.
The greatest good for the greatest number.
F. optimism & self-confidence --> anything is possible (a reversal of
medieval thinking).
G. tolerance --> a greater acceptance of different societies and cultures.
H. freedom --> a mind as well as a society free to think, free from
prejudice.
I. mass education.
J. legal / penal reforms --> Beccaria, Bentham.
K. constitutionalism.
L. cosmopolitanism.
5 Major Powers -Mid 18th Century 5 Major Powers:

1750 - 1800 -Britain
-Austria
-France
-Russia
-Prussia
Spain
Spanish Events over History

Treaty of Tordesillas Line of demarcation separate South America into spheres of Portuguese
1494 or Spanish influences -> Portugal gets Brazil + African Coast. Spain gets all
lands west
(prevent a war between 2 Christian Countries)
Hernan Cortez Cortez lands in Veracruz and makes alliances with Anti-Aztec natives.
1519 - 1520 Smallpox infects natives and kills off almost 40%. Disease + Fresh Soldiers
= Victory over Aztecs
Ecomienda System Ecomienda: adminster new lands, in which natives were see as subjects of
1530 Spanish crown. Spaniards collected taxes and labor in return for
protection, wages, and religion.
Paternalistic & brutally used for labor.
-> New Laws didn't improve lives by much, introduces African Slaves to
labor force
Francisco Pizarro Arrives w/ small pox already there. Incan leader dead and civil war in
1530 progress. European technology/ horses lead to victory over Inca
Philip II's Reign Major Goal: consolidate + secure lands of Charles V w/ strict conformity to
1556 - 1598 Catholicism
-Failed to distinguish between important/ trivial matters
-Desired Spain to be a major power (economy dependent on imports of
gold, silver+ goods) -> set off inflation
-Expenses of war devastated economy (taxes, forced borrowing)
-Growth in wealth -> paid debts + increased population
-Giant gap between privileged + unprivileged
Philip II ruled by decree, not by presence and used Catholicism as a

political + spiritual tool.
Supremacy in Mediterranean:
- Turks advance into Austria to control the Mediterranean
- Spain becomes Catholicism's Champion against Islam
Philip III's Reign and Spanish Economy Spain was essentially bankrupt:
1598 - 1627 -Resources were depleted, and fear of the Inquisition had dwindled
-Based on trade w/ Americas + silver mines when region moving towards
independence (needing materials Spain didn't have)
- Money Spain received was going towards foreign policy
- Little industry/ agriculture, peasants ruined by taxation, not modern
Contributing Factors:
- Philip concerned with enjoying life
- Catholic Church paid no taxes owning 20% of land
- Nobility exempted from taxes
*Major Sign of Fallen Status: Taking loans from Portugal
War of the League of Augsburg Against Louis XIV of France

1689 - 1697
War of Spanish Succession Against France over Ruler of Spain

1701 - 1713
ended with:
-Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians
~ Peace of Utrecht
-Confirms Philip V King of Spain, but crowns to never unite
- Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples given to Austria
- France loses Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay to
England
~ Upholds Balance of Powers
~ completed Decline of Spain as a major Power
~ Vastly expanded Britain
England
Events in English History over time

Reign of Elizabeth I Guides religious settlements w/ Parliament by merging a centralized
1558 - 1603 episcopal system
-Anglican Church is mix of protestant doctrine + traditional Catholicism
-1559 Act of Supremacy repealed Mary I's works
- Act of Uniformity revises version of Book of Common Prayer w/ 39
Articles form the original 42
- Conventicle Act of 1593: conform to English Church or face exile/death
Deterioration w/ Spanish Relations:

