Applying Indirect Strategies to the Four Language Skills

A. Metacognitive Strategies

1. Centering your learning: finding a focus or centre for learning is important no matter what
the language skill. Without appropriate strategies for centering, language learning face
merely confusion and noise.
a. Overviewing and linking with already known material: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and
Writing). It involves the basic principles of what the learners already know.
b. Paying attention: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing). It involves directed attention
(deciding generally or globally to pay attention to the task and avoid irrelevant
distractors) and selective attention (notice particular details).
c. Delaying speech production to focus on listening: (Listening and Speaking). This strstegy
is useful to focus on listening comprehension before the learners ready to speak.

2. Arranging and Planning Your Learning: This concern discovering the nature of language
learning, organizing to learn, establishing aims, considering task purposes, planning for tasks,
and looking for chances to practice.
a. Finding out about language learning: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), talk
abou your language learning problems, asks questions, and share ideas with each other.
b. Organizing: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), this strategy includes a variety of
tools, such as creating the best possible physical environment, scheduling well, and
keeping a language learning notebook.
c. Setting goals and objectives: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), set the long term
and short term goal of your learning, asks your self, why do you learn English? .
d. Identifying the purpose of a language task: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing),
knowing the purpose for doing something enables learners to channel their energy in the
right direction.
e. Planning for a language task: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), this strategy
involves identifying the general nature of the task, the specific requirements of the task,
the resources available within the learners, and the needs for further aids.
f. Seeking practice opportunities: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), create
opportunities to practice because practice makes perfect.

3. Evaluating Your Learning: this relates to monitoring one’s errors and evaluating progress:
a. Self-monitoring: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), encourage yourself to write
down the most significant difficulties in language learning notebooks and try to eliminate
them.
b. Self-evaluating: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), involves analysing any
progress in the language learning. Checklist, diary, journals can help learners evaluate
their progress.

B. Affective Strategies
1. Lowering your Anxiety
 a. Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation: (Listening, Speaking,
Reading and Writing), this strategy brings calmness to the language learners.
b. Using music: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), it is useful before any stressful
language task.
c. Using laughter: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), laughter in the best medicine,
it increases human immune system to reduce anxiety.

2. Encouraging yourself
a. Making positive statement: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), this will improve
the language skill.
b. Taking risk wisely: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), it involves conscious
decision to take reasonable risk regardless of the possibility of making mistakes or
encountering difficulties.
c. Rewarding yourself: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), this will be different for
each learners, so rewards your self with the meaningful activity.

3. Taking your emotion temperature

a. Listening to your body: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), performance is affect
by the physical state, so language learners need to learn to pay attention to this physical
sensation frequently.
b. Using a checklist: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), this will helps the learners
to assess their feeling and attitudes about language learning.
c. Writing a language learning diary: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), it is a kind
of journals describing the learners feeling, attitudes and perceptions about the language
learning progress.
d. Discussing your feeling with someone else: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing),
because language learning is difficult so that discussion is needed.

C. Social Strategies

1. Asking Questions
a. Asking for clarification or verification: (Listening, Reading),it involves asking someone
who are more proficient in the language, ask them to slow down, repeat, explain ect. .
b. Asking for correction: (Speaking and Writing), ask someone to correct your speaking and
writing to find out the errors you made.

2. Cooperating with others:

a. Cooperating with peers: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing), it involve work
together with other learners on an activity with the common goal or reward like games,
simulations, and other active exercise challenges students to develop ability to cooperate
with peers while using a variety of language skills.
b. Cooperating with proficient users of the new language: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and
Writing)

3. Empathizing with others

 a. Developing cultural understanding: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing),
background knowledge of the new culture often helps learners understand better what is
heard or read in the new language.
b. Becoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings: (Listening, Speaking, Reading and
Writing), the awareness brings learners closer to the people they encounter, helps them
understand more clearly what is communicated, and suggest what to say and do.

Task: Sebagai seorang mahasiswa Bahasa Inggris, Indirect Strategy mana saja yang telah saudara
terapkan untuk menguasai 4 skills dalam Bahasa Inggris? Strategy mana yang menurut saudara
paling membantu?