-Duke of Alba marched army into Netherlands to threaten English invasion
-Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth
-Don John's demonstration at Mediterranean against English+ France
-At St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Elizabeth sole protector of
Protestants
-Treaty of Non-such: English soldiers+ Calvary to Netherlands
-Beheaded Mary Stuart for planning to overthrow from throne -> causes
Pope Sixtus to no longer retrain public support and Spain attempts to
invade England
English Absolutism II. 17c England: (see notes on the sheet regarding the evolution of
1603 - 1689 Parliament)
A. James I (1603-1625) -- supported absolute divine-right.
B. Charles I (1625-1649)
-- fought openly with Parliament and the Puritans over money for his wars
with Spain.
-- arbitrary abuse of power (quartering troops, ship money, arbitrary
arrests, etc.)
-- Long Parliament (1640-1660)
C. Civil war (1642-1649): Roundheads versus Cavaliers
D. the Commonwealth (1649-1660) under the Cromwells.
-- Puritan Republic.
-- Ulster Plantation.
-- unpopular military dictatorship. (Lord Protector)
E. Charles II (1660-1685) --> Stuart Restoration
-- he learned the lessons of his predecessors (Don't mess with Parliament!)
-- religious toleration, but leaned toward the Catholics.
-- Test Act (1673).
-- Habeas Corpus Act (1679).
-- he launched bold new foreign policy ventures chalenging the Dutch for
the commercial
leadership of Europe.
F. James II (1685-1688)
-- became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to
absolute rule.
G. William & Mary --> "Glorious Revolution" (1688); a bloodless coup.
-- Parliament now reigned supreme.
-- never again would British kings be as powerful as Parliament.
-- English Bill of Rights (1668-1689) --> it settled all of the major issues
between the kings and
Parliament (** see your notes for further details **)
H. development of the modern British political system:
-- Whigs and Tories (distinctions between political party).
-- evolution of the Cabinet system.
-- Prime Minister (Robert Walpole, first P. M.)
James I (Stuart) of Scotland Unfamiliar w/ English customs and tradition:

1603 - 1625 -Believes in Divine Right to rule (Responsible to God, not Parliament)
~ defender of Anglican Church, Distrusted Puritans (Calvinists)
- Parliament believed in defending their power sharing role in gov't
- Parliament became more Puritan, sought reform of Anglican church
-Seen as sympathetic to Catholics (alliance w/ Spain)
Puritans: seek to purify Anglican Church from Pope+ Bishops
Charles I -Parliament passes Petition of Right (1628) to control King

1625 - 1642 -taxation approval, no forced loans, trials, no quartering of soldiers
-> approves needs money but ignores limitations doesn't call for 11
Issues:
-Seeks illegal sources of revenue
-Puritans fear Catholic revival, Married to Catholic (failed to enforce Anti-
Catholic laws)

Scottish Revolt -> Civil War 1637: English order Scots use Anglican Worship service
1637 - 1642 1638: Scots sign Solemn League and Covenant (pledge to defend
Calvinism)
1639: Scots rise in revolt
-April 1640: Charles forced to call Parliament (needs $ fight Scots)
~ dissolves body after they demand concessions (Short Parliament)
- August 1640: Scots defeat English army Charles owes Scots $$
- November 1640: Parliament called back LONG PARLIAMENT king
opponents dominated Parliament and pass laws to curtail king
- Grand Remonstrance passed outlining grievances
- January 1642: king attempts arrest several Parliament members, leaves
London and prepares for War
-Summer 1642: Civil War Begins
English Civil War Civil War fought between Roundheads (Parliament) and Cavaliers
1642 - 1651 (Royalists)
-Roundheads ally w/ Scots, led by Oliver Cromwell -> New Model Army
-Parliament purges more moderate members leaving radical Puritans ->

PRIDE'S PURGE => RUMP PARLIAMENT
-Abolished monarchy, House of Lords and Anglican Church
- put on trial for treason and executed in Jan. 1649 (King)
Oliver Cromwell and 1 house Parliament began experiment w/ republican

rule -> Commonwealth
- restricted freedom of no-Puritans, enforced public morality
-subdue Scots, defeat Irish, gain trade routes from Dutch
~Cromwell dissolves Parliament twice
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate Protectorate-> Military dictatorship

1653 - 1659 -Son succeeds Oliver but resigns in failure in 1659
-Moves are made to restore monarchy by nobles w/ Charles II
The Restoration Restore English monarchy under Charles II

1660 - 1685 -didn't restore absolutism, avoided conflicts with Parliament
-Clarendon Code brought back Anglican Church, restricted rights of
Catholics, and non-Anglicans
-fears of Charles II was a Catholic sympathizer (relations were Catholic,
alliance w/ France secretly)
King James II + Glorious Revolution Fear of Catholicism intensify

1685 - 1688 -belief in divine right/ absolutism and return to Catholicism
-Birth of Catholic son raises fears of a new Catholic dynasty
-plot in Parliament moves to bring William of Orange as new English King
(Protestant cousin, to his wife Mary (daughter of James))
-William raises army- James flees => William and Mary become rulers of
England in GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
The Revolution Settlement William and Mary sign Bill of Rights guaranteeing basic rights (e.g. trial by
1689 jury) and est. permanence/ role of Parliament
War of the League of Augsburg Against France Louis XIV

1689 - 1697
Peace of Utrecht -Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians

1713 ~ Peace of Utrecht
England
France
Events in French History over time

Wars of Religion Background: Death of Henry II, followed by weak rulers and regency rule
1559 - 1589 by Catherine d' Medici
-French Nobility and Protestant groups take advantage
~ belief 2 religions couldn't coexist in the same state
Players: Valois Kings=Catholic moderates, unwilling compromise
~Guise Family (fund by Jesuits) = Ultra-Catholic, destroy protestants,
replace monarch
~ Henry of Navarre: Broubon ruler of Kingdom of Navarre (led Protestants)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massace Beings large-scale Civil War

August 24, 1572 - August 27, 1572 -Catherine, influenced by Guise family to wipe out Huguenots
-Prevent Marriage to Compromise Religion between Henry of Navarre
wed to Catholic Sister of Reigning King
Holy League Formation Catholics led by Guise:

1576 goal: eliminate Protestantism in France & replace Henry III
War of Three Henry's Guise supported by Spain & Protestants supported by German Princes
1588 - 1589 Guise assassinated by Royal Guard in December 1588
August 1589, Henry III assassinated by crazy monk
Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV, converts to Catholicism
French Absolutism III. The Age of Louis XIV: (the "Sun King")
1589 - 1715 A. Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)
-- first to establish the Bourbon family.
-- he began to curtail the privileges of the Fr. nobility.
-- he issued the Edict of Nantes (** see treaties sheet )
B. Louis XIII (1616-1643)
-- Cardinal Richelieu (machiavellian pragmatist)
-- he committed Fr. to the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War.
C. Louis XIV (1643-1715)
-- goals:
-- make France the strongest country in Europe.
-- make France the intellectual and political "light" to the rest of the
world.
-- L'etat, c'est moi! [I am the State!]
-- government and administration:
-- firm and uniform administration (intendants)
-- war became an activity of the state (the armed forces were formerly in
private hands).
-- strengthened the army.
-- built Versailles (keep the nobles under his watchful eyes!)
-- never called the Estates-General.
-- economic and financial policies
-- costly, inefficient methods of tax collecting (nobility not taxed)
-- Colbert, finance minister.
-- mercantilism.
-- monopolies abroad (ex: French East India Company)
-- religion
-- Protestants suffered.
-- religious unity considered necessary to strengthen his rule.
-- revoked the Edict of Nantes.
-- vigorous foreign policy ( see 5-page sheets on Commercial & Dynastic
Wars **)
-- War of the League of Augsburg.
-- War of the Spanish Succession.
-- War of Devolution.
-- effects of his reign:
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
he tried to make France more powerful.

he centralized the Fr. government.
he improved Fr. militarily.
he made Fr. a commercial rival of Britain.
he tamed the Fr. aristocracy.
he made the King and the State one and the same.
he taxed the peasants, not the nobility.
he was too extravegent (he put France into great debt).
the court at Versailles was too removed from the lives and problems of the
common people.

Edict of Nantes Attempt at religious toleration:
1598 Catholicism official religion of France
Huguenots right to worship in selected areas/ fortified towns
Huguenots could hold public offices
Absolutism + Cardinal Richelieu Absolutism: sovereignty (ultimate power) rests in the king who rules by
1607 - 1624 divine right
-Bishop Jacques Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Scripture-
> gov. divinely ordained, God ruled through King
Cardinal Richelieu: Chief minister to Louis XIII

-Eliminated political, military rights of Huguenots, preserving religious
-went after dangerous nobles (asserted territorial independence)
~ enforced spy network to uncover noble plots
- Centralized central administration (finances)
~ royal officials = INTENDANTS sent to provinces to carry orders of the
king, (reduced local governor powers)
~ raised the Taille (main tax) but cost of 30 yrs war = large debt)
Cardinal Mazarin -Continued anti-Habsburg policy -> ALL FOREIGN POLICY

1642 - 1661 -faced revolts of nobility and Parlement of Paris (court)
-1st Fronde (1648-1649) ended in compromise
-2nd Fronde (1650-1652) crushed due to infighting of nobles
Louis XIV "Sun King" France Reaches Absolutist Development

1643 - 1715 - divine right: Kings are God's representatives on Earth
- Fronde(s) made him distrust nobility -> gov. to Versailles
-strong monarchy necessary to end chaos of war and rebellion
Manipulating Nobility:
-cooperation and collaboration rather than control
-royal court became machinery of Gov't of Versailles
-reduced power of high nobles (of blood, [NOBLES OF THE SWORD])
~ removed from royal council, replaced with new titles { Nobles of the
robe}
~ required nobles to live at Versailles for part of year-> separate power
from status and grandeur
-ignored Estates General -> nobles have no means of united action
Major Beliefs: ONE KING, ONE LAW, ONE FAITH => Protestants
1685 Edict of Fountainebleau revokes Edict of Nantes
Creates centralized administration

-continued hereditary office holders
-extended power/ authority of intendants
-royal patronage: sell offices, reward loyalty w/ contracts
~ people tied to the King
Invasion of Spanish Netherlands and Franche- opposed by Dutch, English and Sweden
Comte -acquired 12 towns
1667 ***William+ Mary protect Netherlands using English Power
Invasion of United Provinces -opposed by Brandenburg, Spain, Holy Roman Emperor

1672 -Treaty of Nijmegen gave France more Flemish towns
~ Franche-Comte
Seized City of Strasbourg and moved into Alsace caused formation of the League of Augsburg
and Lorraine France's Eastern Borders w/ German States
1681
Edict of Fountainebleau Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes

1685 -no Huguenot churches, schools
-fortified cities forbidden in earlier movement w/ Richelieu
-Maintained political control over Catholic Church (appointments)
War of the League of Augsburg Louis moved against perceived weakness of German States
1689 - 1697 -opposed by England, Spain, Unitecd provinces, Holy Roman Emperor,
Sweden and the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Palatinate
-gained no additional land, but kept Strasbourg and part of Alsace
~War caused much Hardship and misery in France (Finances)
-France at a potential Spain (devastated economy) by end

War of Spanish Seccession -Caused by death of Charles II King of Spain
1701 - 1713 -left possessions to Philip of Anjou (grandson of Louis)
- Europe fears United Spanish/French crown
-Overseas territory/trade and European balance of power also a Issue
-Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians
~ Peace of Utrecht
England
German States/ Germany

Events in German History over time
War of the League of Augsburg Against France

1689 - 1697
Austria
Events in Austrian History over time
The Rise of Austria/ Habsburgs After 30 years War: HRE declined into separate political units -> Austria+
1600 - 1806 Prussia were the more Dominant States
-Defeat in Central Europe forced Austria to turn east + Consolidate rule
~during 30 yrs War Ferdinand Ii gains Bohemia
-reduces Bohemian Estates (noble assemblies)
-confiscated land of Protestants and gave to Catholic nobles and foreign
aristocrats (build loyal base)
-Ferdinand III centralizes German speaking provinces (Austria, Styria,
Tyrol)
~ creates standing army for internal opposition
Austria forced to turn East + Face Ottoman Threat

-Turkish Army laid Siege to Vienna 1683 -> peak Muslims in Europe
- city saved by foreign aid (Polish+Russians)
~ Habsburgs conquered almost all of Hungary and Transylvania by 1699
State now 3 separate territories ruled by Habsburg Monarch:

-hereditary provinces of Austria, Kingdom of Bohemia, Hungary

England
Pragmatic Sanction Charles VI issues Pragmatic Sanction

1713 -Habsburg possessions not to be divided and passed onto single heir
~ Maria Theresa successor + promise of foreign powers to accept
-Tried to get approval, but agreements unbinding
Italy
Events in Italian History over time
Russia
Events in Russian History over time

Peter the Great -Takes control and visits West (1697-1698)
1682 - 1725 ~ Primary Interest in Increasing Russia's Size + Military Power
Determined to Westernize Europeanize "backwards Russia"
Restructures Military:
-tightens service requirements of nobility as admins for LIFE
-peasants in 25 year stints of service
-creates first real Russian Navy + special forces of Cossack
Reforms Central Gov't, Military, and Civil Administration:

- consultative bodies disappear (local noble parliaments)
-replaced w/ Board of Administrators to run agencies ( justice, war) in
absence
-divides Russia into provinces to extend royal authority
-1722 institutes TABLE OF RANKS:
~opportunities for non-nobles to join nobility ranks
~14 levels, at 8th you were a noble (based on merit)
Educational Reform and Manners:

-universities for skilled technicians, and experts (5 yr. required abroad for
nobility sons)
-adopts western dress, manners, style
-Traditional restraints on women were lifted, encouraged to mix and play
greater gender role (Family Life)
Economics:
-tax increase 3x for peasants: "soul tax" replace land tax
- decreases taxes for nobility
-gov't imposed Serf Labor forces
-industries owned by Tsar (4/5 revenue went to military/war)
-adopted mercantilism policies (export more than import)
Great Northern War "open a window to the west" an ice free port on the Baltic Sea w/ Euro
1700 - 1721 access
- initial losses against Charles XII of Sweden
- rebuilt armies come back and win at Battle of Poltava (1709)
-Peace of Nystadt (1721):
-Estonia, much of present day Latvia ceded to Russia
- St. Petersburg built as new Russian capital (1703)
- Russia becomes Dominant BALTIC POWER
Prussia
Events in Prussian History over time
Frederick William "Great Elector" Thirty Years war and weakened power of Estates in German Territories
1640 - 1688 allowed elector to move towards consolidation of power
-weakened traditional parliamentary liberties
-nobility class lost right of taxation, reduced power of Estates
~1660 Frederick William forced Estates to accept permanent taxation
w/out consent
~ soldiers doubled as tax collectors/police/state bureaucracy
~ revenue tripled, army grew 10x
-permanent crisis (wars etc) gave authority to Frederick
~ nobility too concerned w/ rights/privilege/ status
~ 1653: nobles given freedom from taxation, control over peasants in
exchange for reduced role on politics
~ bulk of taxes fell onto towns
MONEY=> make army => make bureaucracy => Don't need nobility =>
consolidate power on own
* Late 1600s Kings had less opposition to centralization
The Rise of Prussia The Hohenzollern's were hereditary rulers of Brandenburg and Prussia
1640 - 1740 -Imperial electors of Brandenburg added Prussia to its holdings (1618)
when junior branch (cousins) of family died out (expand marriage/death)
Thirty Years War and other conflicts weakened power of Estates

(representative bodies) in German Territories
Elector Frederick III weak, but managed to be crowned -> King Frederick I by the HRE for
1688 - 1713 services in War of Spanish Succession
Brings ROYALTY TO PRUSSIA / HOHENZOLLERN

Frederick William I "The Soldiers King" brings Power
1713 - 1740 -enlarged and reformed army
- infused military values to whole society
-believed military power and absolutism went hand in hand
-created strong central bureaucracy
-enlisted the nobles as JUNKERS became officer class
(Russia= Boyars, nobility tied to Service)
~nobility serve the army and the state
-standing army increased from 38k to 83k
~fourth largest army by 1740
~ soldier for soldier - best army in Europe
-Prussia became militaristic society "Sparta of the North"

England
The Netherlands
Events in Dutch History over time
The Dutch Revolt Set up: Netherlands were bankers, traders, manufactures
1566 - 1587 ~ divided into 17 provinces and ruled themselves
~> Charles V abdicates giving Netherlands to Philip II of Spain (seen as a
foreigner to country)
Revolt: Philip attempts to control Netherlands & wipe out Protestantism.

~1559: Appoints half-sister as Regent-> Inquisition+ raise taxes
~1566: Calvinists rampage destruction at forms of religion
-Duke of Alva sent to end rebellion
- "Council of Blood" tribunal set up to execute leaders
- more taxation
~ 1576: William "The Silent" of Orange -> Pacification of Ghent
- fails unification due to religious differences
-Southern lands remain Catholic + Spanish Control
-Northern lands form Union of Utrecht to declare independence from
Spain
Union of Utrecht North lands of Netherlands unite to declare independence from Spain
1581 -Spain doesn't recognize + continues War
Golden Age of the Netherlands Netherlands became a modern constitutional state:

1602 - 1700 -Oligarchy of wealthy merchants (regents) controlled province through
States (assemblies) and held all the power
- Each State appointed a Stadholder as executive (House of Orange)
-States General handled foreign affairs
-rebuplican+ middle class values, not aristocratic
- confederation = weak union of strong provinces
** In emergencies= House of Orange takes Over***
Trade: Religious toleration, Bank of Amsterdam, finishing+ merchant fleet

(offered lowest shipping rates, largest merchant marine, and depended
less on export than transport
~Dutch East India Company in 1602: private trading company

- cut into Portuguese trading in East Asia
- Dutch West India Company traded w/ Latin America+ Africa
Netherlands Independence Queen Elizabeth of England declare truce 1609-> accepted by Spain King
1609 - 1648 Philip III
Netherlands Independent in 1648
Peace of Westphilia Peace of Westphalia confirms Dutch independence from Spain

1648

The Peace of Utrecht -Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians
England
Other Lesser-Known Countries
War of the League of Augsburg Sweden, Holy Roman Emperor, United Provinces
1689 - 1697

AP European History Review Timeline

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP European History Review Timeline

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP Euro Review Timeline

Centuries - Major Events

The Age of Exploration

The Protestant Reformation

The Age of Absolutism

The Scientiﬁc Revolution

Bohemian Period of the War

The Thirty Years' War

The Danish Period

5 Major Powers -Mid 18th Century

Philip II's Reign

Philip III's Reign and Spanish Economy

War of the League of Augsburg

War of Spanish Succession

James I (Stuart) of Scotland

Scottish Revolt -> Civil War

English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate

King James II + Glorious Revolution

War of the League of Augsburg

St. Bartholomew's Day Massace

War of Three Henry's

Absolutism + Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIV "Sun King"

Invasion of United Provinces

Seized City of Strasbourg and moved into Alsace and Lorraine

War of the League of Augsburg

War of Spanish Seccession

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

The Rise of Austria/ Habsburgs

Peter the Great

Great Northern War

Frederick William "Great Elector"

The Rise of Prussia

Elector Frederick III

The Dutch Revolt

Golden Age of the Netherlands

The Peace of Utrecht

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

Renaissance Period of "creative breakup"

The Age of Exploration Imperialism: expanding your empire

I. The Economy of the Commercial Revolution:

II. The Age of European Discovery:

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

RABELAIS --> condemned various forms of corruption within the Church;

SIR THOMAS MORE --> expressed idea of communal living; no class

JOHN CALVIN --> people already predestined for salvation; success on

II. Causes of the Reformation:

III. The Reformation worked in Northern Europe because:

IV. The Reformation did NOT work in Italy because?:

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

VIII. Social Signiﬁcance of the Reformation:

IX. After Eﬀects of the Reformation:

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

I. Diﬀering Concepts of Absolutism:

IV. Eastern Europe:

The Scientiﬁc Revolution Main Themes:

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/68958 Create your own timelines at Preceden.com.

~ Battle of Lutzen: Adolphus dies, Deep religious motivation, greed and

~ Peace of Prague (1635): German Protestant states led by Saxony

Treaty of Westphalia Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution + reasserted major feature of

-Treaty of Pyrenees made France a major Power in an outside war w/Spain

Perspective: Wars end recognition of minority religious rights, guarantee